ffmpeg 开发代码

说明

vs2017
ffmpeg4.2.1

YUV与RGB转换公式

R = Y + 1.402V
G = Y - 0.344U - 0.714V
B = Y+ 1.779U

Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
U = 0.567(B-Y)
V = 0.713(R-Y)

日志系统

• API

1. av_log_set_level()
2. av_log()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <libavutil/log.h>

int main()
{
//日志级别：AV_LOG_ERROR / AV_LOG_WARNING / AV_LOG_INFO / AV_LOG_DEBUG
	av_log_set_level(AV_LOG_DEBUG);
	av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_INFO, "INFO LOG");
	return 0;
}

文件与目录操作

• API

1. avpriv_io_delete()
2. avpriv_io_move()
3. avio_open_dir()
4. avio_read_dir()
5. avio_close_dir()
6. avio_free_directory_entry()

#include <libavutil/log.h>
#include <libavformat/avformat.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	int ret;
	av_log_set_level(AV_LOG_INFO);
	//删除文件
	ret = avpriv_io_delete("./test.txt");
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "io_delete:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
	}

	//重命名文件(将test.txt重命名为rename.txt)
	ret = avpriv_io_move("./test.txt", "./rename.txt");
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "io_move:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
	}

//目录操作
	AVIODirContext* dir_ctx = NULL;
	AVIODirEntry *dir_entry = NULL;
	//打开目录
	ret = avio_open_dir(&dir_ctx, "./", NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't open dir:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		system("pause");
		return -1;
	}

	//读取目录
	while (1) {
		ret = avio_read_dir(dir_ctx, &dir_entry);
		if (ret < 0) {
			av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't read dir:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
			goto __fail;
		}
		if (!dir_entry) {
			break;
		}
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_INFO, "%12"PRId64" %s\n", dir_entry->size, dir_entry->name);
		avio_free_directory_entry(&dir_entry);
	}

__fail:
	//关闭目录
	avio_close_dir(&dir_ctx);
}

音频提取

• API

1. avformat_open_input()
2. av_dump_format()
3. avformat_close_input()

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	int ret;
	av_log_set_level(AV_LOG_INFO);

	AVFormatContext* fmt_ctx = NULL;
	AVPacket pkt;

	char* input_url = "./birds.mkv";
	char* output_url = "./output.aac";

	//打开文件
	ret = avformat_open_input(&fmt_ctx, input_url, NULL, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't open file:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		return -1;
	}

	FILE* output_file = NULL;
	fopen_s(&output_file, output_url, "wb");
	if (!output_file)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't open file:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		goto __fail;
	}

	//打印音视频信息
	av_dump_format(fmt_ctx, 0, input_url, 0);

	//获取音频流
	ret = av_find_best_stream(fmt_ctx, AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, -1, -1, NULL, 0);
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't find best stream:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		fclose(output_file);
		goto __fail;
	}

	int stream_index = ret;
	//初始化数据包
	av_init_packet(&pkt);
	pkt.data = NULL;
	pkt.size = 0;

	//读取数据包
	int len;
	while (av_read_frame(fmt_ctx, &pkt) >= 0)
	{
		if (pkt.stream_index = stream_index)
		{
			len = fwrite(pkt.data, 1, pkt.size, output_file);
			if (len != pkt.size)
			{
				av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_WARNING, "warning, length of data is not equal size of pkt:%s\n");
			}
		}
		av_packet_unref(&pkt);
	}

__fail:
	//关闭文件
	avformat_close_input(&fmt_ctx);
	if (output_file)
	{
		fclose(output_file);
	}

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

视频提取

• API

#include <stdio.h>
#include "libavutil/log.h"
#include "libavformat/avio.h"
#include "libavformat/avformat.h"

