Vulkan学习（十四）: Loading Models & Generating Mipmaps & Multisampling

Loading Models

Load OBJ Library – tiny_obj_loader.h

tinyobjloader library：https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader.git

私有库：https://gitee.com/thebigapple/tinyobjloader.git

Loading vertices and indices

  Vulkan纹理是从上到下的方向，其中0表示图像的顶部，因此图形纹理坐标需要翻转

	void loadModel() {
		tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
		//即obj包含的所有子网格
		std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
		std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
		std::string warn, err;

		if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
			throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
		}
		//不需要分组就可以直接写一起
		for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
			for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
				Vertex vertex = {};

				vertex.pos = {
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
				};

				vertex.texCoord = {

					attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
					//attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					//attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
				};
				vertex.color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };

				vertices.push_back(vertex);
				indices.push_back(indices.size());
			}
		}
	}

Vertex deduplication

引入unordered_map去重

	void loadModel() {

		tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
		//即obj包含的所有子网格
		std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
		std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
		std::string warn, err;

		if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
			throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
		}
		std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices = {};

		//不需要分组就可以直接写一起
		for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
			for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
				Vertex vertex = {};

				vertex.pos = {
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
				};

				vertex.texCoord = {

					attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
					//attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					//attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
				};
				vertex.color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
				//[3] 去重
				if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
					uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
					vertices.push_back(vertex);
				}
				indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
				//or
				//vertices.push_back(vertex);
				//indices.push_back(indices.size());
			}
		}
	}

重写Vertex比较运算符

	bool operator==(const Vertex & other) const {
		return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
	}

构建哈希函数

namespace std {
	template<> struct hash<Vertex> {
		size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
			return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^
				(hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^
				(hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
		}
	};
}

Generating Mipmaps

Image creation

  在 Vulkan 中，每个 mip 图像都存储在 VkImage 的不同 mip 级别中。 Mip level 0为原始图像，level 0之后的mip level通常称为mip chain。

	//计算mipmap level
	mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

Generating Mipmaps & Linear filtering support

	//产生mipmap
	void generateMipmaps(VkImage image, VkFormat imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels) 				    	    {
		//Check if image format supports linear blitting
		VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, imageFormat,
			&formatProperties);

		//VkFormatProperties 结构体具有三个字段
		//linearTilingFeatures
		//optimalTilingFeatures 
		//bufferFeatures
		//我们使用最佳平铺格式创建纹理图像，因此我们需要检查optimalTilingFeatures。
		//可以使用 VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT 检查对线性过滤功能的支持
		if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT)) {
			throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");

		}


		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
		
		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.image = image;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		
		int32_t mipWidth = texWidth;
		int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;
		//环将记录每个 VkCmdBlitImage 命令。循环变量从 1 开始
		for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
			//当前 blit 命令将等待此转换。
			//指定将在 blit 操作中使用的区域。 
			//srcSubresource 级别为 i - 1，dstSubresource 级别为 i。 
			//srcOffsets 数组的两个元素决定了数据将从哪个 3D 区域传输。
			//dstOffsets 确定数据将被传送到的区域。 
			//dstOffsets[1] 的 X 和 Y 维度被除以 2，因为每个 mip 级别是前一级别大小的一半。 
			//srcOffsets[1] 和 dstOffsets[1] 的 Z 维必须为 1，因为 2D 图像的深度为 1。
			VkImageBlit blit = {};
			blit.srcOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.srcOffsets[1] = { mipWidth, mipHeight, 1 };
			blit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = i - 1;
			blit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			blit.dstOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.dstOffsets[1] = { mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1 };
			blit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = i;
			blit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			//记录 blit 命令
			//textureImage 用 srcImage 和 dstImage 参数。 
			//因为我们在同一图像的不同级别之间进行 blitting。 
			//source mip level 刚刚转换为 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL，
			//而目destination level仍在 createTextureImage 中的 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL 中。
			//最后一个参数允许指定要在 blit 中使用的 VkFilter
			vkCmdBlitImage(commandBuffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
				image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &blit,  VK_FILTER_LINEAR);

