Computer vision-based displacement measurement with m-sequence target(基于计算机视觉的m序列目标位移测量)
作者：
Hu, Yi-ding; Xia, Qi; Hou, Rong-rong; Xia, Yong; Yan, Jian-yi
摘要：
The development of image sensors enables the application of vision-based techniques to the non-contact displacement measurement of large-scale structures. The features of the physical targets are critical to the accuracy, stability and anti-interference of the displacement measurement results. In this study, a novel m-sequence target and the associated circular correlation processing technique are developed for real-time displacement measurement. The properties of the m-sequence as a pseudo-random sequence are introduced. The vision-based displacement calculation method is then derived from the correlation property of the m-sequence. The algorithms and measurement systems are integrated in the LabVIEW environment. To verify the anti-interference performance of the developed system, static and dynamic experimental tests are carried out with various forms of interference, such as partial occlusion, uneven illumination, out of focus and smoke effect. Experimental results indicate that the developed system cannot only accurately measure structural displacement, but also has outstanding anti-interference performance, even if 30% of the target is masked.
图像传感器的发展使基于视觉的技术应用于大型结构的非接触位移测量成为可能。物理目标的特性对位移测量结果的准确性、稳定性和抗干扰性至关重要。在这项研究中，一种新的m序列目标和相关的循环相关处理技术的实时位移测量。介绍了m序列作为伪随机序列的性质。然后，基于视觉的位移计算方法推导出的m序列的相关性。算法和测量系统集成在LabVIEW环境中。为了验证系统的抗干扰性能，在部分遮挡、光照不均匀、离焦、烟雾等干扰情况下，进行了静态和动态实验测试。实验结果表明，该系统不仅可以准确测量结构位移，而且具有突出的抗干扰性能，即使30%的目标被掩盖。
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Novel nano-scale absolute linear displacement measurement based on grating projection imaging(基于光栅投影成像的新型纳米级绝对线位移测量)
作者：
Yu, Hai; Wan, Qiuhua; Mu, Zhiya; Du, Yingcai; Liang, Lihui
摘要：
There is urgent demand for new absolute Linear Displacement Measurement (LDM) technology with high resolution and high precision, during the development of high-end numerical control technology. In previous research, we found that displacement measurement based on the image processing method performs well, however, the volume increases when using an imaging lens, and the system is susceptible to factors such as virtual focus. In this paper, the lensless LDM image optical path is established based on grating projection imaging, then the absolute grating coding method is operated based on M-sequence pseudo-random coding. A linear displacement subdivision algorithm is then deployed based on the digital image recognition algorithm. An LDM device with a measuring range of 250 mm was designed to test the performance of the proposed method. The device shows a measurement resolution of 1 nm and measurement accuracy of 1.76 mu m in the range of 250 mm. This work lays a foundation for further research on high performance LDM technology.
随着高端数控技术的发展，对高分辨率、高精度的绝对线性位移测量(LDM)技术的需求越来越迫切。在以前的研究中，我们发现基于图像处理方法的位移测量效果很好，但使用成像镜头时体积会增加，而且系统对虚拟焦点等因素很敏感。本文首先建立了基于光栅投影成像的无透镜LDM图像光路，然后采用基于M序列伪随机编码的绝对光栅编码方法。然后在数字图像识别算法的基础上部署了线性位移细分算法。设计了一台测量范围为250 mm的激光测距装置来测试该方法的性能。该装置的测量分辨率为1 nm，在250 mm范围内的测量精度为1.76微米。该工作为进一步研究高性能激光测距技术奠定了基础。
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Crack Propagation Velocity Determination by High-speed Camera Image Sequence Processing(利用高速摄像图像序列处理确定裂纹扩展速度)
作者：
Liebold, Frank; Heravi, Ali A.; Mosig, Oliver; Curbach, Manfred; Mechtcherine, Viktor; Maas, Hans-Gerd
摘要：
The determination of crack propagation velocities can provide valuable information for a better understanding of damage processes of concrete. The spatio-temporal analysis of crack patterns developing at a speed of several hundred meters per second is a rather challenging task. In the paper, a photogrammetric procedure for the determination of crack propagation velocities in concrete specimens using high-speed camera image sequences is presented. A cascaded image sequence processing which starts with the computation of displacement vector fields for a dense pattern of points on the specimen’s surface between consecutive time steps of the image sequence chain has been developed. These surface points are triangulated into a mesh, and as representations of cracks, discontinuities in the displacement vector fields are found by a deformation analysis applied to all triangles of the mesh. Connected components of the deformed triangles are computed using region-growing techniques. Then, the crack tips are determined using the principal component analysis. The tips are tracked in the image sequence and the velocities between the time stamps of the images are derived. A major advantage of this method as compared to the established techniques is in the fact that it allows spatio-temporally resolved, full-field measurements rather than point-wise measurements. Furthermore, information on the crack width can be obtained simultaneously. To validate the experimentation, the authors processed image sequences of tests on four compact-tension specimens performed on a split-Hopkinson tension bar. The images were taken by a high-speed camera at a frame rate of 160,000 images per second. By applying the developed image sequence processing procedure to these datasets, crack propagation velocities of about 800 m/s were determined with a precision in the order of 50 m/s.
裂缝扩展速度的测定可以为更好地了解混凝土的损伤过程提供有价值的信息。对以每秒几百米的速度发展的裂纹模式进行时空分析是一项相当具有挑战性的任务。本文介绍了一种利用高速摄像图像序列测定混凝土试件中裂缝扩展速度的摄影测量方法。发展了一种级联图像序列处理方法，它从计算图像序列链连续时间步长之间样品表面上密集的点的位移矢量场开始。这些曲面点被三角化为网格，作为裂纹的表示，通过对网格的所有三角形进行变形分析，发现位移矢量场中的不连续性。使用区域生长技术计算变形三角形的连通分量。然后，利用主成分分析确定裂纹尖端。跟踪图像序列中的尖端，并导出图像的时间戳之间的速度。与现有技术相比，这种方法的一个主要优点是，它允许时空分辨率的全场测量，而不是逐点测量。此外，还可以同时获得有关裂缝宽度的信息。为了验证实验，作者处理了在分离式霍普金森拉伸杆上进行的四个紧凑拉伸试件的图像序列。这些图像是由一台高速相机以每秒16万张图像的帧速率拍摄的。将所开发的图像序列处理程序应用于这些数据集，获得了约800m/S的裂纹扩展速度，精度约为50m/S。
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Precision Position Measurement of Linear Motors Mover Based on Temporal Image Correlation(基于时间图像相关的直线电机精密位置测量)
作者：
Zhao, Jing; Zhao, Jiwen; Wang, Hui; Song, Juncai; Dong, Fei
摘要：
High-precision position measurement is very important for precision motion control of a linear motor. This paper presents an accurate mover position detection method with high precision stability based on temporal image correlation and fence image for the linear motors. First, sequence fence images with the information of mover position are recorded by a position measurement system for linear motor, and the integer pixel displacement of each image is obtained by image correlation method. Then, according to the continuity of the motion, the subpixel displacement can be extracted by fitting the integer pixel displacement. Finally, the displacement and velocity curves can be calculated according to system calibration. Compared to digital image measurement used in position detection of linear motors, the proposed method can detect mover position accurately with longer measurement range and smaller uncertainty. The moving least square (MLS) algorithm is used to ensure the stability of measurement uncertainty under different motion modes. Simulations and mover position detection experiments with different motion conditions were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in linear motors. In this paper, the average measurement error of displacement is 0.006 mm with the maximum displacement of 120 mm. The maximum and average relative errors are less than 0.06% and 0.017%, respectively.
高精度的位置测量对于直线电机的精密运动控制非常重要。提出了一种基于时域图像相关和栅栏图像的直线电机动子位置高精度稳定检测方法。首先，利用直线电机位置测量系统记录包含动子位置信息的序列栅栏图像，并利用图像相关法得到每幅图像的整像素位移量。然后，根据运动的连续性，通过拟合整像素位移，提取亚像素位移。最后根据系统标定结果计算出位移和速度曲线。与直线电机位置检测中的数字图像测量方法相比，该方法能够准确地检测动子位置，测量范围更大，不确定度更小。采用移动最小二乘（MLS）算法保证了不同运动模式下测量不确定度的稳定性。仿真和不同运动条件下的动子位置检测实验验证了该方法在直线电机中的有效性。在最大位移为120 mm时，位移的平均测量误差为0.006 mm，最大相对误差小于0.06%，平均相对误差小于0.017%。
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A Lightweight DFT-Based Approach to the Optical Measurement of Displacements Using an Open-Source Python Code(一种基于DFT的光学位移测量方法，该方法使用开源的Python代码)
作者：
Nezerka, V; Havlasek, P.
摘要：
Commonly available digital image correlation (DIC) tools are designed to evaluate displacement/deformation fields using well-optimized correlation functions and computational procedures. However, real-time monitoring at high sampling rates or tracking motion at predefined locations from large sequence images can be hardly accomplished due to extreme computational costs. As shown in this paper, a lightweight approach based on the registration of subpixel subset shifts using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) can easily tackle large sets of images if the measurement is limited to discrete locations. A simple open-source python software designed for evaluation of displacements using virtual extensometers is described in this paper, along with the analysis of its performance. It is shown that the DFT-based algorithms outperform a commonly used DIC package in terms of computational efficiency and required user interactions, without sacrificing precision and accuracy.
常用的数字图像相关(DIC)工具被设计为使用优化的相关函数和计算程序来评估位移/变形场。然而，由于极端的计算成本，高采样率下的实时监控或从大序列图像中跟踪预定位置的运动很难实现。如本文所述，一种基于离散傅立叶变换(DFT)的子像素子集移位配准的轻量级方法，如果测量限于离散位置，则可以很容易地处理大量图像。本文介绍了一个简单的开源的利用虚拟引伸仪进行位移计算的软件，并对其性能进行了分析。结果表明，基于DFT的算法在不牺牲精度和精度的前提下，在计算效率和所需用户交互方面优于常用的DIC软件包。
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Vision-based transverse vibration displacement measurement of hoisting vertical ropes in mine hoists(基于视觉的矿井提升机提升垂绳横向振动位移测量)
作者：
Wu, Ganggang; Xiao, Xingming; Ma, Chi; Jiang, Yuqiang
摘要：
At present, there is no appropriate way to measure the transverse vibration response of moving hoisting vertical rope in hoist. Therefore, a vision-based measurement method combining the digital image correlation (DIC) and digital image processing (DIP) algorithms is proposed in this paper. In this method, a reference line perpendicular to the vertical ropes is added in image sequence by DIP algorithm to form some virtual cross targets, which makes the improved DIC algorithm with adaptive template updating (ATU) rule can track the moving hoisting vertical rope without any labels. Then for distinguishing all ropes in the measuring area, a displacement threshold is set to locate the current measured rope and exclude the other ropes. The transverse vibration displacements of the hoisting vertical rope in an actual mine hoist was measured in three background situations, verifying the feasibility of the proposed method. Moreover, in a laboratory artificial vibration test, the measurement results from the proposed vision method and a laser displacement sensor yielded a very good agreement. The two experimental results indicate that it is fairly reasonable and effective to measure the transverse vibration displacements of hoisting vertical ropes.
目前，尚无合适的方法测量提升钢丝绳在提升过程中的横向振动响应。为此，本文提出了一种结合数字图像相关(DIC)和数字图像处理(DIP)算法的视觉测量方法。该方法通过DIP算法在图像序列中添加一条垂直于垂绳的参考线，形成多个虚拟交叉目标，从而使改进的自适应模板更新(ATU)DIC算法能够在没有任何标签的情况下对提升垂绳的运动进行跟踪。然后，为了区分测量区域内的所有绳索，设置一个位移阈值来定位当前被测绳索，并排除其他绳索。对实际矿井提升机提升垂绳在三种背景情况下的横向振动位移进行了测量，验证了该方法的可行性。此外，在实验室的人工振动测试中，该视觉方法的测量结果与激光位移传感器的测量结果具有很好的一致性。两个实验结果表明，测量提升垂绳横向振动位移是比较合理和有效的。
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An accurate and distraction-free vision-based structural displacement measurement method integrating Siamese network based tracker and correlation-based template matching(一种基于暹罗网络跟踪器和相关模板匹配相结合的精确无干扰视觉结构位移测量方法)
作者：
Xu, Yan; Zhang, Jian; Brownjohn, James
摘要：
Vision-based displacement measurement receives increasing attention on non-contact bridge monitoring while it faces challenges in long-time field applications due to the presence of environmental variations. To overcome this issue, this study proposes a novel distraction-free displacement measurement approach by integrating deep learning-based Siamese tracker with correlation-based template matching. The Siamese tracker used applies deep feature representations and learned similarity measures for image matching and also considers adaptive template update with time. Since the estimated bounding boxes by the Siamese tracker have size changes within frame sequences, a correction step is added to remove the centroid drifts between the template and the predicted target regions using correlation-based template matching. The proposed method is validated first in an indoor test and then implemented in monitoring tests on a short-span footbridge and a long-span road bridge, demonstrating its potential to handle challenging scenarios including partial occlusion, illumination changes, background variations and shade effects.
基于视觉的位移测量在非接触式桥梁监测方面受到越来越多的关注，但由于环境变化的存在，它在长期的现场应用中面临着挑战。为了解决这一问题，本研究将基于深度学习的暹罗跟踪器与基于相关性的模板匹配相结合，提出了一种新的无分心位移测量方法。所使用的暹罗跟踪器应用深度特征表示和学习的相似性度量来进行图像匹配，并且还考虑了随时间自适应的模板更新。由于暹罗跟踪器估计的边界框在帧序列中具有大小变化，因此添加了校正步骤以使用基于相关性的模板匹配来消除模板和预测目标区域之间的质心漂移。该方法首先在室内测试中得到了验证，然后在一座短跨度人行桥和一座大跨度公路桥上进行了监测测试，展示了它在处理包括部分遮挡、光照变化、背景变化和阴影效应等具有挑战性的场景的潜力。
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Vision-based 2D Vibration Displacement Measurement of Hoisting Vertical Rope in Mine Hoist(基于视觉的矿井提升机提升竖绳二维振动位移测量)
作者：
Wu, Ganggang; Xiao, Xingming; Ma, Chi
摘要：
In this paper, a non-contact, unmarked computer vision measurement method is presented and applied to measure the two-dimensional (2D) vibration displacement of hoisting vertical ropes. In this method, the primary work is to perform camera calibration of monocular vision using a neural network (NN) model. Then, in the image sequence, a straight line perpendicular to the hoisting rope is added by digital image processing (DIP) method, and their intersection region is regarded as the measuring target. Digital image correlation (DIC) algorithm at sub-pixel level is applied to locate the measuring target in image sequence. This method is used to measure the vibration displacement of an actual hoisting rope in mine, and the measurement results of three targets on the rope are consistent with tiny amplitude differences, which indicates that this method is feasible for the vibration measurement of hoisting vertical rope.
