二重积分
二重积分(
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y) 在
σ
\sigma
σ 上的黎曼积分)
∬
σ
f
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x
,
y
)
d
σ
=
lim
λ
→
0
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
ξ
i
,
η
i
)
Δ
σ
i
\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}=\displaystyle\lim_{\lambda \to 0}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(\xi_i,\eta_i)\Delta \sigma_i}}
∬σf(x,y)dσ=λ→0limi=1∑nf(ξi,ηi)Δσi
绝对值不等式
∣
∬
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d
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≤
∬
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d
σ
\left|\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}\right| \leq \displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{|f(x,y)|\mathrm{d}\sigma}
∣∣∣∣∬σf(x,y)dσ∣∣∣∣≤∬σ∣f(x,y)∣dσ
二重积分中值定理 若
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y) 在有界闭区域
σ
\sigma
σ 上连续,则至少存在一点
P
(
x
∗
,
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∗
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∈
σ
P(x^*,y^*) \in \sigma
P(x∗,y∗)∈σ,使得
∬
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=
f
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σ
\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}=f(x^*,y^*)\sigma
∬σf(x,y)dσ=f(x∗,y∗)σ,其中
f
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∗
,
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∗
)
=
1
σ
∬
σ
f
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d
σ
f(x^*,y^*)=\dfrac1\sigma\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}
f(x∗,y∗)=σ1∬σf(x,y)dσ 称为
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y) 在
σ
\sigma
σ 上的平均值。
推论 若
m
≤
f
(
x
,
y
)
≤
M
m \leq f(x,y) \leq M
m≤f(x,y)≤M,则
m
σ
≤
∬
σ
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
σ
≤
M
σ
m\sigma \leq \displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma} \leq M\sigma
mσ≤∬σf(x,y)dσ≤Mσ。
二重积分转化为累次积分
∬
σ
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d
σ
=
∬
σ
f
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d
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=
∫
a
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d
x
∫
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f
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=
∫
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d
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∫
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1
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f
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d
x
\begin{aligned}\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}&=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y} \\ &=\displaystyle\int_{a}^{b}{\mathrm{d}x}\displaystyle\int_{\varphi_1(x)}^{\varphi_2(x)}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}y}=\displaystyle\int_{c}^{d}{\mathrm{d}y}\displaystyle\int_{\psi_1(y)}^{\psi_2(y)}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}x}\end{aligned}
∬σf(x,y)dσ=∬σf(x,y)dxdy=∫abdx∫φ1(x)φ2(x)f(x,y)dy=∫cddy∫ψ1(y)ψ2(y)f(x,y)dx 二重积分的极坐标变换
{
x
=
r
cos
θ
y
=
r
sin
θ
\begin{cases}x=r\cos\theta \\ y=r\sin\theta\end{cases}
{x=rcosθy=rsinθ
∬
σ
f
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y
)
d
σ
=
∬
σ
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
r
sin
θ
)
r
d
r
d
θ
=
∫
α
β
d
θ
∫
r
1
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θ
)
r
2
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θ
)
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
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sin
θ
)
r
d
r
=
∫
r
1
r
2
d
r
∫
θ