#ifndef AV_WB32
#   define AV_WB32(p, val) do {                 \
        uint32_t d = (val);                     \
        ((uint8_t*)(p))[3] = (d);               \
        ((uint8_t*)(p))[2] = (d)>>8;            \
        ((uint8_t*)(p))[1] = (d)>>16;           \
        ((uint8_t*)(p))[0] = (d)>>24;           \
    } while(0)
#endif

#ifndef AV_RB16
#   define AV_RB16(x)                           \
    ((((const uint8_t*)(x))[0] << 8) |          \
      ((const uint8_t*)(x))[1])
#endif

static int alloc_and_copy(AVPacket *out,
	const uint8_t *sps_pps, uint32_t sps_pps_size,
	const uint8_t *in, uint32_t in_size)
{
	uint32_t offset = out->size;
	uint8_t nal_header_size = offset ? 3 : 4;
	int err;

	err = av_grow_packet(out, sps_pps_size + in_size + nal_header_size);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;

	if (sps_pps)
		memcpy(out->data + offset, sps_pps, sps_pps_size);
	memcpy(out->data + sps_pps_size + nal_header_size + offset, in, in_size);
	if (!offset) {
		AV_WB32(out->data + sps_pps_size, 1);
	}
	else {
		(out->data + offset + sps_pps_size)[0] =
			(out->data + offset + sps_pps_size)[1] = 0;
		(out->data + offset + sps_pps_size)[2] = 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

/*
 *codec_extradata:
 *   1, 64, 0, 1f, ff, e1, 0, 18, 67, 64, 0, 1f, ac, c8, 60, 78, 1b, 7e, 78, 40, 0, 0, fa, 40, 0, 3a, 98, 3, c6, c, 66, 80,
 *   1, 0, 5,68, e9, 78, bc, b0, 0,
 */
int h264_extradata_to_annexb(const uint8_t *codec_extradata, const int codec_extradata_size, AVPacket *out_extradata, int padding)
{
	uint16_t unit_size;
	uint64_t total_size = 0;
	uint8_t *out = NULL, unit_nb, sps_done = 0,
		sps_seen = 0, pps_seen = 0, sps_offset = 0, pps_offset = 0;
	const uint8_t *extradata = codec_extradata + 4;
	static const uint8_t nalu_header[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 1 };
	int length_size = (*extradata++ & 0x3) + 1; // retrieve length coded size, 用于指示表示编码数据长度所需字节数

	sps_offset = pps_offset = -1;
	//e1  之后 extradata指向 0  【0,18】为此nal的size 68.。。。。
	/* retrieve sps and pps unit(s) */
	unit_nb = *extradata++ & 0x1f; /* number of sps unit(s) */
	if (!unit_nb) {
		goto pps;
	}
	else {
		sps_offset = 0;
		sps_seen = 1;
	}

	while (unit_nb--) {
		int err;

		unit_size = AV_RB16(extradata);
		total_size += unit_size + 4;
		if (total_size > INT_MAX - padding) {
			av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR,
				"Too big extradata size, corrupted stream or invalid MP4/AVCC bitstream\n");
			av_free(out);
			return AVERROR(EINVAL);
		}
		if (extradata + 2 + unit_size > codec_extradata + codec_extradata_size) {
			av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Packet header is not contained in global extradata, "
				"corrupted stream or invalid MP4/AVCC bitstream\n");
			av_free(out);
			return AVERROR(EINVAL);
		}
		if ((err = av_reallocp(&out, total_size + padding)) < 0)
			return err;
		memcpy(out + total_size - unit_size - 4, nalu_header, 4);
		memcpy(out + total_size - unit_size, extradata + 2, unit_size);
		extradata += 2 + unit_size;
	pps:
		if (!unit_nb && !sps_done++) {
			unit_nb = *extradata++; /* number of pps unit(s) */
			if (unit_nb) {
				pps_offset = total_size;
				pps_seen = 1;
			}
		}
	}

	if (out)
		memset(out + total_size, 0, padding);

	if (!sps_seen)
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_WARNING,
			"Warning: SPS NALU missing or invalid. "
			"The resulting stream may not play.\n");