提出了一种非接触式、无标记的计算机视觉测量方法，并将其应用于提升直绳二维振动位移的测量。在该方法中，主要工作是使用神经网络(NN)模型进行单目视觉的摄像机标定。然后，在图像序列中，利用数字图像处理(DIP)方法添加一条垂直于提升绳的直线，并将其相交区域作为测量目标。采用亚像素级的数字图像相关(DIC)算法对图像序列中的测量目标进行定位。用该方法对矿井实际提升钢丝绳的振动位移进行了测量，钢丝绳上三个目标的测量结果一致，幅度相差很小，表明该方法用于提升垂绳的振动测量是可行的。
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EET-Hamming monocular high-speed measurement for long-span bridge structure displacement on a shaking table(EET-Hamming单目振动台高速测量大跨度桥梁结构位移)
作者：
Liu, Xianglei; Jia, Zhenkai; Zhang, Pengfei; Chen, Yuxin; Li, Shenglong; Wang, Runjie
摘要：
Monocular displacement measurement is widely used for the vibration monitoring of bridge structures on shaking tables. To efficiently and robustly measure the low-contrast targets obtained by a high-speed camera, this study proposes an EET-Hamming monocular high-speed measurement method. First, the EET and Otsu methods are combined to enhance and binarize the obtained image sequences, which can track the obtained low -contrast targets efficiently and robustly. Second, the minimum Hamming distance matching method is proposed to determine the similarity of the images and further improve the efficiency and accuracy of the image sequence processing. Finally, a nine-point least squares polynomial surface fitting method is proposed to calculate the sub -pixel displacement and convert them to the corresponding actual displacement. The results show that the pro-posed EET-Hamming monocular high-speed measurement method has a higher displacement measurement ac-curacy and processing efficiency.
单目位移测量广泛应用于桥梁结构振动台振动监测。为了高效、稳健地测量高速摄像机获取的低对比度目标，提出了一种EET-Hamming单目高速测量方法。首先，将EET和OTSU方法相结合对获得的图像序列进行增强和二值化，从而能够高效、稳健地跟踪得到的低对比度目标。其次，提出了最小汉明距离匹配法来确定图像的相似度，进一步提高了图像序列处理的效率和精度。最后，提出了一种九点最小二乘多项式曲面拟合法来计算亚像素位移，并将其转换为相应的实际位移。结果表明，本文提出的EET-Hamming单目高速测量方法具有较高的位移测量精度和处理效率。
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Geometrical-Based Displacement Measurement With Pseudostereo Monocular Camera on Bidirectional Cascaded Linear Actuator(基于双向串联式直线驱动器的伪立体单目摄像机几何位移测量)
作者：
Lee, Denzel; Liu, Jingmin; Lim, Ryan; Chan, Jie Lin; Foong, Shaohui
摘要：
This article details the development of a geometrical-based displacement extraction framework capable of automatically extracting critical infrastructure measurements in one sequence. The framework is a novel rail viaduct bearing inspection pipeline implemented on Bearing Inspector for Narrow-space Observation Version 2 (BINOv2). BINOv2 is a tethered custom unmanned aerial vehicle system utilized to supplant labor-intensive pipelines and enhance inspection accuracy of infrastructure conditions in confined remote locations. The algorithm accepts stereoscopic images taken from a single monocular camera on a bidirectional cascaded linear actuator system in a rack-and-pinion configuration. A point cloud model generated from the image sets then runs through a hierarchical neural network for 3-D segmentation to extract targeted regions of interest. Our training pipeline generates and forms the full model’s training dataset using only a small sample of real point clouds. The point cloud generated is inadequate to form the full bearing geometry profile. Therefore, the proposed framework projects best-fit circles based on the point cloud curvature to form the full bearing geometry profile so that the required displacement measurement is available for extraction. Several experiments were conducted on a mock-up and actual operational site to validate the proposed framework’s accuracy, its robustness and comparison with other state-of-the-art alternatives.
本文详细介绍了基于几何的位移提取框架的开发，该框架能够在一个序列中自动提取关键基础设施测量值。该框架是一种新的轨道高架桥轴承检测管道上实现的轴承检查器窄空间观察版本2（BINOv2）。BINOv2是一种系留式定制无人驾驶飞行器系统，用于取代劳动密集型管道，并提高对偏远地区基础设施状况的检查准确性。该算法接受从一个单目相机上的双向级联线性致动器系统的齿条和小齿轮配置的立体图像。然后，从图像集生成的点云模型通过分层神经网络进行3D分割，以提取感兴趣的目标区域。我们的训练管道仅使用少量真实点云样本生成并形成完整模型的训练数据集。生成的点云不足以形成完整的轴承几何轮廓。因此，所提出的框架基于点云曲率投影最佳拟合圆以形成完整的轴承几何轮廓，使得所需的位移测量可用于提取。在模拟和实际操作现场进行了几次实验，以验证所提出的框架的准确性，其鲁棒性和与其他国家的最先进的替代品的比较。
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AN APPROACH TO SUBPIXEL ACCURACY WIDENING CRACK WIDTH DETERMINATION IN IMAGE SEQUENCES(一种提高亚像素精度的序列图像裂纹宽度确定方法)
作者：
Liebold, F.; Maas, H-G
摘要：
As an extension to existing work on crack detection and subpixel accuracy crack width determination as a tool for civil engineering material testing, the paper shows an algorithmic approach to handle widening cracks with relative rotations between related crack borders. In the first time step under zero-load, a set of points to be tracked through consecutive frames of an image sequence is defined. Then, subpixel-precise displacement fields are computed for the image data of the following time steps using an 8-parameter least-squares matching approach. The points are triangulated into a mesh, and the changes of the inner geometry of the triangles are considered with a mathematical model assuming a split of each triangle. With this model, subpixel-precise deformation vectors are derived. Crack candidates are determined by a thresholding applied to the vectors’ lengths. After an estimation of the crack normal, a decomposition of the deformation vectors is applied, allowing to compute crack widths and shear movements. As a novel contribution to the technique, a model extension is proposed for the case of a relative rotation between the crack borders in order to reduce systematic errors. The model includes two separate rigid transformations for each crack side.
作为作为土木工程材料测试工具的裂纹检测和亚像素精度裂纹宽度确定的现有工作的扩展，本文提出了一种通过相关裂纹边界之间的相对旋转来处理扩展裂纹的算法方法。在零负载下的第一时间步长中，定义要通过图像序列的连续帧跟踪的一组点。然后，使用8参数最小二乘匹配方法，对后续时间步长的图像数据计算亚像素精度的位移场。将这些点三角化为网格，并用假设每个三角形分裂的数学模型来考虑三角形内部几何形状的变化。利用该模型，得到了亚像素精度的变形矢量。裂纹候选者由应用于向量长度的阈值来确定。在估计裂纹法线之后，应用变形向量的分解，允许计算裂纹宽度和剪切运动。作为对这一技术的新贡献，为了减少系统误差，提出了裂纹边界相对旋转情况下的模型扩展。该模型包括两个独立的刚体变换，分别对应于裂纹面。
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Simultaneous acoustic radiation force imaging and MR thermometry based on a coherent echo-shifted sequence(基于相干回波移位序列的同时声辐射力成像和MR测温)
作者：
Qiao, Yangzi; Zou, Chao; Cheng, Chuanli; Tie, Changjun; Wan, Qian; Peng, Hao; Liang, Dong; Liu, Xin; Zheng, Hairong
摘要：
Background: Simultaneous magnetic resonance (MR) acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI) and MR thermometry (MRT) (STARFI) based on coherent echo-shifted (cES) sequence was proposed and comprehensively compared to radiofrequency (RF)-spoiled gradient echo (spGRE) STARFI. Methods: Through use of delicately designed gradients, a collection of echoes was delayed by one repetition time (TR) cycle. The crusher gradient after readout (RO) was used as the displacement encoding gradient (DEG). The sequence was intrinsically sensitive to temperature. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) pulses were interleaved ON/OFF in successive TRs to separate the phase changes induced by displacement due to acoustic radiation force (ARF) impulses and temperature. Bloch simulation was performed to study the phase sensitivity to displacement of the proposed cES STARFI and spGRE STARFI. The proposed cES sequence was evaluated and compared to spGRE STARFI in ex vivo porcine muscle and ex vivo porcine brain. Results: The minimally achievable TR of cES STARFI was shorter than that of spGRE STARFI, indicating that the cES sequence was more time efficient. It was verified through Bloch simulation and ex vivo experiments that the phase sensitivity to displacement of cES STARFI was higher than that of spGRE STARFI. The optimal trigger delays of cES STARFI and spGRE STARFI in ex vivo porcine muscle were t(offset) =-2 and -1 ms, respectively. The displacement-induced phase change to acoustic pressure slopes of cES STARFI were 0.079, 0.079, and 0.047 rad/Mpa across the three muscle samples, while the slopes of spGRE STARFI were only 0.047, 0.052, and 0.027 rad/Mpa. The maximum temperature difference between cES STARFI and spGRE STARFI was 1.1 degrees C. In ex vivo porcine brain, both the displacement-induced phase-to-noise ratio (PNRd) and the temperature uncertainty of cES STARFI were better than those of spGRE STARFI (P<0.05). The temperature and displacement-induced phase change maps of cES STARFI and spGRE STARFI during HIFU treatment were in good accordance in time and spatial location. Conclusions: The cES STARFI sequence can provide simultaneous MR-ARFI and temperature measurements during pulsed HIFU applications. Though the exact displacement cannot be quantified directly, the sequence showed increased phase sensitivity compared with the spGRE sequence and provided efficient visualization of the focal spot. cES STARFI could therefore be a desirable alternative to spGRE STARFI in practical applications.
背景：提出了基于相干回波位移(CES)序列的同时磁共振(MR)声辐射力成像(ARFI)和磁共振测温(MRT)(STARFI)，并与射频(RF)破坏梯度回波(SpGRE)STARFI进行了综合比较。方法：通过使用精心设计的梯度，将回声的收集延迟一个重复时间(TR)周期。读出后的破碎机梯度(RO)被用作位移编码梯度(DEG)。该序列对温度具有内在的敏感性。高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)脉冲在连续的TRs中交错开/关，以分离由于声辐射力(ARF)脉冲和温度引起的位移引起的相变。通过Bloch仿真研究了所提出的CES STARFI和SPGRE STARFI对位移的相位敏感性。将所提出的CES序列与spGRE STARFI进行了评估，并与spGRE STARFI进行了比较。结果：CES-STARFI序列的最小可达时间比spGRE-STARFI短，提示CES序列具有更高的时间效率。通过Bloch模拟和体外实验验证了CES-STARFI比spGRE-STARFI对位移的相位敏感性更高。在体外猪肌肉中，CES-STARFI和spGRE-STARFI的最佳触发延迟分别为t(OFFSET)=-2和-1ms。CES STARFI在三个肌肉样本的位移诱发声压斜率分别为0.079、0.079和0.047 rad/mpa，而spGRE STARFI的斜率仅为0.047、0.052和0.027 rad/mpa。CES-STARFI与spGRE-STARFI的最大温差为1.1℃。在猪脑中，CES-STARFI的位移诱发相噪比(PNRD)和温度不确定度均优于spGRE-STARFI(P<0.05)。CES STARFI和spGRE STARFI在HIFU处理过程中的温度和位移诱导相变图在时间和空间位置上具有很好的一致性。结论：CES STARFI序列可以在脉冲HIFU应用中同时提供MR-ARFI和温度测量。虽然准确的位移不能直接量化，但与spGRE序列相比，该序列显示出更高的相位敏感性，并提供了有效的焦点可视化。因此，CES STARFI在实际应用中可能成为spGRE STARFI的理想替代方案。
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Displacement compensation method for in-situ observation of micro orthogonal cutting process(微细正交切削过程现场观测的位移补偿法)
作者：
Xiang-hui, Zhang; Hua-dong, Yu; Jin-kai, Xu; Zhan-jiang, Yu; Yi-quan, Li; Hao-yang, Yu
摘要：
In-situ observation and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analysis have gradually been widely used in the analysis of plastic deformation in metal cutting processes and become a major means of material deformation analysis due to the intuitive and accurate process of measurement and analysis. In order to meet the demand of obtaining a large observation field and making the displacement field analysis results clear and intuitive when analyzing metal micro orthogonal cutting in-situ microscopy, we propose an improved image size compression matching algorithm to detect and compensate for the displacement deviation between image sequences, and transform the cutting condition from the workpiece to the tool to conduct the feed motion. In comparing with the normalized product correlation matching algorithm, it is concluded that the proposed image size compression matching algorithm can significantly improve the execution efficiency and achieve high search accuracy at the same time. Finally, two images are extracted from the image sequence, and the displacement deviation compensation and DIC analysis of the displacement field in the deformation zone are performed. It is concluded that the compensation method in this paper can effectively compensate for the displacement deviation caused by the feed motion of the workpiece and the vibration in the external environment, and make the relative motion trend between the sample materials in the deformation zone displacement field analysis more intuitive.
