[数字图像处理]频域滤波(1)--基础与低通滤波器

之前的博文主要介绍了空间域内的滤波器，本文主要从频域的角度进行分析。主要使用傅里叶变换，将空间域的图像转换到频域内，在频域内进行数字图像处理。这部分的内容及其重要，频域内的处理可以解决空间域内无法完成的图像增强。本文首先从数学角度，对图像的频域内的性质进行分析，然后在着重介绍滤波器在频域内的性质。

        1.傅里叶变换与频域

        在之前的文中，我们已经进行过一些基本的图像处理。比如，使用低通滤波可以将图像模糊，也有些许降噪的作用。这些都是在空间域内进行的滤波处理，这个处理主要是依靠卷积来进行计算的。首先，从连续的一维卷积入手，如下所示。

       将上式进行傅里叶变换，可以得到如下结果。

        从这个式子，我们可以得到一个重要的结论。也就是，函数与卷积的傅里叶变换所得到的结果，是函数与的傅里叶变换与的乘积。再将其总结得简单易懂一些，有如下结论。

        在将其扩展到二维的形况下，假设尺寸为MxN的图像，如下关系是成立的。

       其实到这，基本的原理就明了的。我们所看到的图像，均为空间域内的表现形式，我们无法辨识出频域内的图像。要进行频域内的滤波器处理，首先就需要进行傅里叶变换，然后直接进行滤波处理，最后再用反傅里叶变换倒回到空间域内。

       到此，已经可以开始空间域内的滤波处理了。但是，还有一点需要注意的地方。使用某个一维信号来举例子，一维信号的傅里叶变换是以2π为周期的函数。所以，我们常常使用的范围[-π,π]来表示这个信号的傅里叶变换，如下所示。

        这样做的好处是，靠近0的成分就是低频，靠近-π与π的成分就表示高频。而对于图像而言，在Matlab中，我们使用fft2()这个函数来求取图像的傅里叶变换。

[plain]  view plain copy

1. g = fft2(f);     

        上面这个代码求取的，其实是 范围[0,π]内的傅里叶变换。为了方便理解，下图画出了本行代码所求取的图像的傅里叶变换的范围（右）和与其等效的一维傅里叶变换的范围（左）。

       很显然，这并不是希望的范围，下面这个代码可以求取[0,2π]内的傅里叶变换。

[plain]  view plain copy

1. P = 2*M;  
2. Q = 2*N;  
3. F = fft2(f,P,Q);  

       下图画出了本行代码所求取的图像的傅里叶变换的范围（右）和与其等效的一维傅里叶变换的范围 （左） 。所得到的图像F(u,v)的尺寸为PxQ。

         我们需要对其移动一下，如下图所示，我们需要的是粉色范围的区域。

下面，从数学上分析一下，如何获得这个部分的频谱。对于傅里叶变换，有如下性质。

这个特性称为平移特性，粉色部分的频谱，将带入上式，我们可以得到如下式子。

为次，我们已经得到了粉色范围的频谱。越靠近傅里叶频谱图像中间的成分，代表了低频成分。其Matlab代码如下所示。

[plain]  view plain copy

1. [M,N] = size(f);  
2. P = 2*M;  
3. Q = 2*N;  
4. fc = zeros(M,N);  
5.   
6. for x = 1:1:M  
7.     for y = 1:1:N  
8.         fc(x,y) = f(x,y) * (-1)^(x+y);  
9.     end  
10. end  
11.   
12. F = fft2(fc,P,Q);  

        代码所得到的结果，如下图所示。

        接下来，我们总结一下频域滤波的步骤：

        ①：先将图像做频域内的水平移动，然后求原图像f(x,y)的DFT，得到其图像的傅里叶谱F(u,v)。

        ②：与频域滤波器做乘积，

        ③：求取G(u,v)的IDFT，然后再将图像做频域内的水平移动（移动回去），其结果可能存在寄生的虚数，此时忽略即可。

        ④：这里使用ifft2函数进行IDFT变换，得到的图像的尺寸为PxQ。切取左上角的MxN的图像，就能得到结果了。

        2.低通滤波器

        2.1理想的低通滤波器

       其中，D0表示通带的半径。D(u,v)的计算方式也就是两点间的距离，很简单就能得到。

       使用低通滤波器所得到的结果如下所示。低通滤波器滤除了高频成分，所以使得图像模糊。由于理想低通滤波器的过度特性过于急峻，所以会产生了振铃现象。

         

        2.2巴特沃斯低通滤波器

       同样的，D0表示通带的半径，n表示的是巴特沃斯滤波器的次数。随着次数的增加，振铃现象会越来越明显。

   