1
(
r
)
θ
2
(
r
)
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
r
sin
θ
)
r
d
θ
\begin{aligned}\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}&=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta)r\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta} \\ &=\displaystyle\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{\mathrm{d}\theta}\displaystyle\int_{r_1(\theta)}^{r_2(\theta)}{f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta)r\mathrm{d}r}=\displaystyle\int_{r_1}^{r_2}{\mathrm{d}r}\displaystyle\int_{\theta_1(r)}^{\theta_2(r)}{f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta)r\mathrm{d}\theta}\end{aligned}
∬σf(x,y)dσ=∬σf(rcosθ,rsinθ)rdrdθ=∫αβdθ∫r1(θ)r2(θ)f(rcosθ,rsinθ)rdr=∫r1r2dr∫θ1(r)θ2(r)f(rcosθ,rsinθ)rdθ
⟸
d
σ
=
1
2
(
r
+
d
r
)
2
sin
d
θ
−
1
2
r
2
sin
d
θ
=
r
d
r
sin
d
θ
+
1
2
(
d
r
)
2
sin
d
θ
∼
r
d
r
sin
d
θ
∼
r
d
r
d
θ
\Longleftarrow \mathrm{d}\sigma=\dfrac12(r+\mathrm{d}r)^2\sin\mathrm{d}\theta-\dfrac12r^2\sin\mathrm{d}\theta=r\mathrm{d}r\sin\mathrm{d}\theta+\dfrac12(\mathrm{d}r)^2\sin\mathrm{d}\theta \sim r\mathrm{d}r\sin\mathrm{d}\theta \sim r\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta
⟸dσ=21(r+dr)2sindθ−21r2sindθ=rdrsindθ+21(dr)2sindθ∼rdrsindθ∼rdrdθ
二重积分的一般坐标变换(雅可比行列式)
∬
σ
f
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,
y
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d
x
d
y
=
∬
σ
g
(
u
,
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)
∣
J
∣
d
u
d
v
\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y}=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{g(u,v)|J|\mathrm{d}u\mathrm{d}v}
∬σf(x,y)dxdy=∬σg(u,v)∣J∣dudv
J
=
∂
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)
∂
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,
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)
=
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∂
x
∂
u
∂
x
∂
v
∂
y
∂
u
∂
y
∂
v
∣
=
1
∂
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=
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u
∂
x
∂
u
∂
y
∂
v
∂
x
∂
v
∂
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∣
−
1
J=\dfrac{\partial(x,y)}{\partial(u,v)}=\begin{vmatrix}\dfrac{\partial x}{\partial u} & \dfrac{\partial x}{\partial v} \\ \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial u} & \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial v}\end{vmatrix}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{\partial(u,v)}{\partial(x,y)}}=\begin{vmatrix}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} & \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} \\ \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} & \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y}\end{vmatrix}^{-1}
J=∂(u,v)∂(x,y)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂u∂x∂u∂y∂v∂x∂v∂y∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∂(x,y)∂(u,v)1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂x∂u∂x∂v∂y∂u∂y∂v∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−1
三重积分
三重积分(密度函数
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
f(x,y,z)
f(x,y,z) 在空间立体
V
V
V 上的质量)
M
=
∭
V
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
V
=
lim
λ
→
0
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
ξ
i
,
η
i
,
ζ
i
)
Δ
V
i
M=\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}V}=\displaystyle\lim_{\lambda \to 0}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(\xi_i,\eta_i,\zeta_i)\Delta V_i}}
M=∭Vf(x,y,z)dV=λ→0limi=1∑nf(ξi,ηi,ζi)ΔVi
三重积分转化为累次积分(投影法)
∭
V
f
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d
V
=