原位观察和数字图像相关分析技术以其直观、准确的测量和分析过程，逐渐被广泛应用于金属切削过程中的塑性变形分析，成为材料变形分析的主要手段。为了满足在分析金属微细正交切割原位显微镜时获得较大的观察场和使位移场分析结果清晰直观的要求，提出了一种改进的图像尺寸压缩匹配算法来检测和补偿图像序列之间的位移偏差，并将加工条件从工件转换到刀具来进行进给运动。与归一化乘积相关匹配算法进行比较，结果表明，本文提出的图像尺寸压缩匹配算法在显著提高执行效率的同时，实现了较高的搜索精度。最后，从图像序列中提取两幅图像，并对变形带内的位移场进行位移偏差补偿和DIC分析。结果表明，本文提出的补偿方法可以有效地补偿由于工件进给运动和外界环境振动引起的位移偏差，使变形区位移场分析中试件之间的相对运动趋势更加直观。
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Optical-numerical method based on a convolutional neural network for full-field subpixel displacement measurements(基于卷积神经网络的全场亚像元位移测量光学数值方法)
作者：
Ma, Chaochen; Ren, Qing; Zhao, Jian
摘要：
The subpixel displacement estimation is an important step to calculation of the displacement between two digital images in optics and image processing. Digital image correlation (DIC) is an effective method for measuring displacement due to its high accuracy. Various DIC algorithms to compare images and to obtain displacement have been implemented. However, there are some drawbacks to DIC. It can be computationally expensive when processing a sequence of continuously deformed images. To simplify the subpixel displacement estimation and to explore a different measurement scheme, a convolutional neural network with a transfer learning based subpixel displacement measurement method (CNN-SDM) is proposed in this paper. The basic idea of the method is to compare images of an object decorated with speckle patterns before and after deformation by CNN, and thereby to achieve a coarse-to-fine subpixel displacement estimation. The proposed CNN is a classification model consisting of two convolutional neural networks in series. The results of simulated and real experiments are shown that the proposed CNN-SDM method is feasibly effective for subpixel displacement measurement due its high efficiency, robustness, simple structure and few parameters. © 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
亚像素位移估计是光学和图像处理中计算两幅数字图像之间位移的重要步骤。数字图像相关法(DIC)具有较高的精度，是一种有效的位移测量方法。已经实现了各种DIC算法来比较图像和获得位移。然而，DIC也有一些缺点。当处理一系列连续变形的图像时，它的计算代价可能很高。为了简化亚像素位移估计并探索不同的测量方案，提出了一种基于转移学习的卷积神经网络亚像素位移测量方法(CNN-SDM)。该方法的基本思想是利用细胞神经网络对变形前后的散斑图像进行比较，从而实现由粗到精的亚像素位移估计。所提出的CNN是一个由两个串联的卷积神经网络组成的分类模型。仿真和实际实验结果表明，CNN-SDM方法具有效率高、鲁棒性强、结构简单、参数少等优点，是一种有效的亚像素位移测量方法。©OSA开放获取出版协议条款下的2021年美国光学学会
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Dynamic three-dimensional displacement analysis of small-scale granular flows by fringe projection and digital image correlation(基于条纹投影和数字图像相关的小尺度颗粒流动态三维位移分析)
作者：
Barrientos, Bernardino; Mares, Carlos; Sarocchi, Damiano; Cerca, Mariano; Valdivia, Ricardo
摘要：
In this work, we present experimental results that show the feasibility of measuring three-dimensional displacement in models of dry granular avalanches. For this purpose, we have used a technique that is capable to measure simultaneously the three involved mutually perpendicular components of displacement on the free surface of the granular flow. The approach comprises two simultaneously used optical techniques: fringe projection, FP, and digital image correlation, DIC; the first technique yields the out-of-plane component of displacement, and the second one, the two in-plane components. Combination of both techniques is achieved by color encoding, which consists in using different color illumination sources for the two optical techniques, in conjunction with a camera recording in RGB. The resulting combination is robust since the illumination sources are non-coherent between them, avoiding any optical interference. This contribution shows the potentiality of the method to analyze dynamic events, by presenting temporal full-field sequences of displacement of small-scale granular flows down an inclined plane, at camera speeds up to 2000 fps. These types of measurements are valuable for validation of physical and numerical models related with the analysis of the dynamic behavior of granular flows in the earth. Because these phenomena, which include rock avalanches, debris avalanches, debris flows, and pyroclastic density currents, are among the most dangerous natural hazards in mountainous and volcanic areas, the possibility to foresee their behavior in a more precise way is extremely important in order to elaborate more rigorous physical models and improve the predictive capacity of the simulation software.
在这项工作中，我们提供的实验结果表明，在干颗粒雪崩模型中测量三维位移是可行的。为此，我们使用了一种能够同时测量颗粒流自由面上相互垂直的三个位移分量的技术。该方法包括两种同时使用的光学技术：条纹投影(FP)和数字图像相关(DIC)；第一种技术产生位移的面外分量，第二种技术产生两个面内分量。这两种技术的组合是通过颜色编码实现的，这包括对两种光学技术使用不同的颜色照明源，并结合以RGB记录的相机。所得到的组合是稳健的，因为它们之间的照明源是非相干的，避免了任何光学干扰。这一贡献表明了该方法在分析动态事件方面的潜力，通过呈现小尺度颗粒流沿斜面移动的时间全场序列，在相机速度高达2000fps时。这些类型的测量对于验证与分析地球中颗粒流的动态行为有关的物理和数值模型是有价值的。由于这些现象，包括岩崩、泥石流、泥石流和火山碎屑密度流，是山区和火山地区最危险的自然灾害之一，因此，以更精确的方式预测它们的行为的可能性对于阐述更严格的物理模型和提高模拟软件的预测能力至关重要。
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Strategy for Crack Width Measurement of Multiple Crack Patterns in Civil Engineering Material Testing Using a Monocular Image Sequence Analysis(基于单目图像序列分析的土木工程材料多裂纹模式裂纹宽度测量策略)
作者：
Liebold, F.; Maas, H-G
摘要：
An image sequence analysis procedure is developed to quantitatively analyze complex multiple crack patterns in tension tests of fiber-reinforced composite specimens. Planar textured surfaces of such specimens can be observed with a monocular image sequence using a camera of suitable spatial and temporal resolution. Due to the narrow crack paths, a dense high-precision displacement vector field is computed applying least-squares image matching techniques. Some uniformly distributed matching points are triangulated into a mesh. To measure deformations, principal strains and crack widths are computed for each face. Stretched triangles presumably containing one or multiple cracks are subdivided into three new triangles in order to densify the mesh in critical regions. The subdivision is repeated for some iterations. The crack width computation of the triangles requires at least three vertices and its displacements. Due to the dense displacement vector field, there are more points available. In this paper, an algorithm for the crack width computation in a least-squares fit is presented.
为定量分析纤维增强复合材料试件拉伸试验中复杂的多裂纹形态，提出了一种图像序列分析方法。这种样品的平面纹理表面可以用具有适当空间和时间分辨率的相机用单目图像序列来观察。由于裂纹路径狭窄，采用最小二乘图像匹配技术计算了密集的高精度位移矢量场。将一些均匀分布的匹配点三角剖分成网格。为了测量变形，计算了每个工作面的主应变和裂缝宽度。假设包含一个或多个裂缝的拉伸三角形被细分为三个新的三角形，以便在关键区域加密网格。细分在某些迭代中重复进行。三角形的裂缝宽度计算需要至少三个顶点及其位移。由于具有密集的位移矢量场，因此有更多的点可用。本文提出了一种最小二乘拟合法计算裂缝宽度的算法。
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Stereovision-based method for free vibration measurement of a mine hoisting rope(基于立体视觉的矿井提升钢丝绳自由振动测量方法)
作者：
Wu, Ganggang; Xiao, Xingming; Ma, Chi; Jiang, Yuqiang
摘要：
Currently, there are no suitable means to measure the composite vibration response of mine hoisting rope. However, machine vision-based measurement technology is a potential way to solve this problem. Therefore, a non-contact and non-intrusive stereovision method is proposed to obtain the 2D vibration displacement of a moving hoisting rope. In this methodology, a novel 3D digital image correlation (DIC) method that combines digital image processing (DIP) algorithm with 2D-DIC algorithm is developed, and the method can simplify the procedure of rope target stereo matching in two synchronous image sequences. In order to confirm the correctness of the stereovision method, some free vibration responses of a rope are measured in a hoist experimental system. Test results demonstrate that the stereovision measurement technique can keep satisfactory consistency with the laser displacement sensor for vibration data identification. The method is verified to have high adaptability to different lighting conditions and be reasonable to measure the vibration parameters of dynamic mine hoisting rope.
目前，还没有合适的方法来测量矿井提升钢丝绳的综合振动响应。而基于机器视觉的测量技术是解决这一问题的潜在途径。为此，提出了一种非接触、非侵入式的立体视觉方法来获取提升钢丝绳运动时的二维振动位移。在该方法中，将数字图像处理(DIP)算法和2D-DIC算法相结合，提出了一种新的3D数字图像相关(DIC)方法，该方法可以简化两幅同步图像序列中绳索目标的立体匹配过程。为了验证立体视觉方法的正确性，在提升机实验系统上测量了钢丝绳的一些自由振动响应。试验结果表明，立体视觉测量技术与激光位移传感器在振动数据识别中保持了令人满意的一致性。实践证明，该方法对不同的光照条件具有较强的适应性，对动态提升钢丝绳振动参数的测量是合理的。
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Rotating box multi-objective visual tracking algorithm for vibration displacement measurement of large-span flexible bridges(大跨度柔性桥梁振动位移测量的转箱多目标视觉跟踪算法)
作者：
Li, Mao; Wang, Sen; Liu, Tao; Liu, Xiaoqin; Liu, Chang
摘要：
Visual displacement measurement methods for flexible structural bodies like large-span bridges has gained wide popularity in recent years, but practical applications still have some limitations. For instance, when acquiring images of large-span flexible bridges at a distance, the slight angular tilt of the detection target due to irregular vibrations can cause extremely serious misfit errors in the displacement curves returned by the vision measurement algorithm. To improve the reliability of vibration displacement measurement of flexible structural bodies, this paper takes the bridge subjected to external excitation in the acquired image sequence as the object of vibration displacement measurement and uses a designed high-precision displacement measurement algorithm for a single-stage rotating target tracking anchor-free box to track the vibration displacement of the target in the flexible structural body. We first extract multi-scale feature information of bridge model image sequences using the improved YOLOv5-s backbone network and combine the Transformer self-attention mechanism with PANet to perform a top-down and bottom-up bi-directional fusion of target feature maps at three different scales to achieve semantic feature fusion of shallow and deep information. Second, the improved Efficient Decoupled Head performs the detection of rotating target centroid offset and bounding box size. Finally, the detected results are passed into the multi-objective tracking algorithm ByteTrack, which strengthens the spatio-temporal correlation between frames and obtains a better-fitting vibration displacement curve. The validation and comparison of traditional visual measurement methods and deep learning measurement methods on cable-stayed bridge models, small arch bridges, and large span bridges show that the vibration displacement trajectories regressed by the algorithm in this paper have the best fit with the actual vibration displacement trajectories, which also verifies that the algorithm in this paper has good potential for engineering applications and implementation space in the field of condition monitoring of flexible structural bodies.
近年来，大跨度桥梁等柔性结构体的视觉位移测量方法得到了广泛的应用，但实际应用仍有一定的局限性。例如，在远距离获取大跨度柔性桥梁的图像时，由于不规则振动导致检测目标的轻微角倾斜，会导致视觉测量算法返回的位移曲线出现极其严重的失配误差。为提高柔性结构体振动位移测量的可靠性，本文以采集的图像序列中受外界激励的桥梁为振动位移测量对象，采用设计的单级旋转目标跟踪无锚箱高精度位移测量算法来跟踪柔性结构体中目标的振动位移。首先利用改进的YOLOV5-S骨干网络提取桥梁模型图像序列的多尺度特征信息，并将变压器自注意机制与PANET相结合，对三种不同尺度的目标特征图进行自上而下和自下而上的双向融合，实现浅层和深层信息的语义特征融合。其次，改进的高效解耦头进行旋转目标质心偏移量和包围盒大小的检测。最后，将检测结果传递给多目标跟踪算法ByteTrack，增强了帧之间的时空相关性，得到了更好的拟合振动位移曲线。通过对斜拉桥模型、小拱桥和大跨度桥梁的传统视觉测量方法和深度学习测量方法的验证和比较，表明本文算法回归的振动位移轨迹与实际振动位移轨迹最吻合，也验证了本文算法在柔性结构体状态监测领域具有良好的工程应用潜力和实施空间。
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Complete three-dimensional near-field surface displacements from imaging geodesy techniques applied to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake(应用于2016年熊本地震的成像大地测量技术的完整三维近场地表位移)
作者：
He, Ping; Wen, Yangmao; Xu, Caijun; Chen, Yunguo
摘要：
The recent development of imaging geodesy, an advanced technique with a high spatial resolution and large-scale coverage, has enabled researchers to obtain multiple high-quality surface displacement estimates at low labor-cost, thereby improving the capability to monitor and manage geological disasters. The different sources (e.g., radar, optical and LiDAR sensors) and analysis approaches (e.g., differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, DInSAR; multiple-aperture InSAR; pixel offset tracking; and iterative closest point, ICP) in imaging geodesy used to derive displacement estimates have unique benefits and drawbacks. However, the inherent differences among these data sources and methods in the construction of three-dimensional (3D) deformation maps, particularly in the near field, remain poorly understood and require further discussion. In this study, we acquired three pairs of ALOS-2 stripmap mode images, two pairs of Sentinel-1 TOPS mode images and pre- and post-event LiDAR data for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake to explore the 3D near-field displacements using various imaging geodesy techniques with different types of image information, i.e., SAR phase data, SAR amplitude data and LiDAR point cloud data. Our results show that each image type is independently capable of producing a high-quality 3D deformation map for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake with an on-fault accuracy of <43 cm determined from field work measurement, and an off-fault accuracy of <14 cm determined from GNSS observations. The major contributors to the uncertainty in the 3D deformation estimates from the SAR phase, SAR amplitude, and LiDAR data methods are the effective Doppler bandwidth, pixel resolution and topographic roughness, respectively. In the near-field deformation region, more secondary fault ruptures were revealed by SAR amplitude and LiDAR information than by the SAR phase information, thereby overcoming the sensitivity of the SAR phase signal to incoherence. Finally, an integrated complete 3D map was generated to constrain the coseismic rupture behavior of the Kumamoto earthquake sequence associated with the Futagawa and Hinagu faults. Our slip model suggests the main slip rupture a length of 32 km and terminated near the rim of the Aso caldera; additionally, the slip pattern delineated by three asperities that was dominated by right-lateral strike-slip with a minor normal slip component at a depth of 7 km. Furthermore, the main rupture triggered two secondary faults with right-lateral strike-slip and normal slip. Our source model yields a geodetic moment of 5.77 X 10(19) N.m, which corresponds to Mw 7.11.
成像大地测量是一种空间分辨率高、覆盖范围大的先进技术，近年来的发展使研究人员能够以低人工成本获得多个高质量的地表位移估计值，从而提高了监测和管理地质灾害的能力。成像大地测量中用于得出位移估计的不同来源(例如，雷达、光学和激光雷达传感器)和分析方法(例如，差分干涉合成孔径雷达、多孔径干涉合成孔径雷达、像素偏移跟踪和迭代最近点)各有其独特的优点和缺点。然而，这些数据源和方法在构建三维(3D)形变图，特别是近场形变图方面的内在差异仍然知之甚少，需要进一步讨论。在这项研究中，我们采集了2016年熊本地震的三对ALOS-2条带模式图像、两对Sentinel-1 TOPS模式图像以及震前和震后的LiDAR数据，利用各种成像大地测量技术，结合不同类型的图像信息，即SAR相位数据、SAR幅度数据和LiDAR点云数据，研究了三维近场位移。我们的结果表明，每种图像类型都能够独立地生成2016年熊本地震的高质量3D形变图，由野外测量确定的断层上精度<43厘米，由GNSS观测确定的断层外精度<14厘米。从合成孔径雷达相位、合成孔径雷达幅度和激光雷达数据估算三维形变的不确定性的主要因素分别是有效多普勒带宽、像素分辨率和地形粗糙度。在近场形变区，利用合成孔径雷达的幅度和激光雷达信息比利用合成孔径雷达的相位信息揭示了更多的次级断层破裂，从而克服了合成孔径雷达相位信号对非相干性的敏感性。最后，生成了完整的完整3D图，以约束与Futagawa和Hinagu断层相关的熊本地震序列的同震破裂行为。我们的滑移模型表明，主滑移断裂长度为32公里，终止于Aso火山口边缘附近；此外，滑移模式由三个凹凸体组成，在7公里深处以右旋走滑为主，并有少量的正滑分量。此外，主断裂还触发了两条右旋走滑和正滑动的次级断裂。我们的源模型产生的大地测量矩为5.77×10(19)N.M，相当于MW 7.11。
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Fractal Study of the 1997-2017 Italian Seismic Sequences: A Joint Analysis of Seismological Data and DInSAR Measurements(1997-2017年意大利地震序列的分形研究：地震数据和DInSAR测量的联合分析)
作者：
Valerio, Emanuela; De Novellis, Vincenzo; Manzo, Mariarosaria; Tizzani, Pietro
摘要：
During the last 20 years (1997 to 2017), four seismic sequences with M-w >= 5.5 mainshocks nucleated along the Central and Northern Apennines chain (Italy), causing casualties and damage: the 1997 Colfiorito, the 2009 L’Aquila, the 2012 Emilia, and the most recent 2016-2017 Central Italy seismic sequences. In this work, we perform a novel joint analysis of seismological and remote-sensing data to achieve new insights into the faulting process evolution during the considered seismic sequences. To this aim, we study these seismic sequences by exploiting the available seismological data and by applying fractals theory to them. In particular, we characterize the different behavior of compressional and extensional seismic sequences by examining the temporal evolution of the fractal dimension values. In addition, we compare the Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) displacement maps relevant to the considered seismic events (already published in our past papers) and the performed spatial and temporal seismological analyses, in order to emphasize some significant aspects of the different faulting processes active during these Italian seismic sequences. The analysis of the fractal dimension values shows that over time extensional seismic sequences are spatially distributed within a volume, whereas compressional ones are aligned along a preferential surface. These spatio-temporal patterns are confirmed by: (1) the spatial distribution of hypocenters for the events that occurred between the mainshock and the post-seismic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) acquisition; (2) the spatial extension of coseismic DInSAR ground-deformation patterns. The proposed seismic and ground-deformation analyses can thus typify different geodynamic contexts in Italy, providing a distinct image of articulated faulting processes.
