Linux下用文件IO的方式操作GPIO（/sys/class/gpio）

通过sysfs方式控制GPIO，先访问/sys/class/gpio目录，向export文件写入GPIO编号，使得该GPIO的操作接口从内核空间暴露到用户空间，GPIO的操作接口包括direction和value等，direction控制GPIO方向，而value可控制GPIO输出或获得GPIO输入。文件IO方式操作GPIO，使用到了4个函数open、close、read、write。

首先，看看系统中有没有“/sys/class/gpio”这个文件夹。如果没有请在编译内核的时候加入 Device Drivers-> GPIO Support ->/sys/class/gpio/… (sysfs interface)。

/sys/class/gpio 的使用说明：

gpio_operation 通过/sys/文件接口操作IO端口 GPIO到文件系统的映射

◇ 控制GPIO的目录位于/sys/class/gpio

◇ /sys/class/gpio/export文件用于通知系统需要导出控制的GPIO引脚编号

◇ /sys/class/gpio/unexport 用于通知系统取消导出

◇ /sys/class/gpio/gpiochipX目录保存系统中GPIO寄存器的信息，包括每个寄存器控制引脚的起始编号base，寄存器名称，引脚总数 导出一个引脚的操作步骤

◇ 首先计算此引脚编号，引脚编号 = 控制引脚的寄存器基数 + 控制引脚寄存器位数

◇ 向/sys/class/gpio/export写入此编号，比如12号引脚，在shell中可以通过以下命令实现，命令成功后生成/sys/class/gpio/gpio12目录，如果没有出现相应的目录，说明此引脚不可导出

◇ direction文件，定义输入输入方向，可以通过下面命令定义为输出。direction接受的参数：in, out, high, low。high/low同时设置方向为输出，并将value设置为相应的1/0

◇ value文件是端口的数值，为1或0

几个例子：

1.导出

/sys/class/gpio# echo 44 > export

2.设置方向

/sys/class/gpio/gpio44# echo out > direction

3.查看方向

/sys/class/gpio/gpio44# cat direction

4.设置输出

/sys/class/gpio/gpio44# echo 1 > value

5.查看输出值

/sys/class/gpio/gpio44# cat value

6.取消导出

/sys/class/gpio# echo 44 > unexport

文件读写例程：

#include stdlib.h 
#include stdio.h 
#include string.h
#include unistd.h
#include fcntl.h  //define O_WRONLY and O_RDONLY 

//芯片复位引脚: P1_16
#define SYSFS_GPIO_EXPORT          "/sys/class/gpio/export" 
#define SYSFS_GPIO_RST_PIN_VAL      "48" 
#define SYSFS_GPIO_RST_DIR          "/sys/class/gpio/gpio48/direction"
#define SYSFS_GPIO_RST_DIR_VAL      "OUT" 
#define SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL          "/sys/class/gpio/gpio48/value"
#define SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL_H        "1"
#define SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL_L        "0"

int main()
{
    int fd;
    //打开端口/sys/class/gpio# echo 48 > export
    fd = open(SYSFS_GPIO_EXPORT, O_WRONLY);
    if(fd == -1)
    {
        printf("ERR: Radio hard reset pin open error.\n");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    write(fd, SYSFS_GPIO_RST_PIN_VAL ,sizeof(SYSFS_GPIO_RST_PIN_VAL));

    close(fd);
    //设置端口方向/sys/class/gpio/gpio48# echo out > direction
    fd = open(SYSFS_GPIO_RST_DIR, O_WRONLY);

    if(fd == -1)
    {
        printf("ERR: Radio hard reset pin direction open error.\n");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    write(fd, SYSFS_GPIO_RST_DIR_VAL, sizeof(SYSFS_GPIO_RST_DIR_VAL));
    close(fd);

    //输出复位信号: 拉高>100ns
    fd = open(SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL, O_RDWR);
    if(fd == -1)

    {
printf("ERR: Radio hard reset pin value open error.\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }     

    while(1)
    {

        write(fd, SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL_H, sizeof(SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL_H));

        usleep(1000000);

        write(fd, SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL_L, sizeof(SYSFS_GPIO_RST_VAL_L));

        usleep(1000000);
    }
    close(fd);
    printf("INFO: Radio hard reset pin value open error.\n");

    return 0;
} 

另外参考网上一个网友的程序，这里做了验证，并实现中断检测函数。如下：

#include stdlib.h 
#include stdio.h 
#include string.h
#include unistd.h
#include fcntl.h
#include poll.h

#define MSG(args...) printf(args)