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∫
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∫
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∫
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∫
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\begin{aligned}\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}V}&=\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z} \\ &=\displaystyle\int_{a}^{b}{\mathrm{d}x}\displaystyle\int_{\varphi_1(x)}^{\varphi_2(x)}{\mathrm{d}y}\displaystyle\int_{z_1(x,y)}^{z_2(x,y)}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}z}=\displaystyle\int_{c}^{d}{\mathrm{d}y}\displaystyle\int_{\psi_1(y)}^{\psi_2(y)}{\mathrm{d}x}\displaystyle\int_{z_1(x,y)}^{z_2(x,y)}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}z} \\ &=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma_{zx}}{\mathrm{d}\sigma}\displaystyle\int_{y_1(x,z)}^{y_2(x,z)}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}y} \\ &=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma_{yz}}{\mathrm{d}\sigma}\displaystyle\int_{x_1(y,z)}^{x_2(y,z)}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x}\end{aligned}
∭Vf(x,y,z)dV=∭Vf(x,y,z)dxdydz=∫abdx∫φ1(x)φ2(x)dy∫z1(x,y)z2(x,y)f(x,y,z)dz=∫cddy∫ψ1(y)ψ2(y)dx∫z1(x,y)z2(x,y)f(x,y,z)dz=∬σzxdσ∫y1(x,z)y2(x,z)f(x,y,z)dy=∬σyzdσ∫x1(y,z)x2(y,z)f(x,y,z)dx 三重积分转化为累次积分(截割法)
∭
V
f
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x
,
y
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d
V
=
∭
V
f
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x
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=
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e
f
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D
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∫
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∬
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f
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d
σ
\begin{aligned}\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}V}&=\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z} \\ &=\displaystyle\int_{e}^{f}{\mathrm{d}z}\displaystyle\iint_{D_z}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}\sigma}=\displaystyle\int_{e}^{f}{\mathrm{d}z}\displaystyle\iint_{D_z}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y} \\ &=\displaystyle\int_{c}^{d}{\mathrm{d}y}\displaystyle\iint_{D_y}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}\sigma} \\ &=\displaystyle\int_{a}^{b}{\mathrm{d}x}\displaystyle\iint_{D_x}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}\sigma}\end{aligned}
∭Vf(x,y,z)dV=∭Vf(x,y,z)dxdydz=∫efdz∬Dzf(x,y,z)dσ=∫efdz∬Dzf(x,y,z)dxdy=∫cddy∬Dyf(x,y,z)dσ=∫abdx∬Dxf(x,y,z)dσ 三重积分的柱坐标变换
{
x
=
r
cos
θ
y
=
r
sin
θ
z
=
z
\begin{cases}x=r\cos\theta \\ y=r\sin\theta \\ z=z\end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=rcosθy=rsinθz=z
∭
V
f
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x
,
y
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)
d
V
=
∭
V
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
r
sin
θ
,
z
)
r
d
r
d
θ
d
z
=
∬
σ
r
d
r
d
θ
∫
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1
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,
θ
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f
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cos
θ
,
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sin
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d
z