在过去的20年里（1997年至2017年），沿着亚平宁山脉中部和北部（意大利）发生了四次M-w >= 5.5的地震序列，造成了人员伤亡和破坏：1997年的Colfiorito，2009年的L 'Aquila，2012年的Emilia以及最近的2016-2017年意大利中部地震序列。在这项工作中，我们进行了一种新的联合分析地震和遥感数据，以实现新的见解断裂过程中考虑地震序列的演变。为此，我们研究这些地震序列，利用现有的地震学数据，并通过应用分形理论。特别是，我们通过研究分维值的时间演化来表征挤压和伸展地震序列的不同行为。此外，我们比较了差分合成孔径雷达干涉（DInSAR）位移图相关的考虑地震事件（已经发表在我们过去的论文）和进行的空间和时间的地震分析，以强调一些重要方面的不同断层活动过程中，这些意大利地震序列。分维值的分析表明，随着时间的推移，伸展地震序列在空间上分布在一个体积内，而压缩的是沿优先面对齐。这些时空模式的确认：（1）发生在主震和震后合成孔径雷达（SAR）采集的事件震源的空间分布;（2）同震DInSAR地面变形模式的空间延伸。因此，建议的地震和地面变形分析可以代表不同的地球动力学背景下，在意大利，提供了一个清晰的图像，关节断层过程。
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Characterization of displacement forces and image artifacts in the presence of passive medical implants in low-field (<100 mT) permanent magnet-based MRI systems, and comparisons with clinical MRI systems(在低场(<；100mT)基于永磁体的MRI系统中存在被动式医用植入物时位移力和图像伪影的特征，以及与临床MRI系统的比较)
作者：
Van Speybroeck, C. D. E.; O’Reilly, T.; Teeuwisse, W.; Arnold, P. M.; Webb, A. G.
摘要：
Purpose: To investigate the displacement forces and image artifacts associated with passive medical implants for recently-developed low-field (<100 mT) MRI systems, and to compare these with values from higher field strengths used for clinical diagnosis. Methods: Setups were constructed to measure displacement forces in a permanent magnet-based Halbach array used for in vivo MRI at 50 mT, and results compared with measurements at 7 T. Image artifacts were assessed using turbo (fast) spin echo imaging sequences for four different passive medical implants: a septal occluder, iliac stent, pedicle screw and (ferromagnetic) endoscopic clip. Comparisons were made with artifacts produced at 1.5, 3 and 7 T. Finally, specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations were performed to determine under what operating conditions the limits might be approached at low-field. Results: Displacement forces at 50 mT on all but the ferromagnetic implant were between 1 and 10 mN. Image artifacts at 50 mT were much less than at clinical field strengths for all passive devices, and with the exception of the ferromagnetic clip. SAR simulations show that very long echo train (>128) turbo spin echo sequences can be run with short inter-pulse times (5-10 ms) within SAR limits. Conclusions: This work presents the first evaluation of the effects of passive implants at field strengths less than 100 mT in terms of displacement forces, image artifacts and SAR. The results support previous claims that such systems can be used safely and usefully in challenging enviroments such as the intensive care unit.
目的：研究最近开发的低场(<100mT)磁共振成像系统中与被动式医用植入物相关的位移力和图像伪影，并将其与用于临床诊断的高场强的值进行比较。方法：建立装置以测量50mT下用于活体MRI的永磁体Halbach阵列的位移力，并与7T的测量结果进行比较。图像伪影使用Turbo(快速)自旋回波成像序列评估四种不同的被动医疗植入物：隔膜封堵器、髂骨支架、椎弓根螺钉和(铁磁性)内窥镜夹子。与1.5、3和7T产生的伪影进行了比较。最后，进行了比吸收率(SAR)模拟，以确定在什么操作条件下可以在低场下接近极限。合成孔径雷达仿真表明，超长回波序列(>128)的Turbo自旋回波序列可以在合成孔径雷达范围内以较短的脉冲间时间(5-10ms)运行。结论：这项工作首次从位移力、图像伪影和SAR方面对场强小于100mT的被动种植体的效果进行了评估。
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A Novel Dense Full-Field Displacement Monitoring Method Based on Image Sequences and Optical Flow Algorithm(基于图像序列和光流算法的密集全场位移监测新方法)
作者：
Deng, Guojun; Zhou, Zhixiang; Shao, Shuai; Chu, Xi; Jian, Chuanyi
摘要：
Featured Application This method can be applied to health monitoring of large-scale bridge structures, and the deformation of bridge structures can be monitored regularly and nondestructively using camera as a noncontact sensor. In order to improve measurement accuracy, a uniaxial automatic cruise acquisition device was designed to obtain the deformation of bridge elevation. The measurement points using the proposed method are denser than those of the traditional sensor measurement method. It can also detect abnormal deformation caused by the damage, and it is more efficient and easier to use. Abstract This paper aims to achieve a large bridge structural health monitoring (SHM) efficiently, economically, credibly, and holographically through noncontact remote sensing (NRS). For these purposes, the author proposes a NRS method for collecting the holographic geometric deformation of test bridge, using static image sequences. Specifically, a uniaxial automatic cruise acquisition device was designed to collect static images on bridge elevation under different damage conditions. Considering the strong spatiotemporal correlations of the sequence data, the relationships between six fixed fields of view were identified through the SIFT algorithm. On this basis, the deformation of the bridge structure was obtained by tracking a virtual target using the optical flow algorithm. Finally, the global holographic deformation of the test bridge was derived. The research results show that: The output data of our NRS method are basically consistent with the finite-element prediction (maximum error: 11.11%) and dial gauge measurement (maximum error: 12.12%); the NRS method is highly sensitive to the actual deformation of the bridge structure under different damage conditions, and can capture the deformation in a continuous and accurate manner. The research findings lay a solid basis for structure state interpretation and intelligent damage identification.
特点应用该方法可应用于大型桥梁结构的健康监测，利用摄像机作为非接触式传感器，可对桥梁结构的变形进行定期、无损监测。为了提高测量精度，设计了一种单轴自动巡航采集装置来获取桥梁标高的变形。与传统的传感器测量方法相比，该方法得到的测量点更加密集。它还可以检测到损伤引起的异常变形，更高效、更易于使用。摘要本文旨在通过非接触式遥感(NRS)实现高效、经济、可靠、全息的大型桥梁结构健康监测。为此，作者提出了一种利用静态图像序列采集试验桥全息几何变形的NRS方法。具体来说，设计了一种单轴自动巡航采集装置，用于采集不同损伤条件下桥梁标高的静态图像。考虑到序列数据具有很强的时空相关性，通过SIFT算法识别出6个固定视场之间的关系。在此基础上，利用光流算法对虚拟目标进行跟踪，得到桥梁结构的变形。最后，推导出了试验桥的整体全息变形。研究结果表明：NRS方法的输出数据与有限元预测(最大误差：11.11%)和千分表测量(最大误差：12.12%)基本一致；NRS方法对不同损伤条件下桥梁结构的实际变形高度敏感，能够连续、准确地捕捉变形。研究成果为结构状态解释和智能损伤识别奠定了坚实的基础。
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An absolute displacement measurement method of simple graphic decimal shift encoding(一种简单图形十进制移位编码的绝对位移测量方法)
作者：
Hailin, Shi; Min, Fu; Ge, Zhu; Fan, Chen; Changli, Li; Xiaoyu, Yu
摘要：
Aiming at the problem that the coding difficulty of the traditional absolute encoder increases with the increase of the resolution, a novel method of simple graphic decimal shift encoding is proposed. This method uses the coarse code plus precision code to realize high accuracy measurement. The coarse code is obtained by encoding the simple graphic, which is captured by the image sensor. The encoding sequence is received according to the light intensity, and then uses a simple mathematical formula to complete the decoding. And the precision code is defined by time-grating measurement. The optical signal of the sinusoidal light transmitting surface is firstly received by the photocell and then transformed by the circuit to the voltage signal. The precision code is finally obtained by comparing reference signal with the electrical traveling wave signal, which is transformed from the voltage signal. According to the proposed principle, a prototype with a grating pitch of 0.6mm and a range of 530mm was set up. Experimental result shows that the absolute measurement accuracy of +/- 0.30 mu m is realized. It also proved that the resolution can be improved to 1nm in the experiment.
针对传统绝对式编码器编码难度随分辨率的提高而增加的问题，提出了一种简单的图形十进制移位编码方法。该方法采用粗码加精码的方式实现高精度测量。粗码是通过对图像传感器捕获的简单图形进行编码而获得的。根据光强接收编码序列，然后使用简单的数学公式完成解码。通过时栅测量确定了精度编码。正弦透光面的光信号首先被光电池接收，然后由电路转换成电压信号。将参考信号与从电压信号转换而来的电行波信号进行比较，最终得到精确码。根据所提出的原理，制作了一台栅距为0.6 mm、量程为530 mm的样机。实验结果表明，该系统实现了+/-0.30微米的绝对测量精度。实验证明，分辨率可提高到1 nm。
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Feature-constrained real-time simultaneous monitoring of monocular vision odometry for bridge bearing displacement and rotation(基于特征约束的桥梁支座位移和转动单目视觉里程计实时同步监测)
作者：
Su, Ziyang; Wei, Bin; Zhang, Jian
摘要：
The displacement and rotation are critical indicators of bridge’s health, especially for the key components of the bridge such as bridge bearings. This study presents a real-time simultaneous measurement method of bridge bearing displacement and rotation to realize round-the-clock structure monitoring. The main contributions include: (1) A displacement and rotation simultaneous measurement algorithm and system is developed based on feature-constrained monocular visual odometry (VO), which uses image sequences of infrared array lamp targets with multiple feature constraints as visual input to construct the mathematical relationship between displacement and rotation and coordinate system transformation matrix. (2) A two-step parameter optimization strategy is proposed based on adaptive multi-window centroid array tracking and transformation matrix purification and refinement, effectively improving displacement and rotation measurement accuracy and robustness. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the laboratory experiment and the actual bridge bearing monitoring of the Huangpu Pearl River Bridge.
位移和转动是桥梁健康的重要指标，特别是对于桥梁的关键部件如桥梁支座。提出了一种实时同步测量桥梁支座位移和转角的方法，以实现对桥梁结构的全天候监测。主要贡献包括：（1）提出了一种基于特征约束的单目视觉里程计（VO）的位移和旋转同时测量算法及系统。该算法以具有多个特征约束的红外阵列灯靶图像序列作为视觉输入，构建了位移和旋转之间的数学关系及坐标系变换矩阵。(2)提出了一种基于自适应多窗口质心阵列跟踪和变换矩阵净化细化的两步参数优化策略，有效提高了位移和旋转测量的精度和鲁棒性。通过实验室试验和黄埔珠江大桥的实桥承载监测，验证了该方法的有效性。
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A new approach for 2-D and 3-D precise measurements of ground deformation from optimized registration and correlation of optical images and ICA-based filtering of image geometry artifacts(基于光学图像优化配准和相关以及基于ICA的图像几何伪影滤波的二维和三维精确测量地表形变的新方法)
作者：
Aati, Saif; Milliner, Chris; Avouac, Jean-Philippe
摘要：
High resolution satellite images with improved spatial and temporal resolution provide unprecedented opportunities to monitor Earth Surface changes in 2D and 3D due, for example, to earthquakes, sand dune migration, ice flow, or landslides. The volume of imagery available for such measurements is rapidly growing but the exploitation of these data is challenging due to the various sources of geometric distortions of the satellite imagery. Here we propose a new approach to extract high-quality surface displacement in 3D based on the correlation of multi-date and multi-platform high resolution optical imagery. We additionally show that when a large enough volume of data is available, it is possible to separate the deformation signal from the artifacts due to the satellite jitter and misalignment of the CCDs, which, together with topographic artifacts, are the main source of noise in the measurements. Our method makes use of a reference DEM, but the outcome is independent of the characteristics of the chosen DEM. We use the case-example of the ground deformation caused by the Ridgecrest earthquake sequence to assess the performance of our proposed approach. We show that it outperforms the more standard approach which combines 2-D correlation and DEM differencing. With our technique, we were able to generate high quality measurements of coseismic ground displacement with GSD of 2.4 m, and uncertainties at the 90% confidence level on the NS, EW and vertical displacement measurements of 0.6 m, 0.7 m, and 0.6 m respectively.