	if (!pps_seen)
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_WARNING,
			"Warning: PPS NALU missing or invalid. "
			"The resulting stream may not play.\n");

	out_extradata->data = out;
	out_extradata->size = total_size;

	return length_size;
}

/**  00 00 32 ce 65
 *  packet中的数据起始处没有分隔符(0x00000001), 也不是0x65、0x67、0x68、0x41等字节，所以可以肯定这不是标准的nalu。
其实，前4个字0x000032ce表示的是nalu的长度，从第5个字节开始才是nalu的数据。所以直接将前4个字节替换为0x00000001即可得到标准的nalu数据。
 */
int h264_mp4toannexb(AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx, AVPacket *in, FILE *dst_fd)
{

	AVPacket *out = NULL;
	AVPacket spspps_pkt;

	int len;
	uint8_t unit_type;
	int32_t nal_size;
	uint32_t cumul_size = 0;
	const uint8_t *buf;
	const uint8_t *buf_end;
	int            buf_size;
	int ret = 0, i;

	out = av_packet_alloc();

	buf = in->data;
	buf_size = in->size;
	buf_end = in->data + in->size;

	do {
		ret = AVERROR(EINVAL);
		if (buf + 4 /*s->length_size*/ > buf_end)
			goto fail;

		for (nal_size = 0, i = 0; i < 4/*s->length_size*/; i++)
			nal_size = (nal_size << 8) | buf[i];

		buf += 4; /*s->length_size;*/
		unit_type = *buf & 0x1f;

		if (nal_size > buf_end - buf || nal_size < 0)
			goto fail;

		/*
		if (unit_type == 7)
			s->idr_sps_seen = s->new_idr = 1;
		else if (unit_type == 8) {
			s->idr_pps_seen = s->new_idr = 1;
			*/
			/* if SPS has not been seen yet, prepend the AVCC one to PPS */
			/*
			if (!s->idr_sps_seen) {
				if (s->sps_offset == -1)
					av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "SPS not present in the stream, nor in AVCC, stream may be unreadable\n");
				else {
					if ((ret = alloc_and_copy(out,
										 ctx->par_out->extradata + s->sps_offset,
										 s->pps_offset != -1 ? s->pps_offset : ctx->par_out->extradata_size - s->sps_offset,
										 buf, nal_size)) < 0)
						goto fail;
					s->idr_sps_seen = 1;
					goto next_nal;
				}
			}
		}
		*/

		/* if this is a new IDR picture following an IDR picture, reset the idr flag.
		 * Just check first_mb_in_slice to be 0 as this is the simplest solution.
		 * This could be checking idr_pic_id instead, but would complexify the parsing. */
		 /*
		 if (!s->new_idr && unit_type == 5 && (buf[1] & 0x80))
			 s->new_idr = 1;
		 */
		 /* prepend only to the first type 5 NAL unit of an IDR picture, if no sps/pps are already present */
		if (/*s->new_idr && */unit_type == 5 /*&& !s->idr_sps_seen && !s->idr_pps_seen*/) {

			h264_extradata_to_annexb(fmt_ctx->streams[in->stream_index]->codec->extradata,
				fmt_ctx->streams[in->stream_index]->codec->extradata_size,
				&spspps_pkt,
				AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE);

			if ((ret = alloc_and_copy(out,
				spspps_pkt.data, spspps_pkt.size,
				buf, nal_size)) < 0)
				goto fail;
			/*s->new_idr = 0;*/
		/* if only SPS has been seen, also insert PPS */
		}
		/*else if (s->new_idr && unit_type == 5 && s->idr_sps_seen && !s->idr_pps_seen) {
			if (s->pps_offset == -1) {
				av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "PPS not present in the stream, nor in AVCC, stream may be unreadable\n");
				if ((ret = alloc_and_copy(out, NULL, 0, buf, nal_size)) < 0)
					goto fail;
			} else if ((ret = alloc_and_copy(out,
										ctx->par_out->extradata + s->pps_offset, ctx->par_out->extradata_size - s->pps_offset,
										buf, nal_size)) < 0)
				goto fail;
		}*/ else {
			if ((ret = alloc_and_copy(out, NULL, 0, buf, nal_size)) < 0)
				goto fail;
			/*
			if (!s->new_idr && unit_type == 1) {
				s->new_idr = 1;
				s->idr_sps_seen = 0;
				s->idr_pps_seen = 0;
			}
			*/
		}