			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			//将 mip level i - 1 转换为 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL。
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

			if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
			if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;

		}

		//在结束命令缓冲区之前，再插入一个barrier将最后一个 mip level
		//从 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL 转换为 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL。
		//因为最后一个 mip level永远不会被循环 blit。
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
		barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
			VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,  0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
		
	}

Sampler

  VkImage 保存 mipmap 数据，而 VkSampler 控制渲染时如何读取该数据。 Vulkan 允许我们指定 minLod、maxLod、mipLodBias 和 mipmapMode（“Lod”的意思是“Level of Detail”）。 采样纹理时，采样器根据以下伪代码选择 mip 级别：

	lod = getLodLevelFromScreenSize(); //smaller when the object is close, may be negative
	lod = clamp(lod + mipLodBias, minLod, maxLod);
	level = clamp(floor(lod), 0, texture.mipLevels - 1); //clamped to the number of mip levels in the texture
	if (mipmapMode == VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST) {
		color = sample(level);
	} else {
		color = blend(sample(level), sample(level + 1));
	}

  如果 samplerInfo.mipmapMode 是 VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST，lod 选择从 mip level 中进行采样。 如果mipmap模式为VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR，lod用于选择两个mip level 进行采样。结果被线性混合。

sample操作也受lod影响：

	if (lod <= 0) {
		color = readTexture(uv, magFilter);
	} else {
		color = readTexture(uv, minFilter);
	}

  如果物体靠近相机，则使用 magFilter 作为过滤器。 如果对象离相机更远，则使用 minFilter。 通常，lod 是非负的，并且在关闭相机时仅为 0。 mipLodBias 让我们可以强制 Vulkan 使用比通常使用更低的 lod 和 level。

	samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
	samplerInfo.minLod = 0; 
	samplerInfo.maxLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels);
	samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0; 

Multisampling

Getting available sample count

	// Most modern GPUs support at least 8 samples
	VkSampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount() {

		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceProperties);

		VkSampleCountFlags counts = physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts &
			physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts;

		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT;
		}
		return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	}

Setting up a render target

	//multisampled color buffer
	void createColorResources() {
		VkFormat colorFormat = swapChainImageFormat;
		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
				VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, colorImage, colorImageMemory);
		colorImageView = createImageView(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);
	}

Adding new attachments & Quality improvements & Quality improvements

   我们当前的 MSAA 实现存在某些限制，可能会影响更详细场景中输出图像的质量。 例如，我们目前没有解决由着色器混叠引起的潜在问题，即 MSAA 仅平滑几何体的边缘，而不平滑内部填充。 这可能会导致在屏幕上渲染平滑多边形时出现的情况，但如果应用的纹理包含高对比度颜色，则它仍然看起来有锯齿。 解决此问题的一种方法是启用样本着色，这将进一步提高图像质量，但会增加性能成本。

Conclusion

Vulkan 更多功能，例如：

• Push constants 常量
• Instanced rendering
• Dynamic uniforms
• Separate images and sampler descriptors
• Pipeline cache
• Multi-threaded command buffer generation
• Multiple subpasses
• Compute shaders

Code

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <fstream>
#include <array>
//glm::rotate 这样的函数使用弧度作为参数，以避免任何可能的混淆
#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
//The perspective projection matrix generated by GLM will use the OpenGL
//depth range of - 1.0 to 1.0 by default.We need to configure it to use the Vulkan
//range of 0.0 to 1.0 using the GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE definition.
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
//做精确计时
#include <chrono>

#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

#include <unordered_map>

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif



const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
	"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;
	bool isComplete() {
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = { VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME };
const int WIDTH = 800;
const int HEIGHT = 600;