具有更高空间和时间分辨率的高分辨率卫星图像提供了前所未有的机会来监测由于地震、沙丘迁移、冰流或山体滑坡等原因造成的2D和3D地球表面变化。可用于这类测量的图像数量正在迅速增长，但由于卫星图像几何失真的各种来源，利用这些数据具有挑战性。本文提出了一种基于多日期、多平台高分辨率光学图像相关性的高质量三维地表位移提取方法。此外，我们还表明，当有足够大的数据量时，可以将形变信号从由于卫星抖动和CCD未对准而产生的伪影中分离出来，这与地形伪影一起是测量中的主要噪声源。我们的方法使用了一个参考DEM，但结果与所选DEM的特性无关。我们以Ridgecest地震序列引起的地表变形为例，对所提方法的性能进行了评估。结果表明，该方法优于结合二维相关和DEM差分的更为标准的方法。使用我们的技术，我们能够生成高质量的同震地面位移测量，GSD为2.4米，南北向、东西向和垂直位移测量的不确定度分别为0.6米、0.7米和0.6米，不确定度为90%置信度。
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Fast digital image correlation using parallel temporal sequence correlation method(并行时间序列相关法快速数字图像相关)
作者：
Xiong, Chen; Chen, Jiatao; Li, Feng; Cai, Ming
摘要：
Digital image correlation (DIC) is a noncontact technique that is widely used for deformation measurement, but improving the calculation efficiency to achieve real-time DIC calculation has always been a big concern. A parallel temporal sequence DIC method is proposed, which chooses seed points to determine the integer-pixel displacement and applies the moving least-squares fitting technique to acquire the subpixel displacement. This method avoids traditional complex iterations and takes full advantage of the GPU parallel computing. Results of a simulation experiment and an actual experiment demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The calculation speed in the simulation experiment of the proposed method achieved 463,320 POI/s, whereas the speed in the actual experiment was 432,866 POI/s, when the speed of the ICGN method was 2700 POI/s and 2074 POI/s under the same accuracy, respectively. Also, the subpixel displacement calculation made up less than 1% of the entire calculation. The computational efficiency could be further enhanced if a faster integer-pixel displacement calculation method is discovered or a parallel algorithm is used. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.
数字图像相关(DIC)是一种广泛应用于变形测量的非接触式技术，但如何提高计算效率以实现DIC的实时计算一直是人们关注的问题。提出了一种并行时间序列DIC方法，该方法选择种子点来确定整像素位移，并应用移动最小二乘拟合技术来获得亚像素位移。该方法避免了传统的复杂迭代，充分利用了GPU的并行计算能力。仿真实验和实际实验结果验证了该算法的准确性和高效性。在相同精度下，当ICGN方法的计算速度分别为2700POI/S和2074POI/S时，该方法的模拟实验计算速度达到463,320 POI/S，而实际实验的计算速度为432,866 POI/S。此外，亚像素位移计算在整个计算中所占的比例不到1%。如果发现一种更快的整像素位移计算方法或使用并行算法，则计算效率可以进一步提高。©作者。由SPIE在知识共享署名4.0未移植许可下发布。分发或复制本作品的全部或部分内容需要提供原始出版物的全部归属，包括其DOI。
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Deep Learning-Based Image Registration in Dynamic Myocardial Perfusion CT Imaging(基于深度学习的动态心肌灌注CT图像配准)
作者：
Lara-Hernandez, A.; Rienmueller, T.; Juarez, I.; Perez, M.; Reyna, F.; Baumgartner, D.; Makarenko, V. N.; Bockeria, O. L.; Maksudov, M.; Rienmueller, R.; Baumgartner, C.
摘要：
Registration of dynamic CT image sequences is a crucial preprocessing step for clinical evaluation of multiple physiological determinants in the heart such as global and regional myocardial perfusion. In this work, we present a deformable deep learning-based image registration method for quantitative myocardial perfusion CT examinations, which in contrast to previous approaches, takes into account some unique challenges such as low image quality with less accurate anatomical landmarks, dynamic changes of contrast agent concentration in the heart chambers and tissue, and misalignment caused by cardiac stress, respiration, and patient motion. The introduced method uses a recursive cascade network with a ventricle segmentation module, and a novel loss function that accounts for local contrast changes over time. It was trained and validated on a dataset of n = 118 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease and/or aortic valve insufficiency. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of registering dynamic cardiac perfusion sequences by reducing local tissue displacements of the left ventricle (LV), whereas contrast changes do not affect the registration and image quality, in particular the absolute CT (HU) values of the entire CT sequence. In addition, the deep learning-based approach presented reveals a short processing time of a few seconds compared to conventional image registration methods, demonstrating its application potential for quantitative CT myocardial perfusion measurements in daily clinical routine.
动态CT图像序列的配准是临床评估心脏多个生理决定因素(如整体和局部心肌灌注)的关键的预处理步骤。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于变形深度学习的定量心肌灌注CT图像配准方法，与以往的方法不同，它考虑了一些独特的挑战，如图像质量低，解剖标志不太准确，心腔和组织中造影剂浓度的动态变化，以及心脏应激、呼吸和患者运动引起的对准不对准。介绍的方法使用了带有脑室分割模块的递归级联网络，以及一种新的损失函数，该损失函数考虑了局部对比度随时间的变化。它是在n=118名已知或怀疑患有冠状动脉疾病和/或主动脉瓣关闭不全的患者的数据集上进行训练和验证的。我们的结果表明，该方法能够通过减少左心室(LV)的局部组织位移来配准动态心脏灌注序列，而对比度的变化不影响配准和图像质量，特别是整个CT序列的绝对CT(HU)值。此外，与传统的图像配准方法相比，基于深度学习的方法仅需几秒的处理时间，显示了其在日常临床常规定量CT心肌灌注测量中的应用潜力。
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Photogrammetric determination of 3D crack opening vectors from 3D displacement fields(由三维位移场确定三维裂纹张开矢量的摄影测量方法)
作者：
Liebold, F.; Maas, H. -G.; Deutsch, J.
摘要：
This publication presents a procedure for the determination of all three components of crack opening vectors from stereoscopic image sequences of a specimen under load in civil engineering material testing. The method is based on analyzing stereoscopic image sequences of a concrete specimen with a surface texture, which is suitable for applying image matching techniques. Spatio-temporal correspondences are established by applying sub-pixel accuracy area based image matching techniques to a grid of surface points. Data acquisition starts at zero load. The load is stepwise or continuously increased during the experiment. The surface points are matched between the stereo images and tracked through each camera image sequence. As an intermediate result, we obtain a set of 3D object surface points for each epoch by spatial intersection. These 3D object points are triangulated into a mesh. Then, the mesh triangles are tested for deformations by transforming the triangles into 2D space and computing the norm of the 2D relative translation vector. Connected components of deformed triangles are determined and crack normals are computed. In the next step, the 3D relative translation vector can be derived for each deformed triangle. Defining local crack opening coordinate systems for the deformed triangles, the three components of the crack opening vectors can be computed. The method has been tested and validated in practical experiments. The technique is capable of quantitatively analyzing cracks with a width of less than one pixel in image space.
本出版物介绍了在土木工程材料试验中，从承受载荷的试件的立体图像序列中确定裂纹张开向量的所有三个分量的程序。该方法基于对具有表面纹理的混凝土试件的立体图像序列进行分析，适合于应用图像匹配技术。通过将基于亚像素精度区域的图像匹配技术应用于表面点网格来建立时空对应。数据采集从零负载开始。在实验过程中，负荷是逐步增加或连续增加的。在立体图像之间匹配表面点，并通过每个摄像机图像序列跟踪表面点。作为中间结果，我们通过空间交集得到每个历元的一组3D对象曲面点。这些3D对象点被三角化成网格。然后，通过将网格三角形变换到二维空间并计算二维相对平移向量的范数来测试网格三角形的变形。确定了变形三角形的连通分量，并计算了裂纹法线。在下一步中，可以为每个变形的三角形导出3D相对平移向量。定义变形三角形的局部裂纹张开坐标系，即可计算出裂纹张开向量的三个分量。该方法在实际实验中得到了验证和验证。该技术能够对图像空间中宽度小于1个像素的裂纹进行定量分析。
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Full-field deformation measurements in the transmission electron microscope using digital image correlation and particle tracking(基于数字图像相关和粒子跟踪的透射电子显微镜全场形变测量)
作者：
Zhang, Y.; Feng, L.; Dillon, S.; Lambros, J.
摘要：
Determining displacement and/or strain fields at the nanoscale during material deformation can be instrumental in developing a multiscale understanding of material response. Full-field quantitative kinematic measurements based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are lagging behind other microscopy techniques. Here, we develop an experimental approach combining digital image correlation (DIC) and particle tracking (PT) for characterizing in situ microscale deformation of amorphous SiO2 in the TEM. Gold nanoparticles deposited on SiO2 provide both the speckle pattern required by DIC when averaged over a subset region and target particles for PT. To demonstrate and validate the feasibility of using DIC and PT in the TEM, micron sized SiO2 beam samples are machined using a focused ion beam (FIB) and loaded in the TEM via indentation. DIC and PT are then applied to measure in situ displacements from a sequence of TEM images taken during loading and creep of the beam. Results of the two measurement methods agree well with each other and with the applied displacement measurements, thus demonstrating their effectiveness in determining local displacements from TEM experiments. Sources of noise resulting from sample drift and image intensity variations are discussed.
在材料变形过程中确定纳米尺度的位移和/或应变场有助于发展对材料响应的多尺度理解。基于透射电子显微镜的全场定量运动学测量落后于其他显微技术。在这里，我们发展了一种结合数字图像相关(DIC)和粒子跟踪(PT)的实验方法来表征非晶态SiO_2在透射电子显微镜中的原位微尺度变形。沉积在二氧化硅上的金纳米颗粒既提供了DIC所需的散斑图案，也提供了PT的目标颗粒。为了论证和验证在透射电子显微镜中使用DIC和PT的可行性，利用聚焦离子束(FIB)加工了微米级的SiO_2束流样品，并通过压痕将其加载到透射电子显微镜中。然后应用DIC和PT从梁的加载和蠕变过程中拍摄的一系列透射电子显微镜图像中测量原位位移。这两种测量方法的结果彼此吻合，并与实际的位移测量结果相吻合，从而证明了它们在由瞬变电磁实验确定局部位移方面的有效性。讨论了样品漂移和图像强度变化引起的噪声来源。
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Precision Position Measurement of PMSLM Based on ApFFT and Temporal Sinusoidal Fringe Pattern Phase Retrieval(基于ApFFT和时间正弦条纹相位恢复的永磁同步电机精密位置测量)
作者：
Zhao, Jing; Zhou, Yang; Zhao, Jiwen; Song, Juncai; Dong, Fei
摘要：
To improve the accuracy of the mover position detection with longer measurement range, a linear motor displacement measurement method is proposed based on digital image measurement and temporal sinusoidal fringe pattern phase retrieval. A simple computer-generated sinusoidal fringe pattern is designed as the target image, and sequences of fringe signals are recorded by a line scan camera that moves with the linear motor. Fourier phase analysis is employed to extract the initial phase of each signal curve, and then temporal phase unwrapping is applied to reconstruct the mover displacement evolution according to the system magnification parameter and fringe width. This method removes the phase ambiguity problem of traditional temporal phase analysis, and can be used in complex motion of permanent magnet synchronous linear motors. To suppress the spectrum leakage of fast Fourier transform (FFT), all-phase FFT with double Hanning windows is used to improve the detection accuracy of initial phase and fringe width. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can estimate the mover position with longer measurement range precisely and robustly under different working conditions.
为了提高大量程动子位置检测的精度，提出了一种基于数字图像测量和时间正弦条纹相位恢复的直线电机位移测量方法。设计了一个简单的计算机生成的正弦条纹图案作为目标图像，并由随直线电机移动的行扫相机记录下条纹信号序列。利用傅立叶相位分析提取各信号曲线的初始相位，然后根据系统放大系数和条纹宽度进行时间相位展开重构动子位移演化过程。该方法消除了传统时间相位分析中的相位模糊问题，适用于永磁同步直线电机的复杂运动。为了抑制快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的频谱泄漏，采用双汉宁窗全相位FFT来提高初始相位和条纹宽度的检测精度。仿真和实验结果表明，该方法能够在不同的工作条件下，对较大测量范围内的动子位置进行准确、稳健的估计。
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Robust high resolution strain imaging by alternating pulsed field gradient stimulated echo imaging (APGSTEi) at 7 Tesla(7特斯拉交变脉冲梯度回波成像的高分辨率应变成像)
作者：
Scheven, Ulrich M.; Estrada, Jonathan B.; Luetkemeyer, Callan M.; Arruda, Ellen M.
摘要：
A novel displacement-encoding spin-echo-stimulated-echo MRI sequence (APGSTEi) was used to obtain full-volume 3D strain fields in samples of two soft materials, a silicone elastomer and an ovine ligament. The samples were stretched cyclically and imaged synchronously. The multi-slice imaging sequence employed a combination of hard and soft spin-echos with bipolar gradient pulses for spatial encoding and decoding, combined with rapid multi-slice spin echo readouts. The sequence minimized undesirable signal loss due to T-2* and T-2 decays, which occur in polymeric materials or in the presence of appreciable air-solid susceptibility contrast, a particular concern for irregularly shaped samples in high magnetic fields. The images’ magnitudes were T-1-weighted; their phase encoded displacements which occurred during a Delta = 400 ms storage interval separating encoding and decoding pulses. Unwanted residual signals were filtered using a Gaussian filter tailored to attain the desired noise floor. The experiments measured 3D deformation with a nominal resolution of 290 mu m x 250 mu m x 250 mu m in a sample volume of 5.6 cm x 1.6 cm x 1.6 cm, in less than an hour. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.
利用一种新的位移编码自旋回波刺激回波磁共振序列(APGSTEi)，获得了硅橡胶和绵羊韧带两种软性材料的全体积三维应变场。对样品进行周期性拉伸并同步成像。该多切片成像序列使用具有双极梯度脉冲的硬和软自旋回波的组合来进行空间编码和解码，并结合快速的多切片自旋回波读出。该序列最大限度地减少了由于T-2*和T-2衰减引起的不希望的信号损失，这种情况发生在聚合物材料中或存在明显的气固磁化率对比度时，这是强磁场中不规则形状样品的一个特别关注的问题。图像的幅度是T-1加权的；它们的相位编码的位移发生在Delta=400ms的存储间隔期间，该存储间隔将编码和解码脉冲分开。不想要的残留信号使用定制的高斯滤波器进行滤波，以达到所需的噪声底限。实验在不到一小时的时间内测量了标称分辨率为290微米×250微米×250微米的三维变形，样本量为5.6厘米×1.6厘米×1.6厘米。©2019年由Elsevier Inc.出版。
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A Multiscale Aligned Video Super-Resolution Network for Improving Vibration Signal Measurement Accuracy(一种提高振动信号测量精度的多尺度对准视频超分辨率网络)
作者：
Wang, Qingjian; Wang, Sen; Chen, Mingfang; Zhu, Yang
摘要：
The quality of sequence frames is the premise of obtaining accurate vibration curves by visual vibration measurement method. Existing methods for video super-resolution reconstruction (VSR) have large models and slow inference speeds, which are not suitable for practical industrial applications. This article proposes a video super-resolution network framework based on the pyramid and deformable convolution to measure the three key indicators of algorithm accuracy, speed, and model size. Specifically, we designed a pyramid alignment module (PAM) that includes a deformable self-attention module (DSA) to focus on the motion estimation of the region of interest while suppressing unrealistic motion estimation. In addition, the two-way propagation method combined with the PAM can be used to ensure that all frames in the input sequence can be balanced to enjoy the information of the full sequence of frames when aligned. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by 0.58 dB compared with the existing reconstruction algorithm on the high-speed rotor image dataset produced in this article and reduces the reasoning time by 41.5% and the model size by 9.1%. Finally, the rotor vibration displacement analysis experiment shows that the vibration signal obtained from the rotor data enhanced by this algorithm has better periodicity and stability. Our code will be available at https://github.com/candygogogogo/Rotor-Sequence-Image-Enhancement.