\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}V}=\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta,z)r\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z}=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma}{r\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta}\displaystyle\int_{z_1(r,\theta)}^{z_2(r,\theta)}{f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta,z)\mathrm{d}z}
∭Vf(x,y,z)dV=∭Vf(rcosθ,rsinθ,z)rdrdθdz=∬σrdrdθ∫z1(r,θ)z2(r,θ)f(rcosθ,rsinθ,z)dz 三重积分的球坐标变换
{
x
=
ρ
sin
φ
cos
θ
y
=
ρ
sin
φ
sin
θ
z
=
ρ
cos
φ
\begin{cases}x=\rho\sin\varphi\cos\theta \\ y=\rho\sin\varphi\sin\theta \\ z=\rho\cos\varphi\end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=ρsinφcosθy=ρsinφsinθz=ρcosφ
∭
V
f
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x
,
y
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z
)
d
V
=
∭
V
f
(
ρ
sin
φ
cos
θ
,
ρ
sin
φ
sin
θ
,
ρ
cos
φ
)
ρ
2
sin
φ
d
ρ
d
φ
d
θ
\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}V}=\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(\rho\sin\varphi\cos\theta,\rho\sin\varphi\sin\theta,\rho\cos\varphi)\rho^2\sin\varphi\mathrm{d}\rho\mathrm{d}\varphi\mathrm{d}\theta}
∭Vf(x,y,z)dV=∭Vf(ρsinφcosθ,ρsinφsinθ,ρcosφ)ρ2sinφdρdφdθ
⟸
d
V
=
ρ
tan
d
φ
⋅
ρ
sin
φ
tan
d
θ
⋅
d
ρ
=
ρ
2
sin
φ
d
ρ
tan
d
φ
tan
d
θ
∼
ρ
2
sin
φ
d
ρ
d
φ
d
θ
\Longleftarrow \mathrm{d}V=\rho\tan\mathrm{d}\varphi \cdot \rho\sin\varphi\tan\mathrm{d}\theta \cdot \mathrm{d}\rho=\rho^2\sin\varphi\mathrm{d}\rho\tan\mathrm{d}\varphi\tan\mathrm{d}\theta \sim \rho^2\sin\varphi\mathrm{d}\rho\mathrm{d}\varphi\mathrm{d}\theta
⟸dV=ρtandφ⋅ρsinφtandθ⋅dρ=ρ2sinφdρtandφtandθ∼ρ2sinφdρdφdθ
三重积分的一般坐标变换(雅可比行列式)
∭
V
f
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,
y
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)
d
x
d
y
d
z
=
∭
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g
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∣
J
∣
d
u
d
v
d
w
\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z}=\displaystyle\iiint_{V}{g(u,v,w)|J|\mathrm{d}u\mathrm{d}v\mathrm{d}w}
∭Vf(x,y,z)dxdydz=∭Vg(u,v,w)∣J∣dudvdw
J
=
∂
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
∂
(
u
,
v
,
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)
=
∣
∂
x
∂
u
∂
x
∂
v
∂
x
∂
w
∂
y
∂
u
∂
y
∂
v
∂
y
∂
w
∂
z
∂
u
∂
z
∂
v
∂
z
∂
w
∣
=
1
∂
(
u
,
v
,
w
)
∂
(
x
,
y
,
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)
=
∣
∂
u
∂
x
∂
u
∂
y
∂
u
∂
z
∂
v
∂
x
∂
v
∂
y
∂
v
∂
z
∂
w
∂
x
∂
w
∂
y
∂
w
∂
z
∣
−
1
J=\dfrac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(u,v,w)}=\begin{vmatrix}\dfrac{\partial x}{\partial u} & \dfrac{\partial x}{\partial v} & \dfrac{\partial x}{\partial w} \\ \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial u} & \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial v} & \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial w} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} & \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} & \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial w}\end{vmatrix}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{\partial(u,v,w)}{\partial(x,y,z)}}=\begin{vmatrix}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} & \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} & \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial z} \\ \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} & \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} & \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial z} \\ \dfrac{\partial w}{\partial x} & \dfrac{\partial w}{\partial y} & \dfrac{\partial w}{\partial z}\end{vmatrix}^{-1}