//[1]
const std::string MODEL_PATH = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "textures/viking_room.jpg";

static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
	std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
	if (!file.is_open()) {
		throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
	}
	size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
	std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
	file.seekg(0);
	file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
	file.close();
	return buffer;
}

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

struct Vertex {
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	glm::vec2 texCoord;

	static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
		return bindingDescription;
	}
	static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {
		std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions = {};
		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);


		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

		attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
		attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

		return attributeDescriptions;
	}
	//[3]
	bool operator==(const Vertex & other) const {
		return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
	}
};

//[3]
namespace std {
	template<> struct hash<Vertex> {
		size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
			return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^
				(hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^
				(hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
		}
	};
}


//const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
//	{{-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
//	{{0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
//	{ {0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
//	{ {-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
//
//	{ {-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
//	{ {0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
//	{ {0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
//	{ {-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}}
//};
//
//const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {
//	0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0,
//	4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4
//};

struct UniformBufferObject {
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class Application {

public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}
public:

	GLFWwindow* window;
	VkInstance instance;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkDevice device;
	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;
	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;
	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;
	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
	std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight;
	size_t currentFrame = 0;
	bool framebufferResized = false;
	//[2]
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
	std::vector<uint32_t> indices;

	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer indexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;
	std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
	std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;
	VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;
	std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;
	//[4]
	uint32_t mipLevels;
	VkImage textureImage;
	VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;
	VkImageView textureImageView;
	VkSampler textureSampler;
	VkImage depthImage;
	VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
	VkImageView depthImageView;
	//[7]Most modern GPUs support at least 8 samples
	VkSampleCountFlagBits msaaSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	//[8]
	VkImage colorImage;
	VkDeviceMemory colorImageMemory;
	VkImageView colorImageView;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		//glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);
		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}
	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		createSurface();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		
		createCommandPool();
		//[8]
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createTextureImage();
		createTextureImageView();
		createTextureSampler();
		//[2]
		loadModel();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSemaphores();
	}
	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
		{
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanup() {

		cleanupSwapChain();
		vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);
		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void createInstance() {

		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;


		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions =
			glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = glfwExtensionCount;
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = glfwExtensions;
		createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
				static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}
		auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}
	
		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");

		}
		uint32_t extensionCount = 0;
		vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extensionsProperties(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, extensionsProperties.data());

		std::cout << "available extensions:" << std::endl;
		for (const auto& extension : extensionsProperties) {
			std::cout << "\t" << extension.extensionName << std::endl;
		}

	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {

		uint32_t layerCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount,
			availableLayers.data());
		for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;

			for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
				if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);

		}
		return extensions;
	}
	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT&
		createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity =
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType =
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(

		VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
		VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
		const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
		void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage <<
			std::endl;

		return VK_FALSE;


	}
	void createSurface() {

		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");

		}
	}
	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo = {};
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);
		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
			&debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const
		VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT*
		pDebugMessenger) {
		auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
			vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		if (func != nullptr) {
			return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
		}
		else {
			return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
		}
	}

	void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const
		VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
		auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
			vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		if (func != nullptr) {
			func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
		}
	}
	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
		if (deviceCount == 0) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
		}
		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());
		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				//[7]
				msaaSamples = getMaxUsableSampleCount();
				break;
			}
		}
		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
		std::multimap<int, VkPhysicalDevice> candidates;
		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			int score = rateDeviceSuitability(device);
			candidates.insert(std::make_pair(score, device));

		}
		if (candidates.rbegin()->first > 0) {
			physicalDevice = candidates.rbegin()->second;
		}
		else {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}

	}


	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);
		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionsSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);
		return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);
		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);
		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());

		}
		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}
		return details;

	}

	QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
			if (presentSupport) {
				indices.presentFamily = i;
			}
			if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
				indices.graphicsFamily = i;
				if (indices.isComplete())
					break;
			}
			i++;
		}

		return indices;
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());
		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}
		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	int rateDeviceSuitability(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &deviceProperties);

		int score = 0;
		if (deviceProperties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU) {
			score += 1000;
		}
		score += deviceProperties.limits.maxImageDimension2D;