序列车架的质量是用目视测振方法获得准确振动曲线的前提。现有的视频超分辨率重建(VSR)方法模型大、推理速度慢，不适合实际的工业应用。本文提出了一种基于金字塔和可变形卷积的视频超分辨率网络框架来衡量算法精度、速度和模型大小三个关键指标。具体地说，我们设计了一个金字塔对齐模块(PAM)，其中包括一个可变形的自我注意模块(DSA)，以专注于感兴趣区域的运动估计，同时抑制不真实的运动估计。此外，结合PAM的双向传播方法可以确保输入序列中的所有帧在对齐时都能均衡地享受到整个帧序列的信息。实验结果表明，该方法在高速转子图像数据集上的峰值信噪比(PSNR)比现有的重建算法提高了0.58dB，推理时间减少了41.5%，模型规模减少了9.1%。最后，转子振动位移分析实验表明，该算法增强后的转子数据得到的振动信号具有较好的周期性和稳定性。我们的代码将在https://github.com/candygogogogo/Rotor-Sequence-Image-Enhancement.上提供
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Quasi single-frame measurements with phase-stepped ESPI(相位步进电子散斑干涉准单帧测量)
作者：
Pokharna, Harsh; Schajer, Gary S.
摘要：
Phase-stepped ESPI measurement techniques typically require the acquisition of sets of speckle images before and after specimen deformation. This process limits the use of the technique to quasi-static specimens. A novel technique is proposed here where speckle images are measured in a continuous phase-stepped sequence and where interpolation of nearby images is used to infer all four phase-stepped images corresponding to each measured image. This process effectively creates a single-frame ESPI measurement technique that is suitable for observing moving objects. Small phase changes measured by a high-speed camera are observed incrementally between successive images, with cumulative phase changes determined by summation. This approach avoids the need for phase unwrapping, and so retains an absolute zero phase datum. The sequence of small phase changes also preserves good correlation between successive measurements, thus enabling successful cumulative phase measurements over large specimen displacements, even into the mm range. The phase visibility at each pixel is available within every measured image, thereby enabling the use of pixel repair strategies if desired.
相控式电子散斑干涉测量技术通常需要在样品变形之前和之后采集一组散斑图像。这一过程将该技术的使用限制在准静态样品上。这里提出了一种新的技术，其中散斑图像是在连续的相步序列中测量的，并且使用邻近图像的内插来推断与每个测量图像相对应的所有四个相步图像。该过程有效地创建了一种适用于观察运动对象的单帧ESPI测量技术。由高速相机测量的微小相变在连续的图像之间被增量地观察到，累积相变由总和确定。这种方法避免了相位展开的需要，因此保留了绝对零相位基准面。微小的相变序列还保持了连续测量之间的良好相关性，从而能够在大的样品位移上成功地进行累积相位测量，甚至进入毫米范围。每个像素处的相位可见度在每个测量图像中都可用，因此如果需要，可以使用像素修复策略。
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An automatic ANN-based procedure for detecting optimal image sequences supporting LS-PIV applications for rivers monitoring(一种支持LS-PIV应用于河流监测的自动神经网络优化图像序列检测方法)
作者：
Alongi, Francesco; Pumo, Dario; Nasello, Carmelo; Nizza, Salvatore; Ciraolo, Giuseppe; Noto, Leonardo V.
摘要：
River flow monitoring has recently experienced rapid development due to advancements in optical methods, which are non-intrusive and enhance safety conditions for operators. Surface velocity fields are obtained recording and analyzing displacements of floating tracer materials, artificially introduced or already present on the water surface. River discharge can be assessed coupling the surface velocity fields with geometric data of a cross section. The accuracy of optical techniques is strongly affected by different environmental and hydraulic factors, and software parameterization, with tracer features that often play a prominent role. An adequate density and spatial distribution of tracer is required to ensure a complete characterization of surface velocity fields. In practical applications such conditions might occur only for a limited portion of the entire acquired images sequence. This work proposes an automatic procedure for identifying and extracting the best portion of a recorded video in terms of seeding characteristics and demonstrates how LS-PIV software performances can be enhanced through this approach. The procedure is implemented through a data-driven empirical approach based on an Artificial Neural Network, trained using data collected during an extensive measurement campaign across different rivers in Sicily (Italy). Performances are evaluated in terms of error in reproducing surface velocity profiles along specific transects, where benchmark profiles derived using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler are available. The procedure, also tested via numerical simulations on synthetic image sequences, outperformed an approach based on an existing metric for seeding characterization and represents a simple and useful tool for LS-PIV based applications.
由于光学方法的进步，河流流量监测最近经历了快速发展，这种方法是非侵入性的，提高了操作人员的安全条件。表面速度场是记录和分析人工引入或已经存在于水面上的漂浮示踪材料的位移。河流流量可以用断面的几何数据和表面速度场相结合来估算。光学技术的准确性受到不同环境和水力因素的强烈影响，以及软件参数的影响，其中示踪功能往往起着突出的作用。需要足够的示踪剂密度和空间分布，以确保表面速度场的完整表征。在实际应用中，这种情况可能只发生在整个采集图像序列的有限部分。这项工作提出了一种根据播种特性自动识别和提取录制视频的最佳部分的过程，并演示了如何通过这种方法提高LS-PIV软件的性能。该程序是通过基于人工神经网络的数据驱动的经验方法实施的，该方法使用在西西里岛(意大利)不同河流的广泛测量活动中收集的数据进行训练。根据沿特定断面再现表面速度剖面的误差来评估性能，其中使用声学多普勒海流剖面仪得出的基准剖面可用。该方法还通过对合成图像序列的数值模拟进行了测试，其性能优于基于现有种子特征度量的方法，对于基于LS-PIV的应用来说，该方法是一种简单而有用的工具。
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Fast initial value estimation in digital image correlation for large rotation measurement(大旋转测量数字图像相关中的快速初值估计)
作者：
Wang, Lianpo; Bi, Songlin; Li, Hui; Gu, Yonggang; Zhai, Chao
摘要：
Digital image correlation (DIC) is widely used in macroscopic and mesoscopic mechanical tests because of its advantages of non-contact, high precision, full-field measurement and simple experimental equipment. The application of various nonlinear optimisation algorithms greatly reduces the computation time of the DIC iteration process. Thus, efficiently obtaining a reliable initial value is crucial. Particularly, in cases when the surface of the test object is substantially rotated or the deformation involves a large rotation, the initial value estimation can have a major influence on the execution speed of the algorithm. Some scholars have proposed initial value estimation methods for large-rotation objects, but they all sacrificed the speed of calculation. This study deals with improving the efficiency of the initial value estimation algorithm for large-rotation objects from two aspects. Firstly, we decomposed deformed and reference images into multiresolution layers to create wavelet pyramids, and the correlation coefficients between the two compared images were calculated at the low-resolution layer. The multiresolution processing of the image data provides an efficient method for registering large image data sets because the full-size data sets does not require matching. Secondly, we propose a local ring pattern (LRP), which is invariant to object rotation, to convert the 2D template into a 1D grey value sequence for calculating the correlation coefficients. The advantages of the LRP feature include the characterisation of its rotation invariance and the reduction of computational complexity. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can be used to estimate an initial value where reference and deformed subsets are related by translational and rotational motions and the speed of the proposed method is higher than that of the traditional method.
数字图像相关技术以其非接触、高精度、全场测量、实验设备简单等优点，广泛应用于宏观和细观力学测试中。各种非线性优化算法的应用大大减少了DIC迭代过程的计算时间。因此，有效地获得可靠的初始值至关重要。特别地，在当测试对象的表面实质上旋转或者变形涉及大的旋转时的情况下，初始值估计可能对算法的执行速度具有主要影响。一些学者提出了大旋转目标的初值估计方法，但都以牺牲计算速度为代价。本文从两个方面研究如何提高大旋转目标初始值估计算法的效率。首先，将变形图像和参考图像进行多分辨率分解，建立小波金字塔，在低分辨率层计算两幅对比图像的相关系数。图像数据的多分辨率处理提供了用于配准大图像数据集的有效方法，因为全尺寸数据集不需要匹配。其次，我们提出了一个局部环形模式（LRP），这是不变的对象旋转，转换的二维模板到一个一维的灰度值序列的相关系数计算。LRP特征的优点包括其旋转不变性的特性和计算复杂度的降低。实验结果表明，该方法可以有效地估计出参考子集和变形子集之间存在平移和旋转运动关系的初始值，且速度比传统方法快。
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Snapshot compressive imaging based digital image correlation: temporally super-resolved full-resolution deformation measurement(基于快拍压缩成像的数字图像相关：时间超分辨全分辨率形变测量)
作者：
Chen, Wenwu; Zhang, Bo; Gu, Liuning; Liu, Haibo; Suo, Jinli; Shao, Xinxing
摘要：
The limited throughput of a digital image correlation (DIC) system hampers measuring deformations at both high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. To address this dilemma, in this paper we propose to integrate snapshot compressive imaging (SCI)-a recently proposed computational imaging approach-into DIC for high-speed, high-resolution deformation measurement. Specifically, an SCI-DIC system is established to encode a sequence of fast changing speckle patterns into a snapshot and a high-accuracy speckle decompress SCI (Sp-DeSCI) algorithm is proposed for computational reconstruction of the speckle sequence. To adapt SCI reconstruction to the unique characteristics of speckle patterns, we propose three techniques under SCI reconstruction framework to secure high-precision reconstruction, including the normalized sum squared difference criterion, speckle-adaptive patch search strategy, and adaptive group aggregation. For efficacy validation of the proposed Sp-DeSCI, we conducted extensive simulated experiments and a four-point bending SCI-DIC experiment on real data. Both simulation and real experiments verify that the Sp-DeSCI successfully removes the deviations of reconstructed speckles in DeSCI and provides the highest displacement accuracy among existing algorithms. The SCI-DIC system together with the Sp-DeSCI algorithm can offer temporally super-resolved deformation measurement at full spatial resolution, and can potentially replace conventional high-speed DIC in real measurements.© 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement
数字图像相关(DIC)系统的有限吞吐量阻碍了在高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率下测量变形。为了解决这一困境，在本文中，我们建议将快照压缩成像(SCI)–一种最近提出的计算成像方法–集成到DIC中，用于高速、高分辨率的形变测量。具体地，建立了SCI-DIC系统，将快速变化的散斑图案序列编码成快照，并提出了一种高精度散斑解压SCI(Sp-DeSCI)算法来计算重建散斑序列。为了使SCI重建适应斑点模式的特点，我们提出了三种SCI重建框架下的高精度重建技术，包括归一化和平方差准则、斑点自适应斑块搜索策略和自适应分组聚集。为了验证所提出的Sp-DSCI的有效性，我们在真实数据上进行了广泛的模拟实验和四点弯曲SCI-DIC实验。仿真和真实实验均表明，Sp-DSCI算法能够较好地去除DSCI算法中重建相干斑的偏差，并提供了现有算法中最高的位移精度。SCI-DIC系统与Sp-DSCI算法相结合，可以提供全空间分辨率的时间超分辨率形变测量，并有可能在实际测量中取代传统的高速DIC。©2022 Optica出版集团根据Optica开放获取出版协议的条款
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Source Model of the 2023 Turkey Earthquake Sequence Imaged by Sentinel-1 and GPS Measurements: Implications for Heterogeneous Fault Behavior along the East Anatolian Fault Zone(Sentinel-1和GPS测量成像的2023年土耳其地震序列的震源模型：东安纳托利亚断裂带上不均匀断层行为的含义)
作者：
Li, Shuiping; Wang, Xin; Tao, Tingye; Zhu, Yongchao; Qu, Xiaochuan; Li, Zhenxuan; Huang, Jianwei; Song, Shunyue
摘要：
On 6 February 2023, a devastating doublet of earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 successively struck southeastern Turkey near the border of Syria. The earthquake sequence represents the strongest earthquakes in Turkey during the past 80 years and caused an extensive loss of life and property. In this study, we processed Sentinel-1 and GPS data to derive the complete surface displacement caused by the earthquake sequence. The surface displacements were adopted to invert for the fault geometry and coseismic slip distribution on the seismogenic faults of the earthquake sequence. The results indicate that the coseismic rupture of the Turkey earthquake sequence was dominated by left-lateral strike slips with a maximum slip of similar to 10 m on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and the Surgu fault (SF). Significant surface ruptures are recognized based on the geodetic inversion, which is consistent with the analysis of post-earthquake satellite images. The cumulative released moment of the two earthquakes reached 9.62 x 10(20) Nm, which corresponds to an event of Mw 7.95. Additionally, the interseismic fault slip rates and locking depths along the central and western segments of the EAFZ were estimated using the high-resolution long-term velocity field. The results reveal significant lateral variations of fault slip rates and locking depths along the central and western segments of the EAFZ. Generally, the estimated fault locking zone showed good spatial consistency with the coseismic fault rupture of the Mw 7.8 shock on the EAFZ. The static coulomb failure stress (CFS) change due to the Mw 7.8 earthquakes suggests that the subsequent Mw 7.6 event was certainly promoted by the Mw 7.8 shock. The stress transfers from the fault EAFZ to the fault SF were realized by unclamping the interface of the fault SF, which significantly reduces the effective normal stress on the fault plane. Large CFS increases in the western Puturge segment of the EAFZ, which was not ruptured in the 2020 Mw 6.8 and the 2023 Mw 7.8 earthquakes, highlight the future earthquake risk in this fault segment.