J=∂(u,v,w)∂(x,y,z)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂u∂x∂u∂y∂u∂z∂v∂x∂v∂y∂v∂z∂w∂x∂w∂y∂w∂z∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∂(x,y,z)∂(u,v,w)1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂x∂u∂x∂v∂x∂w∂y∂u∂y∂v∂y∂w∂z∂u∂z∂v∂z∂w∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−1
第一类线面积分
第一类曲线积分(弧长积分)
∫
Γ
f
(
P
)
d
s
=
lim
λ
→
0
∑
i
=
1
n
f
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P
i
)
Δ
s
i
=
∫
α
β
f
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,
y
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t
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,
z
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x
′
2
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+
y
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2
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+
z
′
2
(
t
)
d
t
\displaystyle\int_{\Gamma}{f(P)\mathrm{d}s}=\displaystyle\lim_{\lambda \to 0}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(P_i)\Delta s_i}}=\displaystyle\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{f(x(t),y(t),z(t))\sqrt{x'^2(t)+y'^2(t)+z'^2(t)}\mathrm{d}t}
∫Γf(P)ds=λ→0limi=1∑nf(Pi)Δsi=∫αβf(x(t),y(t),z(t))x′2(t)+y′2(t)+z′2(t)dt
⟸
d
s
=
[
x
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+
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−
x
(
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]
2
+
[
y
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]
2
+
[
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+
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t
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t
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]
2
=
x
′
2
(
ξ
1
)
+
y
′
2
(
ξ
2
)
+
z
′
2
(
ξ
3
)
d
t
(
t
<
ξ
1
,
ξ
2
,
ξ
3
<
t
+
d
t
)
=
x
′
2
(
t
)
+
y
′
2
(
t
)
+
z
′
2
(
t
)
d
t
\begin{aligned}\Longleftarrow \mathrm{d}s&=\sqrt{[x(t+\mathrm{d}t)-x(t)]^2+[y(t+\mathrm{d}t)-y(t)]^2+[z(t+\mathrm{d}t)-z(t)]^2} \\ &=\sqrt{x'^2(\xi_1)+y'^2(\xi_2)+z'^2(\xi_3)}\mathrm{d}t \ (t<\xi_1,\xi_2,\xi_3<t+\mathrm{d}t) \\ &=\sqrt{x'^2(t)+y'^2(t)+z'^2(t)}\mathrm{d}t\end{aligned}
⟸ds=[x(t+dt)−x(t)]2+[y(t+dt)−y(t)]2+[z(t+dt)−z(t)]2=x′2(ξ1)+y′2(ξ2)+z′2(ξ3)dt (t<ξ1,ξ2,ξ3<t+dt)=x′2(t)+y′2(t)+z′2(t)dt
平面曲线弧长积分
∫
Γ
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
s
=
∫
α
β
f
(
x
(
t
)
,
y
(
t
)
)
x
′
2
(
t
)
+
y
′
2
(
t
)
d
t
\displaystyle\int_{\Gamma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}s}=\displaystyle\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{f(x(t),y(t))\sqrt{x'^2(t)+y'^2(t)}\mathrm{d}t}
∫Γf(x,y)ds=∫αβf(x(t),y(t))x′2(t)+y′2(t)dt
(1)
Γ
:
y
=
φ
(
x
)
,
x
∈
[
a
,
b
]
⟹
∫
Γ
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
s
=
∫
a
b
f
(
x
,
φ
(
x
)
)
1
+
φ
′
2
(
x
)
d
x
\Gamma:y=\varphi(x),x \in [a,b] \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\int_{\Gamma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}s}=\displaystyle\int_{a}^{b}{f(x,\varphi(x))\sqrt{1+\varphi'^2(x)}\mathrm{d}x}
Γ:y=φ(x),x∈[a,b]⟹∫Γf(x,y)ds=∫abf(x,φ(x))1+φ′2(x)dx;
(2)
Γ
:
x
=
ψ
(
y
)
,
y
∈
[
c
,
d
]
⟹
∫
Γ
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
s
=
∫
c
d
f
(
ψ
(
y
)
,
y
)
1
+
ψ
′
2
(
y
)
d
y
\Gamma:x=\psi(y),y \in [c,d] \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\int_{\Gamma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}s}=\displaystyle\int_{c}^{d}{f(\psi(y),y)\sqrt{1+\psi'^2(y)}\mathrm{d}y}
Γ:x=ψ(y),y∈[c,d]⟹∫Γf(x,y)ds=∫cdf(ψ(y),y)1+ψ′2(y)dy;
(3)
Γ
:
r
=
r
(
θ
)
,
θ
∈
[
α
,
β
]
⟹
∫
Γ
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
s
=
∫
α
β
f
(
r
cos
θ
,
r
sin
θ
)
r
2
(
θ
)
+
r
′
2
(
θ
)
d
θ