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &deviceFeatures);
		if (!deviceFeatures.geometryShader) {
			return 0;
		}
		return score;

	}
	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
		queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
		queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = indices.graphicsFamily.value();
		queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};

		deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
		//[10]
		deviceFeatures.sampleRateShading = VK_TRUE; // enable sample


		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = &queueCreateInfo;
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = 0;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

		}

		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };
		queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);

		}
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
			static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();
		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
		}
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);

	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);
		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);
		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;

		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
		indices.presentFamily.value() };
		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
		}
		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
		createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());
		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {

		for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
			if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB
				&& availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availableFormat;
			}
		}
		return availableFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
		}
		return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
	}
	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {


		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			VkExtent2D actualExtent = { static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height) };
			
			actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
				std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
			actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
				std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));
			return actualExtent;
		}
	}


	void createImageViews() {

		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, mipLevels);
		}
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		//colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		//[9]
		colorAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
		//[9]change That’s because multisampled images cannot be presented directly
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		
		//[9]添加解析附件，将从多重采样中获取结果
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachmentResolve = {};
		colorAttachmentResolve.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachmentResolve.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachmentResolve.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachmentResolve.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
		//[9]添加引用
		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentResolveRef = {};
		colorAttachmentResolveRef.attachment = 2;
		colorAttachmentResolveRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment = {};
		depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
		//depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		//[9]
		depthAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;
		depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef = {};
		depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
		depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;
		//[9]
		subpass.pResolveAttachments = &colorAttachmentResolveRef;


		VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
		dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
		dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

		//std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment };
		//[9]
		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 3> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment, colorAttachmentResolve };
		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}


	}
	void createGraphicsPipeline() {

		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");
		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };


		

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
		auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription; 
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();


		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkViewport viewport = {};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		VkRect2D scissor = {};
		scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;

		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
		
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f;
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
		rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f;

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		//multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		//[10]
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_TRUE; // enable sample
		//multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		//[9]
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = msaaSamples;
		//multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f;
		//[10]
		multisampling.minSampleShading = .2f; // min fraction for sample
		multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; 
		multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; 
		multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; 

		
		

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
			VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
			VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;


		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_TRUE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; 

		VkDynamicState dynamicStates[] = {
			 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_LINE_WIDTH
		};

		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = {};
		dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = 2;
		dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates;
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;

		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;

		pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; 
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; 

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}

		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil = {};
		depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
		depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
		depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
		depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
		depthStencil.minDepthBounds = 0.0f; 
		depthStencil.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f; 

		depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
		depthStencil.front = {};
		depthStencil.back = {}; 


		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = nullptr; 

		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; 
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1;

		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}


		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
	}


	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());
		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}
		return shaderModule;
	}

	void createFramebuffers()
	{
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			 
			//std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = { swapChainImageViews[i], depthImageView };
			//[9]
			std::array<VkImageView, 3> attachments = { colorImageView, depthImageView, swapChainImageViews[i]};
			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;
			 
			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}

	}
	void createCommandPool() {

		QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
		poolInfo.flags = 0; 

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
		}

	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());

		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {

			VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
			beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
			beginInfo.flags = 0;
			beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; 

			if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
			}

			std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
			clearValues[0].color = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
			clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
			renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
			renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; 
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;
			renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
			renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			//[2]
			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffers[i], indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[i], 0, nullptr);

			vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

			if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
			}


		}

	}

	void createSemaphores() {

		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);


		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores for a frame!");
			}
		}


	}

	void drawFrame() {

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
		}
		imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

		updateUniformBuffer(imageIndex);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
		presentInfo.pResults = nullptr; 

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);


		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
		vkQueueWaitIdle(presentQueue);