//函数声明
static int gpio_export(int pin);
static int gpio_unexport(int pin);
static int gpio_direction(int pin, int dir);
static int gpio_write(int pin, int value);
static int gpio_read(int pin);

static int gpio_export(int pin) 
{ 
    char buffer[64]; 
    int len; 
    int fd; 

    fd = open("/sys/class/gpio/export", O_WRONLY); 
    if (fd < 0) { 
        MSG("Failed to open export for writing!\n"); 

        return(-1); 
    } 

    len = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", pin); 

    if (write(fd, buffer, len) < 0) { 
        MSG("Failed to export gpio!"); 
        return -1; 
    } 
    close(fd); 
    return 0; 
} 

static int gpio_unexport(int pin) 
{
    char buffer[64]; 
    int len; 
    int fd; 

    fd = open("/sys/class/gpio/unexport", O_WRONLY); 
    if (fd < 0) {
        MSG("Failed to open unexport for writing!\n"); 

        return -1; 
    } 

    len = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", pin); 

    if (write(fd, buffer, len) < 0) {
        MSG("Failed to unexport gpio!"); 
        return -1; 
    } 

    close(fd); 
    return 0; 
}

//dir: 0-->IN, 1-->OUT
static int gpio_direction(int pin, int dir) 
{
    static const char dir_str[] = "in\0out"; 
    char path[64]; 
    int fd; 
    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/class/gpio/gpio%d/direction", pin); 
    fd = open(path, O_WRONLY); 
    if (fd < 0) { 
        MSG("Failed to open gpio direction for writing!\n"); 

        return -1; 
    } 

    if (write(fd, &dir_str[dir == 0 ? 0 : 3], dir == 0 ? 2 : 3) < 0) { 

        MSG("Failed to set direction!\n"); 
        return -1; 
    } 
    close(fd); 
    return 0; 
} 

//value: 0-->LOW, 1-->HIGH
static int gpio_write(int pin, int value) 
{
    static const char values_str[] = "01"; 
    char path[64]; 
    int fd; 
    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/class/gpio/gpio%d/value", pin); 

    fd = open(path, O_WRONLY); 

    if (fd < 0) { 

        MSG("Failed to open gpio value for writing!\n"); 

        return -1; 

    } 



    if (write(fd, &values_str[value == 0 ? 0 : 1], 1) < 0) { 

        MSG("Failed to write value!\n"); 

        return -1; 

    } 



    close(fd); 

    return 0; 

}




static int gpio_read(int pin) 

{ 

    char path[64]; 

    char value_str[3]; 

    int fd; 



    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/class/gpio/gpio%d/value", pin); 

    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY); 

    if (fd < 0) { 

        MSG("Failed to open gpio value for reading!\n"); 

        return -1; 

    } 



    if (read(fd, value_str, 3) < 0) { 

        MSG("Failed to read value!\n"); 

        return -1; 

    } 



    close(fd); 

    return (atoi(value_str));

} 




// none表示引脚为输入，��是中断引脚

// rising表示引脚为中断输入，上升沿触发

// falling表示引脚为中断输入，下降沿触发

// both表示引脚为中断输入，边沿触发

// 0-->none, 1-->rising, 2-->falling, 3-->both

static int gpio_edge(int pin, int edge)

{

const char dir_str[] = "none\0rising\0falling\0both";

char ptr;

char path[64]; 

    int fd;

switch(edge){

    case 0:
        ptr = 0;
        break;

    case 1:
        ptr = 5;
        break;

    case 2:
        ptr = 12;
        break;

    case 3:
        ptr = 20;
        break;

    default:
        ptr = 0;
}



    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/class/gpio/gpio%d/edge", pin); 

    fd = open(path, O_WRONLY); 
    if (fd < 0) { 
        MSG("Failed to open gpio edge for writing!\n"); 

        return -1; 
    } 

    if (write(fd, &dir_str[ptr], strlen(&dir_str[ptr])) < 0) { 

        MSG("Failed to set edge!\n"); 

        return -1; 

    } 

    close(fd); 

    return 0; 
}

//GPIO1_17
int main() 
{ 
    int gpio_fd, ret;
    struct pollfd fds[1];
    char buff[10];
    unsigned char cnt = 0;
    //LED引脚初始化

    gpio_export(115);
    gpio_direction(115, 1);
    gpio_write(115, 0);

    //按键引脚初始化
    gpio_export(49);
    gpio_direction(49, 0);
    gpio_edge(49,1);
    gpio_fd = open("/sys/class/gpio/gpio49/value",O_RDONLY);

    if(gpio_fd < 0){
        MSG("Failed to open value!\n"); 
        return -1;
}

fds[0].fd = gpio_fd;
fds[0].events  = POLLPRI;
ret = read(gpio_fd,buff,10);
if( ret == -1 )
    MSG("read\n");

while(1){
    ret = poll(fds,1,0);
    if( ret == -1 )
        MSG("poll\n");
    if( fds[0].revents & POLLPRI){
        ret = lseek(gpio_fd,0,SEEK_SET);
        if( ret == -1 )
            MSG("lseek\n");
        ret = read(gpio_fd,buff,10);
        if( ret == -1 )
            MSG("read\n");
        gpio_write(115, cnt++%2);
    }
    usleep(100000);
}

return 0;
} 

其它可参考文章：
- echo 1 > /sys/class/gpio/gpio118/value
- LinuxGPIO驱动使用其实很简单