\Gamma:r=r(\theta),\theta \in [\alpha,\beta] \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\int_{\Gamma}{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}s}=\displaystyle\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta)\sqrt{r^2(\theta)+r'^2(\theta)}\mathrm{d}\theta}
Γ:r=r(θ),θ∈[α,β]⟹∫Γf(x,y)ds=∫αβf(rcosθ,rsinθ)r2(θ)+r′2(θ)dθ。
第一类曲面积分
∬
S
f
(
P
)
d
S
=
lim
λ
→
0
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
P
i
)
Δ
S
i
\displaystyle\iint_{S}{f(P)\mathrm{d}S}=\displaystyle\lim_{\lambda \to 0}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(P_i)\Delta S_i}}
∬Sf(P)dS=λ→0limi=1∑nf(Pi)ΔSi
(1)
S
:
z
=
z
(
x
,
y
)
,
(
x
,
y
)
∈
σ
x
y
⟹
∬
S
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
S
=
∬
σ
x
y
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
(
x
,
y
)
)
1
+
z
x
′
2
+
z
y
′
2
d
σ
S:z=z(x,y),(x,y) \in \sigma_{xy} \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\iint_{S}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}S}=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma_{xy}}{f(x,y,z(x,y))\sqrt{1+z_x'^2+z_y'^2}}\mathrm{d}\sigma
S:z=z(x,y),(x,y)∈σxy⟹∬Sf(x,y,z)dS=∬σxyf(x,y,z(x,y))1+zx′2+zy′2dσ;
取面微元
d
S
\mathrm{d}S
dS 上一点
P
(
x
,
y
,
z
(
x
,
y
)
)
P(x,y,z(x,y))
P(x,y,z(x,y)),则该点处法线的方向矢量
n
=
±
{
z
x
′
,
z
y
′
,
−
1
}
\boldsymbol{n}=\pm \{z_x',z_y',-1\}
n=±{zx′,zy′,−1},记
γ
\gamma
γ 为
n
\boldsymbol{n}
n 与
z
z
z 轴正方向的夹角,有
cos
γ
=
±
1
1
+
z
x
′
2
+
z
y
′
2
\cos\gamma=\pm \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1+z_x'^2+z_y'^2}}
cosγ=±1+zx′2+zy′21,故
d
S
\mathrm{d}S
dS 在
O
x
y
Oxy
Oxy 平面上的投影面积
d
σ
=
∣
cos
γ
∣
⋅
d
S
\mathrm{d}\sigma=|\cos\gamma| \cdot \mathrm{d}S
dσ=∣cosγ∣⋅dS,可得
d
S
=
d
σ
∣
cos
γ
∣
=
1
+
z
x
′
2
+
z
y
′
2
d
σ
\mathrm{d}S=\dfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{|\cos\gamma|}=\sqrt{1+z_x'^2+z_y'^2}\mathrm{d}\sigma
dS=∣cosγ∣dσ=1+zx′2+zy′2dσ。
(2)
S
:
y
=
y
(
x
,
z
)
,
(
x
,
z
)
∈
σ
z
x
⟹
∬
S
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
S
=
∬
σ
z
x
f
(
x
,
y
(
x
,
z
)
,
z
)
1
+
y
x
′
2
+
y
z
′
2
d
σ
S:y=y(x,z),(x,z) \in \sigma_{zx} \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\iint_{S}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}S}=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma_{zx}}{f(x,y(x,z),z)\sqrt{1+y_x'^2+y_z'^2}}\mathrm{d}\sigma
S:y=y(x,z),(x,z)∈σzx⟹∬Sf(x,y,z)dS=∬σzxf(x,y(x,z),z)1+yx′2+yz′2dσ;
(3)
S
:
x
=
x
(
y
,
z
)
,
(
y
,
z
)
∈
σ
y
z
⟹
∬
S
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
S
=
∬
σ
y
z
f
(
x
(
y
,
z
)
,
y
,
z
)
1
+
x
y
′
2
+
x
z
′
2
d
σ
S:x=x(y,z),(y,z) \in \sigma_{yz} \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\iint_{S}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}S}=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma_{yz}}{f(x(y,z),y,z)\sqrt{1+x_y'^2+x_z'^2}}\mathrm{d}\sigma
S:x=x(y,z),(y,z)∈σyz⟹∬Sf(x,y,z)dS=∬σyzf(x(y,z),y,z)1+xy′2+xz′2dσ;
(4) 若
S
:
F
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
0
S:F(x,y,z)=0
S:F(x,y,z)=0 确定隐函数
z
=
z
(
x
,
y
)
,
(
x
,
y
)
∈
σ
x
y
z=z(x,y),(x,y) \in \sigma_{xy}
z=z(x,y),(x,y)∈σxy,且
∂
z
∂
x
=
−
F
x
′
F
z
′
\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}=-\dfrac{F_x'}{F_z'}
∂x∂z=−Fz′Fx′ 和
∂
z
∂
y
=
−
F
y
′
F
z
′
\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=-\dfrac{F_y'}{F_z'}
∂y∂z=−Fz′Fy′ 连续,则
∬
S
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
S
=
∬
σ
x
y
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
(
x
,
y
)
)
F
x
′
2
+
F
y
′
2
+
F
z
′
2
∣
F
z
′
∣
d
σ
\displaystyle\iint_{S}{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}S}=\displaystyle\iint_{\sigma_{xy}}{f(x,y,z(x,y))\dfrac{\sqrt{F_x'^2+F_y'^2+F_z'^2}}{|F_z'|}\mathrm{d}\sigma}
