深度学习6：TensorFlow运作方式入门

最新推荐文章于 2020-03-15 18:33:37 发布

岳麓吹雪

最新推荐文章于 2020-03-15 18:33:37 发布

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分类专栏： Deep Learning 文章标签：深度学习

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lin453701006/article/details/79378872

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今天学习了TensorFlow文档的TensorFlow运作方式入门一节，记录一下。

简书上有一篇很详细的文章介绍（https://www.jianshu.com/p/3ba39b4c19a3
），这里就不再赘述代码分析了。

教程中用到了mnist.py和fully_connected_feed.py。mnist.py是底层代码，无需导入，可以直接使用。fully_connected_feed.py下载地址如下：https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/master/tensorflow/examples/tutorials/mnist/fully_connected_feed.py，直接运行即可。

官方fully_connected_feed.py中存在两处错误，在运行时报错如下：

NotFoundError: Failed to create a directory: /tmp\tensorflow; No such file or directory

这是由于代码254和261行的tensorflow前缺少/。修改后如下：

# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================

"""Trains and Evaluates the MNIST network using a feed dictionary."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

# pylint: disable=missing-docstring
import argparse
import os
import sys
import time

from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import mnist

# Basic model parameters as external flags.
FLAGS = None


def placeholder_inputs(batch_size):
  """Generate placeholder variables to represent the input tensors.
  These placeholders are used as inputs by the rest of the model building
  code and will be fed from the downloaded data in the .run() loop, below.
  Args:
    batch_size: The batch size will be baked into both placeholders.
  Returns:
    images_placeholder: Images placeholder.
    labels_placeholder: Labels placeholder.
  """
  # Note that the shapes of the placeholders match the shapes of the full
  # image and label tensors, except the first dimension is now batch_size
  # rather than the full size of the train or test data sets.
  images_placeholder = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(batch_size,
                                                         mnist.IMAGE_PIXELS))
  labels_placeholder = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=(batch_size))
  return images_placeholder, labels_placeholder


def fill_feed_dict(data_set, images_pl, labels_pl):
  """Fills the feed_dict for training the given step.
  A feed_dict takes the form of:
  feed_dict = {
      <placeholder>: <tensor of values to be passed for placeholder>,
      ....
  }
  Args:
    data_set: The set of images and labels, from input_data.read_data_sets()
    images_pl: The images placeholder, from placeholder_inputs().
    labels_pl: The labels placeholder, from placeholder_inputs().
  Returns:
    feed_dict: The feed dictionary mapping from placeholders to values.
  """
  # Create the feed_dict for the placeholders filled with the next
  # `batch size` examples.
  images_feed, labels_feed = data_set.next_batch(FLAGS.batch_size,
                                                 FLAGS.fake_data)
  feed_dict = {
      images_pl: images_feed,
      labels_pl: labels_feed,
  }
  return feed_dict


def do_eval(sess,
            eval_correct,
            images_placeholder,
            labels_placeholder,
            data_set):
  """Runs one evaluation against the full epoch of data.
  Args:
    sess: The session in which the model has been trained.
    eval_correct: The Tensor that returns the number of correct predictions.
    images_placeholder: The images placeholder.
    labels_placeholder: The labels placeholder.
    data_set: The set of images and labels to evaluate, from
      input_data.read_data_sets().
  """
  # And run one epoch of eval.
  true_count = 0  # Counts the number of correct predictions.
  steps_per_epoch = data_set.num_examples // FLAGS.batch_size
  num_examples = steps_per_epoch * FLAGS.batch_size
  for step in xrange(steps_per_epoch):
    feed_dict = fill_feed_dict(data_set,
                               images_placeholder,
                               labels_placeholder)
    true_count += sess.run(eval_correct, feed_dict=feed_dict)
  precision = float(true_count) / num_examples
  print('Num examples: %d  Num correct: %d  Precision @ 1: %0.04f' %
        (num_examples, true_count, precision))


def run_training():
  """Train MNIST for a number of steps."""
  # Get the sets of images and labels for training, validation, and
  # test on MNIST.
  data_sets = input_data.read_data_sets(FLAGS.input_data_dir, FLAGS.fake_data)

  # Tell TensorFlow that the model will be built into the default Graph.
  with tf.Graph().as_default():
    # Generate placeholders for the images and labels.
    images_placeholder, labels_placeholder = placeholder_inputs(
        FLAGS.batch_size)

    # Build a Graph that computes predictions from the inference model.
    logits = mnist.inference(images_placeholder,
                             FLAGS.hidden1,
                             FLAGS.hidden2)

    # Add to the Graph the Ops for loss calculation.
    loss = mnist.loss(logits, labels_placeholder)

    # Add to the Graph the Ops that calculate and apply gradients.
    train_op = mnist.training(loss, FLAGS.learning_rate)

    # Add the Op to compare the logits to the labels during evaluation.
    eval_correct = mnist.evaluation(logits, labels_placeholder)

    # Build the summary Tensor based on the TF collection of Summaries.
    summary = tf.summary.merge_all()

    # Add the variable initializer Op.
    init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

    # Create a saver for writing training checkpoints.
    saver = tf.train.Saver()

    # Create a session for running Ops on the Graph.
    sess = tf.Session()

    # Instantiate a SummaryWriter to output summaries and the Graph.
    summary_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(FLAGS.log_dir, sess.graph)