2023年2月6日，土耳其东南部靠近叙利亚边境地区接连发生7.8级和7.6级破坏性地震。该地震序列代表了土耳其过去80年来发生的最强烈的地震，造成了广泛的生命和财产损失。在本研究中，我们处理了Sentinel-1和GPS数据，以求出地震序列引起的地表完整位移。利用地表位移反演地震序列发震断层上的断层几何形状和同震滑动分布。结果表明，土耳其地震序列的同震破裂以东安纳托利亚断裂带(EAFZ)和苏尔古断裂(SF)的左旋走滑为主，最大滑移量接近10m。大地测量反演识别出了明显的地表破裂，这与震后卫星图像的分析是一致的。两次地震的累积释放力矩达到9.62×10(20)Nm，相当于7.95兆瓦的地震。此外，利用高分辨率的长期速度场估计了EAFZ中段和西段的震间断层滑动速率和锁定深度。结果表明，沿EAFZ中段和西段的断层滑动速率和锁定深度存在显著的横向变化。总体而言，所估计的断层闭锁带与EAFZ上的MW7.8级地震的同震断层破裂具有良好的空间一致性。MW7.8级地震的静态库仑破裂应力(CFS)变化表明，后续MW7.6级地震肯定是由MW7.8级地震推动的。通过对断层SF界面的松开，实现了断层EAFZ向断层SF的应力传递，显著降低了断层面上的有效正应力。在2020-6.8和2023-7.8两次地震中未破裂的EAFZ普图尔格西段CFS的大幅增加，凸显了该断裂带未来的地震危险性。
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Integrated InSAR and strain tensor to estimate three-dimensional coseismic displacements associated with the 2016 Mw 7.0 Kumamoto earthquake(综合InSAR和应变张量估算与2016年Mw 7.0熊本地震相关的三维同震位移)
作者：
Shuang, Yuan; Ping, He; YangMao, Wen; CaiJun, Xu
摘要：
The three-dimensional (3D) surface displacements associated with different geohazard phenomenon derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images significantly improve our ability to understand their formation mechanisms and assess the potential disaster risk. At present, the most common approach for 3D coseismic deformation field derived from SAR images is using the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method to resolve the 3D components based on more than three observations at each pixel point. However, this approach will be no constraints on the spatial correlation between the adjacent pixel points. Therefore, a new approach, i. e., the Extended Simultaneous and Integrated Strain Tensor Estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation Measurements (ESISTEM), has been proposed to reveal the 3D coseismic displacement by adding a constraint equation of stress continuity between the adjacent pixel points. In this study, we collect both the ascending and descending ALOS-2 images for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, and then generate the displacement both in line of sight (LOS) and azimuth direction by using the traditional differential InSAR (DInSAR) method and the Multiple Aperture InSAR (MAI) method, respectively. After that, we utilize the ESISTEM method to recover 3D coseismic deformation field for this event. In addition, we verify the uncertainty of the 3D displacements with GPS and field work observations, respectively. In compare to the traditional WLS approach, our results show the ESISTEM approach can not only effectively reduce the disturbance of singular displacement, and recover the displacement in incoherence region, which is helpful to the coseismic 3D displacement characteristics analyzed. Our final 3D displacement map demonstrates that the main deformation zone occurs in the central section of the Futagawa fault and the northernmost part of the Hinagu fault, and the maximum horizontal and uplift displacement are 2 m and 0.55 m, respectively. The subsurface rupture is dominated by NE-SW-trending dextral strike-slip with minor normal-slip component. The strain tensor indicates that the seismic area sustains an obvious contraction and shear forces.
从合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像获取的与不同地质灾害现象相关的三维(3D)地表位移极大地提高了我们理解其形成机制和评估潜在灾害风险的能力。目前，从SAR图像中提取三维同震形变场最常用的方法是使用加权最小二乘法(WLS)根据每个像素点上三个以上的观测值来求解三维分量。然而，这种方法对相邻像素点之间的空间相关性没有限制。为此，提出了一种新的方法，即基于大地测量和卫星形变测量的扩展同步积分应变张量估计(ESISTEM)，通过增加相邻像素点之间应力连续的约束方程来揭示三维同震位移。在本研究中，我们收集了2016年熊本地震序列的升序和降序ALOS-2图像，然后分别使用传统的差分干涉合成孔径雷达(DInSAR)方法和多孔径干涉合成孔径雷达(MAI)方法产生视线方向和方位向的位移。之后，我们利用ESISTEM方法恢复了该事件的三维同震形变场。此外，我们还分别用GPS和野外观测验证了三维位移的不确定性。结果表明，与传统的WLS方法相比，ESISTEM方法不仅能有效地抑制奇异位移的干扰，而且可以恢复非相干区的位移，有利于分析同震三维位移特征。最终的三维位移图显示，主形变带发生在Futagawa断裂的中段和Hinagu断裂的最北端，最大水平位移为2m，最大隆起位移为0.55m。地下破裂以北东-南西向右旋走滑为主，并伴有少量的正滑分量。应变张量表明，震区存在明显的收缩和剪切力。
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MRI monitoring of temperature and displacement for transcranial focus ultrasound applications(MRI监测温度和位移在经颅聚焦超声中的应用)
作者：
Ozenne, Valery; Constans, Charlotte; Bour, Pierre; Santin, Mathieu D.; Valabregue, Romain; Ahnine, Harry; Pouget, Pierre; Lehericy, Stephane; Aubry, Jean-Francois; Quesson, Bruno
摘要：
Background: Transcranial focus ultrasound applications applied under MRI-guidance benefit from unrivaled monitoring capabilities, allowing the recording of real-time anatomical information and biomarkers like the temperature rise and/or displacement induced by the acoustic radiation force. Having both of these measurements could allow for better targeting of brain structures, with improved therapy monitoring and safety. Method: We investigated the use of a novel MRI-pulse sequence described previously in Bour a al., (2017) to quantify both the displacement and temperature changes under various ultrasound sonication conditions and in different regions of the brain. The method was evaluated in vivo in a non-human primate under anesthesia using a single-element transducer (f = 850 kHz) in a setting that could mimic clinical applications. Acquisition was performed at 3 T on a clinical imaging system using a modified single-shot gradient echo EPI sequence integrating a bipolar motion-sensitive encoding gradient. Four slices were acquired sequentially perpendicularly or axially to the direction of the ultrasound beam with a 1-Hz update frequency and an isotropic spatial resolution of 2-mm. A total of twenty-four acquisitions were performed in three different sets of experiments. Measurement uncertainty of the sequence was investigated under different acoustic power deposition and in different regions of the brain. Acoustic simulation and thermal modeling were performed and compared to experimental data. Results: The sequence simultaneously provides relevant information about the focal spot location and visualization of heating of brain structures: 1) The sequence localized the acoustic focus both along as well as perpendicular to the ultrasound direction. Tissue displacements ranged from 1 to 2 pm. 2) Thermal rise was only observed at the vicinity of the skull. Temperature increase ranged between 1 and 2 degrees C and was observed delayed relative the sonication due to thermal diffusion. 3) The fast frame rate imaging was able to highlight magnetic susceptibility artifacts related to breathing, for the most caudal slices. We demonstrated that respiratory triggering successfully restored the sensitivity of the method (from 0.7 pm to 0.2 pm). 4) These results were corroborated by acoustic simulations. Conclusions: The current rapid, multi-slice acquisition and real-time implementation of temperature and displacement visualization may be useful in clinical practices. It may help defining operational safety margins, improving therapy precision and efficacy. Simulations were in good agreement with experimental data and may thus be used prior treatment for procedure planning.
背景：在MRI引导下应用的经颅焦点超声应用得益于无与伦比的监测能力，允许记录实时的解剖信息和生物标志物，如声辐射力引起的温度上升和/或位移。拥有这两项测量可以更好地针对大脑结构，改善治疗监测和安全性。方法：我们研究了Bour a al.，(2017)中描述的一种新的MRI脉冲序列的使用，以量化在不同超声条件下和大脑不同区域的位移和温度变化。该方法在非人类灵长类动物体内进行了评估，在麻醉下使用单元件换能器(f=850 kHz)，在模拟临床应用的环境中进行了评估。采集在临床成像系统上以3T进行，使用结合了双极运动敏感编码梯度的改进的单次激发梯度回波EPI序列。四层螺旋CT扫描序列垂直于或轴向于超声波束方向，更新频率为1-Hz，空间分辨率为2 mm。在三组不同的实验中总共进行了24次采集。在不同声功率沉积条件下，对不同脑区序列的测量不确定度进行了研究。进行了声学模拟和热模拟，并与实验数据进行了比较。结果：该序列同时提供了病灶定位和脑结构受热可视化的相关信息：1)该序列既沿超声方向定位声源，又垂直于超声方向定位。组织移位由下午1时至2时不等。2)仅在颅骨附近观察到热升。温度升高在1到2摄氏度之间，由于热扩散，观察到相对于超声反应延迟。3)快速帧速率成像能够突出与呼吸有关的磁化率伪影，对大多数尾部切片而言。我们证明，呼吸触发成功地恢复了该方法的灵敏度(从下午0.7点到下午0.2点)。4)声学模拟证实了上述结果。结论：目前快速、多层螺旋CT采集和实时实现的温度和位移可视化技术在临床上有一定的应用价值。它可能有助于确定手术安全范围，提高治疗精度和疗效。模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好，因此可用于手术计划的预先处理。
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Terrain deformation measurements from optical satellite imagery: The MPIC-OPT processing services for geohazards monitoring(从光学卫星图像进行地形形变测量：地质灾害监测的MPIC-OPT处理服务)
作者：
Provost, Floriane; Michea, David; Malet, Jean-Philippe; Boissier, Enguerran; Pointal, Elisabeth; Stumpf, Andre; Pacini, Fabrizio; Doin, Marie-Pierre; Lacroix, Pascal; Proy, Catherine; Bally, Philippe
摘要：
Measuring terrain deformation over several spatial and temporal scales is relevant for many applications in Earth Sciences (i.e. active faults, volcanoes, landslides or glaciers understanding). The growing volume of freely available data represents nowadays a challenge in terms of storage capacity and computing resources which, together with the complexity of the processing (code parameterization, combination of the image sequences, coregistration of the images) may prevent the exploitation of long time series. We propose here a new version of the Multiple-Pairwise Image Correlation toolbox for processing OPTical images (MPIC-OPT). The toolbox proposes an end-to-end solution to compute the horizontal sub-pixel ground deformation time series from large Sentinel-2 datasets. In addition to time series inversion, several corrections and filtering options are integrated to reduce the noise and improve the accuracy and precision of the measurements. In particular, an automatic jitter correction based on wavelet filtering is proposed. Moreover, the MPIC-OPT service is deployed on the Tier 1.5 HighPerformance Computing cluster (e.g. Datacentre/EOST-A2S) of the University of Strasbourg and is accessible on-line through the ESA Geohazards Exploitation Platform (GEP) and the ForM@Ter Solid Earth computing infrastructure with a user-friendly environment to query the satellite data catalogues, parameterize the processing and visualize the outputs. We test the performances of MPIC-OPT on several use cases: the measurement of the co-seismic ground deformation of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence (USA), of the rapid motion of the Slumgullion landslide (USA) and of the glaciers of the Mont-Blanc massif (France/Italy). We show that the results of MPIC-OPT are in agreement with in-situ data. The jitter correction significantly improves the precision (RMSEjitter=0.3m vs. RMSEnojitter=0.5m) and the accuracy (RMSEjitter=0.3m vs. RMSEnojitter=1.3m) of the measurement of the co-seismic displacement of the Rigdecrest seismic deformation. We show that the precision and accuracy of the terrain deformation estimation depend mainly on the correlation threshold and the temporal matching range parameters and we quantify and discuss their impacts. This work opens new perspectives to monitor automatically surface displacements/velocities of natural hazards over large scales and large periods of time.
在几个空间和时间尺度上测量地形变形与地球科学中的许多应用（即活断层，火山，山体滑坡或冰川理解）有关。目前，免费提供的数据量不断增加，这对存储容量和计算资源构成了挑战，再加上处理的复杂性（代码参数化、图像序列组合、图像配准），可能会妨碍利用长时间序列。我们在这里提出了一个新版本的多对图像相关工具箱处理OPTical图像（MPIC-OPT）。该工具箱提出了一种端到端的解决方案，用于从大型Sentinel-2数据集计算水平亚像素地面变形时间序列。除了时间序列反演之外，还集成了几种校正和滤波选项，以减少噪声并提高测量的准确度和精度。特别地，提出了一种基于小波滤波的抖动自动校正方法。此外，MPIC-OPT服务部署在斯特拉斯堡大学的1.5级高性能计算集群（例如数据中心/EOST-A2 S）上，可通过欧空局地质灾害利用平台和ForM@Ter固体地球计算基础设施在线访问，该平台具有方便用户的环境，可查询卫星数据目录、参数化处理和可视化输出。我们在几个用例上测试了MPIC-OPT的性能：2019年Ridgecrest地震序列（美国）的同震地面变形测量，Slumgullion滑坡（美国）的快速运动和Mont-Blanc Gulf冰川（法国/意大利）的测量。我们表明，MPIC-OPT的结果与现场数据一致。抖动校正显著地提高了Rigdecrest地震变形的同震位移测量的精度（RMSE抖动= 0.3m vs. RMSE无抖动=0.5m）和准确度（RMSE抖动=0.3m vs. RMSE无抖动=1.3m）。我们发现，地形变形估计的精度和准确性主要取决于相关阈值和时间匹配范围参数，我们量化和讨论它们的影响。这项工作开辟了新的视角，自动监测大规模和长时间的自然灾害的表面位移/速度。
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Research on Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction Based on Low-Resolution Infrared Sensor(基于低分辨率红外传感器的超分辨率图像重建研究)
作者：
Li, Yubing; Zhao, Kun; Ren, Fei; Wang, Biao; Zhao, Jizhong
摘要：
Due to the limitation of the pixel size in the focal plane, the low-resolution(LR) infrared sensor has a very low image resolution when sampling and imaging scenes with slightly rich spatial frequencies, and aliasing is sometimes very serious. This paper uses a new technique base on sub-pixel displacement to reconstruct high-resolution(HR) images,with reduced aliasing, from a sequence of under-sampled rotated frames of the same object. First, this paper presents an image degradation model, based on the under-sampling model of the infrared image and the infrared radiation distribution on the focal plane. Second, an image reconstruction algorithm based on image micro rotation is proposed and implemented to solve the problems of inaccurate temperature measurement and target recognition caused by low resolution. Finally, the experiments results are provided to test our algorithm, and we can obtain the image whose resolution is four or five times higher than the under-sampled frames, as well as improve the temperature measurement accuracy by more than 10%. The experimental results also show that the image reconstruction algorithm is very robust, efficient and has a good reconstruction effect.
由于焦平面像素大小的限制，低分辨率红外传感器在对空间频率稍高的场景进行采样和成像时，图像分辨率很低，混叠现象有时非常严重。提出了一种新的基于亚像素位移的方法，从同一物体的欠采样旋转帧序列中重建高分辨率图像，同时减少了混叠。首先，基于红外图像的欠采样模型和红外辐射在焦平面上的分布，提出了一种图像退化模型。其次，针对分辨率低带来的温度测量和目标识别不准确的问题，提出并实现了一种基于图像微旋转的图像重建算法。最后，给出了实验结果，该算法可以得到分辨率比欠采样帧高四到五倍的图像，同时将温度测量精度提高了10%以上。实验结果还表明，该图像重建算法具有很强的鲁棒性、高效性和良好的重建效果。
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Mover Position Detection for PMSLM Based on Line-Scanning Fence Pattern and Subpixel Polynomial Fitting Algorithm(基于线扫描栅栏模式和亚像素多项式拟合法的永磁同步电机动点位置检测)
作者：
Zhao, Jing; Zhou, Yang; Zhao, Jiwen; Dong, Fei; Jiang, Xu; Gong, Kaige
摘要：
The article presents a rapid and precision position detection method for permanent magnet synchronous linear motors (PMSLM) based on digital image measurement and line-scanning photography. An exclusive fence pattern is designed as the target image for image measurement method, according to the motion feature of PMSLM. A line scan camera is installed on the mover to record image sequences instantaneously with the movement of linear motor, and from which the pixel displacement can be obtained using an image matching algorithm. To further improve the measurement accuracy, a subpixel polynomial fitting algorithm is proposed based on the line-scanning fence patterns. Finally, the displacement can be calculated according to system magnification parameters. Compared with the traditional image measurement method based on the area-array speckle pattern, both the cost and time delay of the proposed method are reduced greatly by employing line-scanning photography. The detection accuracy is also improved by four times. To improve the measurement robustness, an assessment index of fence pattern is proposed to optimize the fence image. The measurement error and robustness are analyzed in theory and simulation, and it demonstrates that the fence pattern shows stronger resistance to scanning deviation than speckle pattern. A mover position detection platform is established, and the experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve position estimation with average error of 0.005 mm under different working conditions.