∬Sf(x,y,z)dS=∬σxyf(x,y,z(x,y))∣Fz′∣Fx′2+Fy′2+Fz′2dσ。
点函数积分
点函数积分
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
lim
λ
→
0
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
P
i
)
Δ
Ω
i
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\lim_{\lambda \to 0}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(P_i)\Delta \Omega_i}}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=λ→0limi=1∑nf(Pi)ΔΩi
点函数积分保号性 若
f
(
P
)
≤
g
(
P
)
,
P
∈
Ω
f(P) \leq g(P),P \in \Omega
f(P)≤g(P),P∈Ω,则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
≤
∫
Ω
g
(
P
)
d
Ω
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega} \leq \displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{g(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ≤∫Ωg(P)dΩ;若连续函数
f
(
P
)
≤
g
(
P
)
,
P
∈
Ω
f(P) \leq g(P),P \in \Omega
f(P)≤g(P),P∈Ω 且
f
(
P
)
≢
g
(
P
)
f(P) \not\equiv g(P)
f(P)≡g(P),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
<
∫
Ω
g
(
P
)
d
Ω
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}<\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{g(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ<∫Ωg(P)dΩ。
绝对值不等式
∣
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
∣
≤
∫
Ω
∣
f
(
P
)
∣
d
Ω
\left|\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}\right| \leq \displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{|f(P)|\mathrm{d}\Omega}
∣∣∣∣∫Ωf(P)dΩ∣∣∣∣≤∫Ω∣f(P)∣dΩ
点函数积分中值定理 若
f
(
P
)
f(P)
f(P) 在有界闭区域
Ω
\Omega
Ω 上连续,则至少存在一点
P
∗
∈
Ω
P^* \in \Omega
P∗∈Ω,使得
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
f
(
P
∗
)
Ω
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=f(P^*)\Omega
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=f(P∗)Ω,其中
f
(
P
∗
)
=
1
Ω
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
f(P^*)=\dfrac1\Omega\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}
f(P∗)=Ω1∫Ωf(P)dΩ 称为
f
(
P
)
f(P)
f(P) 在
Ω
\Omega
Ω 上的平均值。
推论 若
m
≤
f
(
P
)
≤
M
m \leq f(P) \leq M
m≤f(P)≤M,则
m
Ω
≤
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
≤
M
Ω
m\Omega \leq \displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega} \leq M\Omega
mΩ≤∫Ωf(P)dΩ≤MΩ。
点函数的分类
(1) 若
Ω
=
[
a
,
b
]
⊂
R
\Omega=[a,b] \subset \mathbb{R}
Ω=[a,b]⊂R,此时
f
(
P
)
=
f
(
x
)
f(P)=f(x)
f(P)=f(x),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\int_a^b{f(x)\mathrm{d}x}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=∫abf(x)dx(一元函数定积分);
(2) 若
Ω
=
s
⊂
R
2
\Omega=s \subset \mathbb{R}^2
Ω=s⊂R2,
s
s
s 是平面曲线,此时
f
(
P
)
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(P)=f(x,y)
f(P)=f(x,y),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
∫
s
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
s
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\int_s{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}s}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=∫sf(x,y)ds(平面弧长积分);
(3) 若
Ω
=
s
⊂
R
3
\Omega=s \subset \mathbb{R}^3
Ω=s⊂R3,
s
s
s 是空间曲线,此时
f
(
P
)
=
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
f(P)=f(x,y,z)
f(P)=f(x,y,z),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
∫
s
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
s
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\int_s{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}s}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=∫sf(x,y,z)ds(空间弧长积分);
(4) 若
Ω
=
σ
⊂
R
2
\Omega=\sigma \subset \mathbb{R}^2
Ω=σ⊂R2,
σ
\sigma
σ 是平面区域,此时
f
(
P
)
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(P)=f(x,y)
f(P)=f(x,y),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
∬
σ
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