    # And then after everything is built:

    # Run the Op to initialize the variables.
    sess.run(init)

    # Start the training loop.
    for step in xrange(FLAGS.max_steps):
      start_time = time.time()

      # Fill a feed dictionary with the actual set of images and labels
      # for this particular training step.
      feed_dict = fill_feed_dict(data_sets.train,
                                 images_placeholder,
                                 labels_placeholder)

      # Run one step of the model.  The return values are the activations
      # from the `train_op` (which is discarded) and the `loss` Op.  To
      # inspect the values of your Ops or variables, you may include them
      # in the list passed to sess.run() and the value tensors will be
      # returned in the tuple from the call.
      _, loss_value = sess.run([train_op, loss],
                               feed_dict=feed_dict)

      duration = time.time() - start_time

      # Write the summaries and print an overview fairly often.
      if step % 100 == 0:
        # Print status to stdout.
        print('Step %d: loss = %.2f (%.3f sec)' % (step, loss_value, duration))
        # Update the events file.
        summary_str = sess.run(summary, feed_dict=feed_dict)
        summary_writer.add_summary(summary_str, step)
        summary_writer.flush()

      # Save a checkpoint and evaluate the model periodically.
      if (step + 1) % 1000 == 0 or (step + 1) == FLAGS.max_steps:
        checkpoint_file = os.path.join(FLAGS.log_dir, 'model.ckpt')
        saver.save(sess, checkpoint_file, global_step=step)
        # Evaluate against the training set.
        print('Training Data Eval:')
        do_eval(sess,
                eval_correct,
                images_placeholder,
                labels_placeholder,
                data_sets.train)
        # Evaluate against the validation set.
        print('Validation Data Eval:')
        do_eval(sess,
                eval_correct,
                images_placeholder,
                labels_placeholder,
                data_sets.validation)
        # Evaluate against the test set.
        print('Test Data Eval:')
        do_eval(sess,
                eval_correct,
                images_placeholder,
                labels_placeholder,
                data_sets.test)


def main(_):
  if tf.gfile.Exists(FLAGS.log_dir):
    tf.gfile.DeleteRecursively(FLAGS.log_dir)
  tf.gfile.MakeDirs(FLAGS.log_dir)
  run_training()


if __name__ == '__main__':
  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
  parser.add_argument(
      '--learning_rate',
      type=float,
      default=0.01,
      help='Initial learning rate.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--max_steps',
      type=int,
      default=2000,
      help='Number of steps to run trainer.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--hidden1',
      type=int,
      default=128,
      help='Number of units in hidden layer 1.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--hidden2',
      type=int,
      default=32,
      help='Number of units in hidden layer 2.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--batch_size',
      type=int,
      default=100,
      help='Batch size.  Must divide evenly into the dataset sizes.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--input_data_dir',
      type=str,
      default=os.path.join(os.getenv('TEST_TMPDIR', '/tmp'),
                           '/tensorflow/mnist/input_data'), #缺/
      help='Directory to put the input data.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--log_dir',
      type=str,
      default=os.path.join(os.getenv('TEST_TMPDIR', '/tmp'),
                           '/tensorflow/mnist/logs/fully_connected_feed'), #缺/
      help='Directory to put the log data.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--fake_data',
      default=False,
      help='If true, uses fake data for unit testing.',
      action='store_true'
  )

  FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
  tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)

运行结果如下：

Step 0: loss = 2.29 (0.114 sec)
Step 100: loss = 2.10 (0.004 sec)
Step 200: loss = 1.88 (0.003 sec)
Step 300: loss = 1.53 (0.003 sec)
Step 400: loss = 1.23 (0.002 sec)
Step 500: loss = 1.07 (0.002 sec)
Step 600: loss = 0.77 (0.003 sec)
Step 700: loss = 0.70 (0.004 sec)
Step 800: loss = 0.56 (0.003 sec)
Step 900: loss = 0.57 (0.003 sec)
Training Data Eval:
Num examples: 55000  Num correct: 47731  Precision @ 1: 0.8678
Validation Data Eval:
Num examples: 5000  Num correct: 4377  Precision @ 1: 0.8754
Test Data Eval:
Num examples: 10000  Num correct: 8720  Precision @ 1: 0.8720
Step 1000: loss = 0.49 (0.020 sec)
Step 1100: loss = 0.42 (0.096 sec)
Step 1200: loss = 0.43 (0.002 sec)
Step 1300: loss = 0.44 (0.003 sec)
Step 1400: loss = 0.52 (0.003 sec)
Step 1500: loss = 0.26 (0.002 sec)
Step 1600: loss = 0.46 (0.003 sec)
Step 1700: loss = 0.42 (0.003 sec)
Step 1800: loss = 0.38 (0.003 sec)
Step 1900: loss = 0.41 (0.003 sec)
Training Data Eval:
Num examples: 55000  Num correct: 49324  Precision @ 1: 0.8968
Validation Data Eval:
Num examples: 5000  Num correct: 4531  Precision @ 1: 0.9062
Test Data Eval:
Num examples: 10000  Num correct: 8992  Precision @ 1: 0.8992
An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.

提示异常An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.是使用Spyder的原因，不影响程序，可以忽视。有一篇CSDN专门分析了该异常原因：
http://blog.csdn.net/forestlinzi0059/article/details/79016700