	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {

		//[8]
		vkDestroyImageView(device, colorImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, colorImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, colorImageMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainFramebuffers.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, swapChainFramebuffers[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, swapChainImageViews[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {

		int width = 0, height = 0;
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();

		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		//[8]
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<Application*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}
	void createVertexBuffer() {

		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);
		
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);
		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");

		
	}
	void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
			VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer,
				VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = size;
		bufferInfo.usage = usage;
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) !=
			VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
			findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory)
			!= VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
		}

		vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);

	}
	void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferCopy copyRegion = {};
		copyRegion.srcOffset = 0; 
		copyRegion.dstOffset = 0;
		copyRegion.size = size;
		vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}
	void createIndexBuffer() {
	
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);

		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}
	void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding = {};
		uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

		uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr; 

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding = {};
		samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
		samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = { uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding };
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo = {};
		layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
		layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

		if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
		}

	}

	void createUniformBuffers() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
		uniformBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		uniformBuffersMemory.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
		}
	}
	void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {

		static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();
		time = 1;
		UniformBufferObject ubo = {};
		ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
		ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage]);
	}
	void createDescriptorPool() {

		std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes = {};
		poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};

		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
		poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
		poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());

		if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
		}
	}
	void createDescriptorSets() {

		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(swapChainImages.size(), descriptorSetLayout);
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
		allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

		descriptorSets.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {

			VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo = {};
			bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
			bufferInfo.offset = 0;
			bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

			VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo = {};
			imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
			imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;

			std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites = {};
			descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

			descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;
			
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()),
					descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);

		}

		
	}

	void createTextureImage() {
		int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
		//stbi_uc * pixels = stbi_load("textures/texture.jpg", &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
		//[1]
		stbi_uc * pixels = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
		VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;
		if (!pixels) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
		}

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);
		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);
		stbi_image_free(pixels);
		//[5]增加VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT for mipmap
		createImage(texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
					VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);


		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, mipLevels);
		copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth),
			static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));

		//[5]删除for mipmap
		/*transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, mipLevels);*/
		//[5]
		//generateMipmaps(textureImage, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels);
		//[6]filtering support
		generateMipmaps(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

		//[4]计算mipmap level
		mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

	}

	void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, VkSampleCountFlagBits numSamples, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling,
				VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, 
			VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
		VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};
		imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		imageInfo.extent.width = width;
		imageInfo.extent.height = height;
		imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
		//imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
		//[4]
		imageInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
		imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;

		imageInfo.format = format;
		imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
		imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		imageInfo.usage = usage;
		//imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		//[7]
		imageInfo.samples = numSamples;
		imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		imageInfo.flags = 0;


		if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);
		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
		}
		vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);
	}

	VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
		vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

		vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

		return commandBuffer;
	}
	void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
		
		vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);
		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

		vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);
		
		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
	
		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
		barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.image = image;

		if (newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
			if (hasStencilComponent(format))
			{
				barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
			}
		}
		else {
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		}

		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		//barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		//[4]
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
		VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
		VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

		if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) 
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) 
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		}
		else {
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, sourceStage, destinationStage, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}
	void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
		region.bufferOffset = 0;
		region.bufferRowLength = 0;
		region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
		region.imageExtent = { width, height, 1 };

		vkCmdCopyBufferToImage( commandBuffer, buffer, image, 
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region
		);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}
	void createTextureImageView() {
		textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, mipLevels);
	}
	VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels) {

		VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};
		viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
		viewInfo.image = image;
		viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		viewInfo.format = format;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		//viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		//[4]
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkImageView imageView;
		if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");
		}
		return imageView;
	}

	void createTextureSampler() {
		VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
		samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
		samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 1;
		samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
		samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;

		//samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		//samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		//samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
		//samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;
		//[6]
		samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.minLod = 0; 
		samplerInfo.maxLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels);
		samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0; 

	

		if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
		}

	}
	void createDepthResources() {
		VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
			depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT, 1);
		transitionImageLayout(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, 1);