		len = fwrite(out->data, 1, out->size, dst_fd);
		if (len != out->size) {
			av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "warning, length of writed data isn't equal pkt.size(%d, %d)\n",
				len,
				out->size);
		}
		fflush(dst_fd);

	next_nal:
		buf += nal_size;
		cumul_size += nal_size + 4;//s->length_size;
	} while (cumul_size < buf_size);

fail:
	av_packet_free(&out);

	return ret;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	int ret;
	av_log_set_level(AV_LOG_INFO);

	AVFormatContext* fmt_ctx = NULL;
	AVPacket pkt;

	char* input_url = "./birds.mkv";
	char* output_url = "./output.h264";

	//打开文件
	ret = avformat_open_input(&fmt_ctx, input_url, NULL, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't open file:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		return -1;
	}

	FILE* output_file = NULL;
	fopen_s(&output_file, output_url, "wb");
	if (!output_file)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't open file:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		goto __fail;
	}

	//打印音视频信息
	av_dump_format(fmt_ctx, 0, input_url, 0);

	//获取视频流
	ret = av_find_best_stream(fmt_ctx, AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, -1, -1, NULL, 0);
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "can't find best stream:%s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		fclose(output_file);
		goto __fail;
	}

	int stream_index = ret;
	//初始化数据包
	av_init_packet(&pkt);
	pkt.data = NULL;
	pkt.size = 0;

	//读取数据包
	int len;
	while (av_read_frame(fmt_ctx, &pkt) >= 0)
	{
		if (pkt.stream_index == stream_index)
		{
			h264_mp4toannexb(fmt_ctx, &pkt, output_file);
		}
		av_packet_unref(&pkt);
	}

__fail:
	//关闭文件
	avformat_close_input(&fmt_ctx);
	if (output_file)
	{
		fclose(output_file);
	}

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

格式转换

• API

1. avformat_alloc_output_context2()
2. avformat_free_context()
3. avformat_new_stream()
4. avformat_parameters_copy()
5. avfromat_write_header()
6. av_write_frame() / av_interleaved_write_frame()
7. av_write_trailer();

#include <stdio.h>
#include "libavformat/avformat.h"
#include <libavutil/timestamp.h>

static void log_packet(const AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx, const AVPacket *pkt, const char *tag)
{
	AVRational *time_base = &fmt_ctx->streams[pkt->stream_index]->time_base;

	printf("%s: pts:%s pts_time:%s dts:%s dts_time:%s duration:%s duration_time:%s stream_index:%d\n",
		tag,
		av_ts2str(pkt->pts), av_ts2timestr(pkt->pts, time_base),
		av_ts2str(pkt->dts), av_ts2timestr(pkt->dts, time_base),
		av_ts2str(pkt->duration), av_ts2timestr(pkt->duration, time_base),
		pkt->stream_index);
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	AVOutputFormat *ofmt = NULL;
	AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx = NULL, *ofmt_ctx = NULL;
	AVPacket pkt;
	const char *in_filename, *out_filename;
	int ret, i;
	int stream_index = 0;
	int *stream_mapping = NULL;
	int stream_mapping_size = 0;

	in_filename = "./birds.mkv";
	out_filename = "./birds.mp4";

	if ((ret = avformat_open_input(&ifmt_ctx, in_filename, 0, 0)) < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input file '%s'", in_filename);
		goto end;
	}