σ
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\iint_\sigma{f(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=∬σf(x,y)dσ(二重积分);
(5) 若
Ω
=
S
⊂
R
3
\Omega=S \subset \mathbb{R}^3
Ω=S⊂R3,
S
S
S 是空间曲面,此时
f
(
P
)
=
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
f(P)=f(x,y,z)
f(P)=f(x,y,z),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
∬
S
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
S
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\iint_S{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}S}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=∬Sf(x,y,z)dS(第一类曲面积分);
(6) 若
Ω
=
V
⊂
R
3
\Omega=V \subset \mathbb{R}^3
Ω=V⊂R3,
V
V
V 是空间立体,此时
f
(
P
)
=
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
f(P)=f(x,y,z)
f(P)=f(x,y,z),则
∫
Ω
f
(
P
)
d
Ω
=
∭
V
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
d
V
\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{f(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}=\displaystyle\iiint_V{f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}V}
∫Ωf(P)dΩ=∭Vf(x,y,z)dV(三重积分)。
重心
{
x
ˉ
=
1
M
∫
Ω
μ
(
P
)
x
d
Ω
y
ˉ
=
1
M
∫
Ω
μ
(
P
)
y
d
Ω
z
ˉ
=
1
M
∫
Ω
μ
(
P
)
z
d
Ω
\begin{cases}\bar{x}=\dfrac1M\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{\mu(P)x\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ \bar{y}=\dfrac1M\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{\mu(P)y\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ \bar{z}=\dfrac1M\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{\mu(P)z\mathrm{d}\Omega}\end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧xˉ=M1∫Ωμ(P)xdΩyˉ=M1∫Ωμ(P)ydΩzˉ=M1∫Ωμ(P)zdΩ
转动惯量 (1)
Ω
⊂
R
3
⟹
{
I
z
=
∫
Ω
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
μ
(
P
)
d
Ω
I
y
=
∫
Ω
(
z
2
+
x
2
)
μ
(
P
)
d
Ω
I
x
=
∫
Ω
(
y
2
+
z
2
)
μ
(
P
)
d
Ω
\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^3 \Longrightarrow \begin{cases}I_z=\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{(x^2+y^2)\mu(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ I_y=\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{(z^2+x^2)\mu(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ I_x=\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{(y^2+z^2)\mu(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}\end{cases}
Ω⊂R3⟹⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧Iz=∫Ω(x2+y2)μ(P)dΩIy=∫Ω(z2+x2)μ(P)dΩIx=∫Ω(y2+z2)μ(P)dΩ (2)
Ω
⊂
R
2
⟹
{
I
x
=
∫
Ω
y
2
μ
(
P
)
d
Ω
I
y
=
∫
Ω
x
2
μ
(
P
)
d
Ω
\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^2 \Longrightarrow \begin{cases}I_x=\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{y^2\mu(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ I_y=\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{x^2\mu(P)\mathrm{d}\Omega}\end{cases}
Ω⊂R2⟹⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧Ix=∫Ωy2μ(P)dΩIy=∫Ωx2μ(P)dΩ
引力
{
F
x
=
k
m
∫
Ω
μ
(
P
)
(
x
−
x
0
)
r
3
d
Ω
F
y
=
k
m
∫
Ω
μ
(
P
)
(
y
−
y
0
)
r
3
d
Ω
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\begin{cases}F_x=km\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{\dfrac{\mu(P)(x-x_0)}{r^3}\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ F_y=km\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{\dfrac{\mu(P)(y-y_0)}{r^3}\mathrm{d}\Omega} \\ F_z=km\displaystyle\int_{\Omega}{\dfrac{\mu(P)(z-z_0)}{r^3}\mathrm{d}\Omega}\end{cases} \ , \ r=\sqrt{(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧Fx=km∫Ωr3μ(P)(x−x0)dΩFy=km∫Ωr3μ(P)(y−y0)dΩFz=km∫Ωr3μ(P)(z−z0)dΩ , r=(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2