	}
	VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features)
	{
		for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
			VkFormatProperties props;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

			if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
			else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
		}
	}
	VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
		return findSupportedFormat(
			{ VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
				VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
	}
	bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
		return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	}

	//[2]
	void loadModel() {

		tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
		//即obj包含的所有子网格
		std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
		std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
		std::string warn, err;

		if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
			throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
		}
		std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices = {};

		//不需要分组就可以直接写一起
		for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
			for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
				Vertex vertex = {};

				vertex.pos = {
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
				};

				vertex.texCoord = {

					attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
					//attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					//attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
				};
				vertex.color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
				//[3] 去重
				if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
					uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
					vertices.push_back(vertex);
				}
				indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
				//or
				//vertices.push_back(vertex);
				//indices.push_back(indices.size());
			}
		}
	}
	//[5]产生mipmap
	void generateMipmaps(VkImage image, VkFormat imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels) {

		//[6]Check if image format supports linear blitting
		VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, imageFormat,
			&formatProperties);

		//[6]VkFormatProperties 结构体具有三个字段
		//[6]linearTilingFeatures
		//[6]optimalTilingFeatures 
		//[6]bufferFeatures
		//[6]我们使用最佳平铺格式创建纹理图像，因此我们需要检查optimalTilingFeatures。
		//[6]可以使用 VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT 检查对线性过滤功能的支持
		if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT)) {
			throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");

		}


		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
		
		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.image = image;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		
		int32_t mipWidth = texWidth;
		int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;
		//[5]环将记录每个 VkCmdBlitImage 命令。循环变量从 1 开始
		for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
			//[5]当前 blit 命令将等待此转换。
			//[5]指定将在 blit 操作中使用的区域。 
			//[5]srcSubresource 级别为 i - 1，dstSubresource 级别为 i。 
			//[5]srcOffsets 数组的两个元素决定了数据将从哪个 3D 区域传输。
			//[5]dstOffsets 确定数据将被传送到的区域。 
			//[5]dstOffsets[1] 的 X 和 Y 维度被除以 2，因为每个 mip 级别是前一级别大小的一半。 
			//[5]srcOffsets[1] 和 dstOffsets[1] 的 Z 维必须为 1，因为 2D 图像的深度为 1。
			VkImageBlit blit = {};
			blit.srcOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.srcOffsets[1] = { mipWidth, mipHeight, 1 };
			blit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = i - 1;
			blit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			blit.dstOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.dstOffsets[1] = { mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1 };
			blit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = i;
			blit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			//[5]记录 blit 命令
			//[5]textureImage 用 srcImage 和 dstImage 参数。 
			//[5]因为我们在同一图像的不同级别之间进行 blitting。 
			//[5]source mip level 刚刚转换为 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL，
			//[5]而目destination level仍在 createTextureImage 中的 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL 中。
			//[5]最后一个参数允许指定要在 blit 中使用的 VkFilter
			vkCmdBlitImage(commandBuffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
				image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &blit,  VK_FILTER_LINEAR);

			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			//[5]将 mip level i - 1 转换为 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL。
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

			if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
			if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;

		}

		//[5]在结束命令缓冲区之前，再插入一个barrier将最后一个 mip level
		//[5]从 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL 转换为 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL。
		//[5]因为最后一个 mip level永远不会被循环 blit。
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
		barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
			VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,  0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);


		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
		
	}
	//[7]
	VkSampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount() {

		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceProperties);

		VkSampleCountFlags counts = physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts &
			physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts;
		
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT;
		}
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT) {
			return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT;
		}
		return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	}
	//[8]multisampled color buffer
	void createColorResources() {
		VkFormat colorFormat = swapChainImageFormat;
		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
				VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, colorImage, colorImageMemory);
		colorImageView = createImageView(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);
	}
};


int main() {
	Application app;
	try {
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_FAILURE;
}