	if ((ret = avformat_find_stream_info(ifmt_ctx, 0)) < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to retrieve input stream information");
		goto end;
	}

	av_dump_format(ifmt_ctx, 0, in_filename, 0);

	avformat_alloc_output_context2(&ofmt_ctx, NULL, NULL, out_filename);
	if (!ofmt_ctx) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not create output context\n");
		ret = AVERROR_UNKNOWN;
		goto end;
	}

	stream_mapping_size = ifmt_ctx->nb_streams;
	stream_mapping = av_mallocz_array(stream_mapping_size, sizeof(*stream_mapping));
	if (!stream_mapping) {
		ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
		goto end;
	}

	ofmt = ofmt_ctx->oformat;

	for (i = 0; i < ifmt_ctx->nb_streams; i++) {
		AVStream *out_stream;
		AVStream *in_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[i];
		AVCodecParameters *in_codecpar = in_stream->codecpar;

		if (in_codecpar->codec_type != AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO &&
			in_codecpar->codec_type != AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO &&
			in_codecpar->codec_type != AVMEDIA_TYPE_SUBTITLE) {
			stream_mapping[i] = -1;
			continue;
		}

		stream_mapping[i] = stream_index++;

		out_stream = avformat_new_stream(ofmt_ctx, NULL);
		if (!out_stream) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed allocating output stream\n");
			ret = AVERROR_UNKNOWN;
			goto end;
		}

		ret = avcodec_parameters_copy(out_stream->codecpar, in_codecpar);
		if (ret < 0) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to copy codec parameters\n");
			goto end;
		}
		out_stream->codecpar->codec_tag = 0;
	}
	av_dump_format(ofmt_ctx, 0, out_filename, 1);

	if (!(ofmt->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE)) {
		ret = avio_open(&ofmt_ctx->pb, out_filename, AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);
		if (ret < 0) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Could not open output file '%s'", out_filename);
			goto end;
		}
	}

	ret = avformat_write_header(ofmt_ctx, NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Error occurred when opening output file\n");
		goto end;
	}

	while (1) {
		AVStream *in_stream, *out_stream;

		ret = av_read_frame(ifmt_ctx, &pkt);
		if (ret < 0)
			break;

		in_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[pkt.stream_index];
		if (pkt.stream_index >= stream_mapping_size ||
			stream_mapping[pkt.stream_index] < 0) {
			av_packet_unref(&pkt);
			continue;
		}

		pkt.stream_index = stream_mapping[pkt.stream_index];
		out_stream = ofmt_ctx->streams[pkt.stream_index];
		log_packet(ifmt_ctx, &pkt, "in");

		/* copy packet */
		pkt.pts = av_rescale_q_rnd(pkt.pts, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base, AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX);
		pkt.dts = av_rescale_q_rnd(pkt.dts, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base, AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX);
		pkt.duration = av_rescale_q(pkt.duration, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base);
		pkt.pos = -1;
		log_packet(ofmt_ctx, &pkt, "out");

		ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(ofmt_ctx, &pkt);
		if (ret < 0) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Error muxing packet\n");
			break;
		}
		av_packet_unref(&pkt);
	}

	av_write_trailer(ofmt_ctx);
end:

	avformat_close_input(&ifmt_ctx);

	/* close output */
	if (ofmt_ctx && !(ofmt->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE))
		avio_closep(&ofmt_ctx->pb);
	avformat_free_context(ofmt_ctx);

	av_freep(&stream_mapping);

	if (ret < 0 && ret != AVERROR_EOF) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Error occurred: %s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		return 1;
	}

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

音视频裁剪

• API

1. av_seek_frame()

视频编码H264

• API

1. avcodec_find_encoder_by_name
2. 设置编码参数
3. avcodec_open2
4. avcodec_encode_video2

