吴恩达深度学习第二周logistic

logistic回归的公式：

logistic做图片分类的基本思想：

损失函数公式：

为了让成本函数最小，也就是误差越小，就需要通过更新w和b的值，最小化成本函数J，采用梯度下降的方法。下图可以比较生动形象的理解：

用一个简单二次函数说一下梯度下降法：

logistic梯度下降具体推导：

上文都是一个样本，对于m个样本：

但是显式的for循环会降低效率，可以采用向量化编程的思想，如果有m个x样本，X是这样表示，其他也同理。

##梯度下降核心代码
 for i in range(num_iterations):#迭代num_iterations次
        A=sigmoid(np.dot(w.T,X)+b)
    	cost=(-1/m)*np.sum(Y*np.log(A)+(1-Y)*(np.log(1-A)))
   	    dw=(1/m)*np.dot(X,(A-Y).T)
        db=(1/m)*np.sum(A-Y)
        w = w - learning_rate * dw
        b = b - learning_rate * db

#代码
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import h5py
from lr_utils import load_dataset
# Loading the data (cat/non-cat)
train_set_x_orig, train_set_y, test_set_x_orig, test_set_y, classes = load_dataset()
#X_flatten = X.reshape(X.shape [0]，-1).T ＃X.T是X的转置,将形状（a，b，c，d）的矩阵X平铺成形状（b * c * d，a）的矩阵X_flatten
#将训练集的维度降低并转置。
train_set_x_flatten  = train_set_x_orig.reshape(train_set_x_orig.shape[0],-1).T
#将测试集的维度降低并转置。
test_set_x_flatten = test_set_x_orig.reshape(test_set_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T
train_set_x = train_set_x_flatten / 255
test_set_x = test_set_x_flatten / 255
def sigmoid(z):
    s = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
    return s
def initialize_with_zeros(dim):
    w=np.zeros(shape=(dim,1))
    b=0
    return (w , b)
def optimize(w , b , X , Y , num_iterations , learning_rate , print_cost = False):
    costs = []
    
    for i in range(num_iterations):
        
        m=X.shape[1]
    
        #正向传播
        A=sigmoid(np.dot(w.T,X)+b)
        cost=(-1/m)*np.sum(Y*np.log(A)+(1-Y)*(np.log(1-A)))
    
    #反向传播
        dw=(1/m)*np.dot(X,(A-Y).T)
        db=(1/m)*np.sum(A-Y)
        cost = np.squeeze(cost)
        w = w - learning_rate * dw
        b = b - learning_rate * db
        
        #记录成本
        if i % 100 == 0:
            costs.append(cost)
        #打印成本数据
        if (print_cost) and (i % 100 == 0):
            print("迭代的次数: %i ， 误差值： %f" % (i,cost))

    return (w,b, costs)
    
 #计算 Yˆ=A=σ(wTX+b)
#如果A<= 0.5分类值为0，A> 0.5分类值为1
def predict(w , b , X ):
    m  = X.shape[1] #图片的数量
    Y_prediction = np.zeros((1,m)) 
    w = w.reshape(X.shape[0],1)
    
    #计预测猫在图片中出现的概率
    A = sigmoid(np.dot(w.T , X) + b)
    for i in range(A.shape[1]):
        #将概率a [0，i]转换为实际预测p [0，i]
        Y_prediction[0,i] = 1 if A[0,i] > 0.5 else 0
    #使用断言
    assert(Y_prediction.shape == (1,m))
    
    return Y_prediction
def model(X_train , Y_train , X_test , Y_test , num_iterations = 2000 , learning_rate = 0.5 , print_cost = False):
    w , b = initialize_with_zeros(X_train.shape[0])
    
    w,b, costs = optimize(w , b , X_train , Y_train,num_iterations , learning_rate , print_cost)
    
    #预测测试/训练集的例子
    Y_prediction_test = predict(w , b, X_test)
    Y_prediction_train = predict(w , b, X_train)
    
    #打印训练后的准确性
    print("训练集准确性："  , format(100 - np.mean(np.abs(Y_prediction_train - Y_train)) * 100) ,"%")
    print("测试集准确性："  , format(100 - np.mean(np.abs(Y_prediction_test - Y_test)) * 100) ,"%")
    
    d = {
            "costs" : costs,
            "Y_prediction_test" : Y_prediction_test,
            "Y_prediciton_train" : Y_prediction_train,
            "w" : w,
            "b" : b,
            "learning_rate" : learning_rate,
            "num_iterations" : num_iterations }
    return d
print("====================测试model====================")     
#这里加载的是真实的数据，请参见上面的代码部分。
d = model(train_set_x, train_set_y, test_set_x, test_set_y, num_iterations = 2000, learning_rate = 0.005, print_cost = True)

参考博客：
https://blog.csdn.net/u013733326/article/details/79827273
http://www.ai-start.com/