       2.3高斯低通滤波器

       D0表示通带的半径。高斯滤波器的过度特性非常平坦，因此是不会产生振铃现象的。

       3.实现代码

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close all ; clear all ; %% ---------Butterworth Lowpass Filters (Fre. Domain)------------ f = imread ( 'characters_test_pattern.tif' ); f = mat2gray ( f ,[ 0 255 ]); [ M , N ] = size ( f ); P = 2 * M ; Q = 2 * N ; fc = zeros ( M , N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N fc ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end F = fft2 ( fc , P , Q ); H_1 = zeros ( P , Q ); H_2 = zeros ( P , Q ); for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 D = ( x^ 2 + y^ 2 )^ ( 0.5 ); D_0 = 100 ; H_1 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = 1 / ( 1 + ( D / D_0 )^ 2 ); H_2 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = 1 / ( 1 + ( D / D_0 )^ 6 ); end end G_1 = H_1 .* F ; G_2 = H_2 .* F ; g_1 = real ( ifft2 ( G_1 )); g_1 = g_1 ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); g_2 = real ( ifft2 ( G_2 )); g_2 = g_2 ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N g_1 ( x , y ) = g_1 ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); g_2 ( x , y ) = g_2 ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end %% -----show------- figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Original Image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( H_1 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'c)Butterworth Lowpass (D_{0}=100,n=1)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); h = mesh ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q , H_1 ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q )); set ( h , 'EdgeColor' , 'k' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 Q 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'u' ); ylabel ( 'v' ); zlabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G_1 )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'd).Result of filtering using c' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( g_1 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'e).Result image' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( H_2 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'f).Butterworth Lowpass (D_{0}=100,n=3)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); h = mesh ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q , H_2 ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q )); set ( h , 'EdgeColor' , 'k' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 Q 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'u' ); ylabel ( 'v' ); zlabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G_2 )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'g).Result of filtering using e' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( g_2 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'h).Result image' );

 来自CODE的代码片

Butterworth_Lowpass_Filters.m

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close all ; clear all ; clc ; %% ---------Gaussian Lowpass Filters (Fre. Domain)------------ f = imread ( 'characters_test_pattern.tif' ); f = mat2gray ( f ,[ 0 255 ]); [ M , N ] = size ( f ); P = 2 * M ; Q = 2 * N ; fc = zeros ( M , N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N fc ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end F = fft2 ( fc , P , Q ); H_1 = zeros ( P , Q ); H_2 = zeros ( P , Q ); for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 D = ( x^ 2 + y^ 2 )^ ( 0.5 ); D_0 = 60 ; H_1 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = exp ( - ( D * D ) / ( 2 * D_0 * D_0 )); D_0 = 160 ; H_2 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = exp ( - ( D * D ) / ( 2 * D_0 * D_0 )); end end G_1 = H_1 .* F ; G_2 = H_2 .* F ; g_1 = real ( ifft2 ( G_1 )); g_1 = g_1 ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); g_2 = real ( ifft2 ( G_2 )); g_2 = g_2 ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N g_1 ( x , y ) = g_1 ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); g_2 ( x , y ) = g_2 ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end %% -----show------- close all ; figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Original Image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( H_1 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'c)Gaussian Lowpass (D_{0}=60)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); h = mesh ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q , H_1 ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q )); set ( h , 'EdgeColor' , 'k' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 Q 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'u' ); ylabel ( 'v' ); zlabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G_1 )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'd).Result of filtering using c' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( g_1 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'e).Result image' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( H_2 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'f).Gaussian Lowpass (D_{0}=160)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); h = mesh ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q , H_2 ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q )); set ( h , 'EdgeColor' , 'k' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 Q 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'u' ); ylabel ( 'v' ); zlabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G_2 )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'g).Result of filtering using e' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( g_2 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'h).Result image' );

 来自CODE的代码片

Gaussian_Lowpass_Filters.m

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close all ; clear all ; %% ---------Ideal Lowpass Filters (Fre. Domain)------------ f = imread ( 'characters_test_pattern.tif' ); f = mat2gray ( f ,[ 0 255 ]); [ M , N ] = size ( f ); P = 2 * M ; Q = 2 * N ; fc = zeros ( M , N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N fc ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end F = fft2 ( fc , P , Q ); H_1 = zeros ( P , Q ); H_2 = zeros ( P , Q ); for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 D = ( x^ 2 + y^ 2 )^ ( 0.5 ); if ( D < = 60 ) H_1 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = 1 ; end if ( D < = 160 ) H_2 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = 1 ; end end end G_1 = H_1 .* F ; G_2 = H_2 .* F ; g_1 = real ( ifft2 ( G_1 )); g_1 = g_1 ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); g_2 = real ( ifft2 ( G_2 )); g_2 = g_2 ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N g_1 ( x , y ) = g_1 ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); g_2 ( x , y ) = g_2 ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end %% -----show------- figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Original Image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( H_1 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'c).Ideal Lowpass filter(D=60)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); h = mesh ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q , H_1 ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q )); set ( h , 'EdgeColor' , 'k' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 Q 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'u' ); ylabel ( 'v' ); zlabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G_1 )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'd).Result of filtering using c' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( g_1 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'e).Result image' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( H_2 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'f).Ideal Lowpass filter(D=160)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); h = mesh ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q , H_2 ( 1 : 20 : P , 1 : 20 : Q )); set ( h , 'EdgeColor' , 'k' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 Q 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'u' ); ylabel ( 'v' ); zlabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G_2 )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'g).Result of filtering using e' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( g_2 ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'h).Result image' );

 来自CODE的代码片

Ideal_Lowpass.m

      原文发于博客：http://blog.csdn.net/thnh169/