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>

#include <libavutil/opt.h>
#include <libavutil/imgutils.h>

static void encode(AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVFrame *frame, AVPacket *pkt,
	FILE *outfile)
{
	int ret;

	/* send the frame to the encoder */
	if (frame)
		printf("Send frame %3"PRId64"\n", frame->pts);

	ret = avcodec_send_frame(enc_ctx, frame);
	if (ret < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Error sending a frame for encoding\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	while (ret >= 0) {
		ret = avcodec_receive_packet(enc_ctx, pkt);
		if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF)
			return;
		else if (ret < 0) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Error during encoding\n");
			exit(1);
		}

		printf("Write packet %3"PRId64" (size=%5d)\n", pkt->pts, pkt->size);
		fwrite(pkt->data, 1, pkt->size, outfile);
		av_packet_unref(pkt);
	}
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	const char *filename, *codec_name;
	const AVCodec *codec;
	AVCodecContext *c = NULL;
	int i, ret, x, y;
	FILE *f;
	AVFrame *frame;
	AVPacket *pkt;
	uint8_t endcode[] = { 0, 0, 1, 0xb7 };

	filename = "test.h264";
	codec_name = "libx264";

	/* find the mpeg1video encoder */
	codec = avcodec_find_encoder_by_name(codec_name);
	if (!codec) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Codec '%s' not found\n", codec_name);
		exit(1);
	}

	c = avcodec_alloc_context3(codec);
	if (!c) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate video codec context\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	pkt = av_packet_alloc();
	if (!pkt)
		exit(1);

	/* put sample parameters */
	c->bit_rate = 400000;
	/* resolution must be a multiple of two */
	c->width = 352;
	c->height = 288;
	/* frames per second */
	c->time_base = (AVRational) { 1, 25 };
	c->framerate = (AVRational) { 25, 1 };

	/* emit one intra frame every ten frames
	 * check frame pict_type before passing frame
	 * to encoder, if frame->pict_type is AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I
	 * then gop_size is ignored and the output of encoder
	 * will always be I frame irrespective to gop_size
	 */
	c->gop_size = 10;
	c->max_b_frames = 1;
	c->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;

	if (codec->id == AV_CODEC_ID_H264)
		av_opt_set(c->priv_data, "preset", "slow", 0);

	/* open it */
	ret = avcodec_open2(c, codec, NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not open codec: %s\n", av_err2str(ret));
		exit(1);
	}

	f = fopen(filename, "wb");
	if (!f) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not open %s\n", filename);
		exit(1);
	}

	frame = av_frame_alloc();
	if (!frame) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate video frame\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	frame->format = c->pix_fmt;
	frame->width = c->width;
	frame->height = c->height;

	ret = av_frame_get_buffer(frame, 32);
	if (ret < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate the video frame data\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	/* encode 1 second of video */
	for (i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
		fflush(stdout);

		/* make sure the frame data is writable */
		ret = av_frame_make_writable(frame);
		if (ret < 0)
			exit(1);

		/* prepare a dummy image */
		/* Y */
		for (y = 0; y < c->height; y++) {
			for (x = 0; x < c->width; x++) {
				frame->data[0][y * frame->linesize[0] + x] = x + y + i * 3;
			}
		}

		/* Cb and Cr */
		for (y = 0; y < c->height / 2; y++) {
			for (x = 0; x < c->width / 2; x++) {
				frame->data[1][y * frame->linesize[1] + x] = 128 + y + i * 2;
				frame->data[2][y * frame->linesize[2] + x] = 64 + x + i * 5;
			}
		}

		frame->pts = i;

		/* encode the image */
		encode(c, frame, pkt, f);
	}

	/* flush the encoder */
	encode(c, NULL, pkt, f);

	/* add sequence end code to have a real MPEG file */
	fwrite(endcode, 1, sizeof(endcode), f);
	fclose(f);

	avcodec_free_context(&c);
	av_frame_free(&frame);
	av_packet_free(&pkt);

	return 0;
}