提出了一种基于数字图像测量和行扫描摄影的永磁同步直线电机位置快速、精确检测方法。根据永磁同步电机的运动特点，设计了一种独占栅栏图案作为图像测量的目标图像。在运动装置上安装一个线扫描摄像机，记录直线电机运动时的瞬时图像序列，并通过图像匹配算法得到像素点的位移。为了进一步提高测量精度，提出了一种基于行扫描栅栏图案的亚像素多项式拟合算法。最后，根据系统放大系数计算出位移。与传统的基于面阵散斑的图像测量方法相比，采用线扫描照相的方法在成本和时延上都有很大的降低。检测精度也提高了四倍。为了提高测量的稳健性，提出了一种栅栏图案评价指标来优化栅栏图像。从理论和仿真两个方面对测量误差和稳健性进行了分析，结果表明栅栏图案比散斑图案具有更强的抗扫描偏差能力。搭建了动子位置检测平台，实验结果表明，在不同的工作条件下，该方法可以实现平均误差为0.005 mm的位置估计。
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Multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging(多点磁共振声辐射力成像)
作者：
Odeen, Henrik; de Bever, Joshua; Hofstetter, Lorne W.; Parker, Dennis L.
摘要：
Purpose: To implement and evaluate an efficient multiple-point MR acoustic radiation force imaging pulse sequence that can volumetrically measure tissue displacement and evaluate tissue stiffness using focused ultrasound (FUS) radiation force. Methods: Bipolar motion-encoding gradients were added to a gradient-recalled echo segmented EPI pulse sequence with both 2D and 3D acquisition modes. Multiple FUS-ON images (FUS power > 0 W) were interleaved with a single FUS-OFF image (FUS power = 0 W) on the TR level, enabling simultaneous measurements of volumetric tissue displacement (by complex subtraction of the FUS-OFF image from the FUS-ON images) and proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry (from the OFF image). Efficiency improvements included partial Fourier acquisition, parallel imaging, and encoding up to 4 different displacement positions into a single image. Experiments were performed in homogenous and dual-stiffness phantoms, and in ex vivo porcine brain. Results: In phantoms, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 5 s to 10 s for a 2D slice, and 60 s for a 3D volume, using parallel imaging and encoding 2 displacement positions/image. In ex vivo porcine brain, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 20 s for a 3D volume, using partial Fourier and parallel imaging and encoding 4 displacement positions/image. In 1 experiment it was observed that tissue displacement in ex vivo brain decreased by approximately 22% following FUS ablation. Conclusion: With the described efficiency improvements it is possible to acquire volumetric multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps, with simultaneous proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry maps, in clinically acceptable times.
目的：实现和评估一种高效的多点磁共振声辐射力成像脉冲序列，该序列可以利用聚焦超声(FUS)辐射力来定量测量组织位移和评估组织硬度。方法：将双极运动编码梯度添加到具有2D和3D采集模式的梯度回波分段EPI脉冲序列中。多个FUS-ON图像(FUS功率>0W)与单个FUS-OFF图像(FUS功率=0W)在TR水平上交织，从而能够同时测量体积组织位移(通过从FUS-ON图像中减去FUS-OFF图像)和质子共振频移MR测温(从OFF图像)。效率的提高包括部分傅立叶采集，并行成像，以及将多达4个不同的位移位置编码到单个图像中。实验在同质和双刚度模体中进行，并在体外猪脑中进行。结果：在体模中，采用并行成像和编码2个位移位置/图像的方法，获得16点多点磁共振声辐射力成像图，二维切片5 S至10 S，三维体积60 S。在活体猪脑中，采用部分傅立叶和并行成像，编码4个位移位置/图像，在20个S的3D体积上可以获得16点多点磁共振声辐射力成像图。在一项实验中，观察到FUS消融后，体外脑组织移位减少了约22%。结论：通过上述效率的改进，可以在临床可接受的时间内获得体积多点磁共振声辐射力成像图，并同时获得质子共振频移MR测温图。
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A method for the non-contact measurement of two-dimensional displacement of chest surface by breathing and heartbeat using an airborne ultrasound(利用机载超声非接触测量呼吸和心跳引起的胸部表面二维位移的方法)
作者：
Hayashi, Taiki; Hirata, Shinnosuke; Hachiya, Hiroyuki
摘要：
Vital-signs measurement systems, which have sensors that are brought into contact with or close to the body, are used for many applications. However, these systems are not suitable in some cases, namely when continuous monitoring is required or a subject cannot wear sensors. We have studied non-contact measurement of respiration and heart rate using an airborne ultrasound. In the proposed method, an M-sequence modulated ultrasound is transmitted to the chest of the subject, then the received signal is correlated with the transmitted M-sequence to detect the reflected echo with high signal-to-noise ratio. The time of flight (TOF) of the reflected echo indicates the distance to the chest surface. Therefore, the chest displacement due to breathing and heartbeat can be measured from the variation of TOFs. In this paper, the proposed measurement is demonstrated for subjects in a supine position without clothes. In the experiment, two cross-correlation functions were obtained by using one loudspeaker and two microphones to form the airborne B-mode image. Two-dimensional displacement of the chest surface due to breathing and heartbeat could be measured from the variation of airborne B-mode images. © 2019 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
生命体征测量系统具有与身体接触或靠近身体的传感器，用于许多应用。然而，这些系统不适合在某些情况下，即当需要连续监测或受试者不能佩戴传感器时。我们研究了使用机载超声波对呼吸和心率进行非接触测量。在该方法中，将M序列调制的超声发射到受检者的胸部，然后将接收到的信号与发射的M序列进行相关，以检测高信噪比的反射回波。反射回波的飞行时间(TOF)表示到胸部表面的距离。因此，可以从TOFS的变化来测量由于呼吸和心跳引起的胸部位移。在这篇文章中，提出的测量方法适用于不穿衣服的仰卧位受试者。在实验中，通过使用一个扬声器和两个麦克风来形成机载B模式图像，得到了两个互相关函数。从航空B超图像的变化可以测量到由于呼吸和心跳引起的胸部表面的二维位移。©2019年日本应用物理学会
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Random laser speckle pattern projection for non-contact vibration measurements using a single high-speed camera(单台高速相机随机激光散斑投影非接触振动测量)
作者：
Etchepareborda, Pablo; Moulet, Marie-Helene; Melon, Manuel
摘要：
3D vision methods are a powerful tool for measuring full-field vibration patterns in the most varied types of surfaces. Digital Image Correlation is typically used to track noticeable features on the surface in order to measure local displacements on the tested system. In this work, a novel randomly structured light system based on laser speckle pattern projection and its calibration procedure are proposed for applying computer vision methods to the measurement of vibration in featureless or reflective objects without modifying them. A simple projector is used based on a laser beam affected by a diffuser element. A stereo vision set-up with at least one high-speed camera is used to record video sequences from which the initial shape and evolution of the sample displacement are obtained. The vibration mode behavior of different steel plates are obtained using this full-field vibration measuring technique. The pros and cons of the proposed method are discussed and compared to similar stereovision set-ups. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Lately, high-speed 3D shape measurement techniques became widely used in fields such as biomechanics, industrial quality control, and human-computer interaction. Stereo-vision systems using two fast cameras are the most popular setup to measure full-field vibrations of objects by capturing images from different viewpoints 11,2]. However, as highspeed cameras are expensive, alternative set-ups using mirrors and a single camera have been proposed 13?6], and used for measuring vibration 17]. Moreover, a simpler set-up with a single high-speed camera and without mirror may be used if only the normal out-of-mean-plane displacement of the sample is required 18]. In a 3D coordinate calculation of displacement based on triangulation, the natural features on the surface of the object or
三维视觉方法是测量各种表面全场振动模式的有力工具。数字图像相关通常用于跟踪表面上的显著特征，以便测量被测系统上的局部位移。本文提出了一种新的基于激光散斑投影的随机结构光系统及其标定方法，将计算机视觉方法应用于无特征物体或反射物体的振动测量，而无需对其进行修改。基于受漫射器元件影响的激光，使用简单的投影仪。使用具有至少一个高速摄像机的立体视觉装置来记录视频序列，从该视频序列获得样本位移的初始形状和演变。利用这种全场振动测量技术，获得了不同钢板的振动模式行为。讨论了该方法的优缺点，并与类似的立体视觉设置进行了比较。©2021年爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。近年来，高速三维形状测量技术在生物力学、工业质量控制、人机交互等领域得到了广泛的应用。使用两个快速摄像机的立体视觉系统是通过从不同视点捕捉图像来测量物体全场振动的最流行的装置11，2]。然而，由于高速摄像机价格昂贵，已经提出了使用反射镜和单个摄像机的替代设置，并用于测量振动。此外，如果只需要样品的正常平均平面外位移，则可以使用更简单的设置，使用单个高速摄像机和没有镜片18]。在基于三角剖分的位移三维坐标计算中，物体表面的自然特征或
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Rapid-Precision Position Measurement of Linear Motor Mover Based on Joint Spatial Phase Method(基于联合空间相位法的直线电机快速精密位置测量)
作者：
Zhao, Jing; Zhou, Yang; Zhao, Jiwen; Jiang, Xu; Gong, Kaige
摘要：
In this article, a rapid and precise position measurement method based on joint spatial phase is studied for linear motors. First, a low-cost mover position measurement system is designed on the basis of motion characters of linear motors. The target image is an aperiodic fence stripe. The image sequences with the movement of the mover are recorded quickly by linear charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Second, spatial domain algorithm is introduced for the rough registration, and according to the registration results, the overlapping regions are extracted to form two new images, and then the improved phase difference method is used to get the accurate displacement of the two new images. The actual mover displacement is finally calculated by the calibration coefficient of the system. Simulation and experimental results show that this method proposed takes approximately 2 ms on average, and the measurement accuracy reaches 0.02 mm.
本文研究了一种基于关节空间相位的直线电机快速精确位置测量方法。首先，根据直线电机的运动特点，设计了一种低成本的动子位置测量系统。目标图像是非周期性的栅栏条纹。利用线阵电荷耦合器件(CCD)摄像机快速记录了动子运动时的图像序列。其次，引入空域算法进行粗配准，根据配准结果提取重叠区域形成两幅新图像，然后利用改进的相位差法得到两幅新图像的精确位移。最后由系统的标定系数计算出实际的动子位移。仿真和实验结果表明，该方法平均耗时约2ms，测量精度达到0.02 mm。
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Optimal Lateral Displacement in Automatic Close-Range Photogrammetry(自动近景摄影测量中的最佳横向位移)
作者：
Guidi, Gabriele; Malik, Umair Shafqat; Micoli, Laura Loredana
摘要：
Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level of overlap between adjacent photographs directly affects the uncertainty of the 3D dense cloud originated by the Structure from Motion/Image Matching (SfM/IM) process. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, in the case of a convergent shooting typical of close-range photogrammetry, an optimal lateral displacement of the camera for minimizing the 3D data uncertainty could be identified. We examined five different test objects made of rock, differing in terms of stone type and visual appearance. First, an accurate reference data set was generated by acquiring each object with an active range device, based on pattern projection (sigma(z) = 18 mu m). Then, each object was 3D-captured with photogrammetry, using a set of images taken radially, with the camera pointing to the center of the specimen. The camera-object minimum distance was kept at 200 mm during the shooting, and the angular displacement was as small as pi/60. We generated several dense clouds by sampling the original redundant sequence at angular displacements (n pi/60, n = 1, 2, horizontal ellipsis 8). Each 3D cloud was then compared with the reference, implementing an accurate scaling protocol to minimize systematic errors. The residual standard deviation of error made consistently evident a range of angular displacements among images that appear to be optimal for reducing the measurement uncertainty, independent of each specimen shape, material, and texture. Such a result provides guidance about how best to arrange the cameras’ geometry for 3D digitization of a stone cultural heritage artifact with several convergent shots. The photogrammetric tool used in the experiments was Agisoft Metashape.
在自动摄影测量的基础上，不同的研究人员证明，相邻照片之间的重叠程度直接影响由运动/图像匹配结构(SfM/IM)过程产生的3D稠密云的不确定性。这项研究的目的是调查在近景摄影测量中典型的会聚拍摄的情况下，是否可以确定相机的最佳横向位移，以最小化3D数据的不确定性。我们检查了五个由岩石制成的不同测试对象，它们在石头类型和视觉外观方面有所不同。首先，基于图案投影(sigma(Z)=18µm)，通过使用主动测距装置获取每个对象来生成准确的参考数据集。然后，使用一组径向拍摄的图像，用相机指向标本的中心，用摄影测量法对每个物体进行3D捕捉。在拍摄过程中，相机与物体的最小距离保持在200 mm，角位移小至pi/60。我们通过在角位移(n pi/60，n=1，2，水平省略号8)处对原始冗余序列进行采样来生成几个稠密云。然后，将每个3D云与参考进行比较，实施精确的缩放方案，以将系统误差降至最低。误差的剩余标准差使图像之间的角度位移范围一致地明显，该范围似乎是减少测量不确定度的最佳范围，与每个样品的形状、材料和质地无关。这样的结果为如何最好地安排相机的几何图形以使用几个会聚的镜头对石质文化遗产文物进行3D数字化提供了指导。实验中使用的摄影测量工具是Agisft Metashape。
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Surface Rupture Kinematics and Coseismic Slip Distribution during the 2019 Mw7.1 Ridgecrest, California Earthquake Sequence Revealed by SAR and Optical Images(2019年加州里奇克里斯特地震序列地表破裂运动学和同震滑动分布的SAR和光学图像研究)
作者：
Li, Chenglong; Zhang, Guohong; Shan, Xinjian; Zhao, Dezheng; Li, Yanchuan; Huang, Zicheng; Jia, Rui; Li, Jin; Nie, Jing
摘要：
The 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake sequence ruptured along a complex fault system and triggered seismic and aseismic slips on intersecting faults. To characterize the surface rupture kinematics and fault slip distribution, we used optical images and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations to reconstruct the displacement caused by the earthquake sequence. We further calculated curl and divergence from the north-south and east-west components, to effectively identify the surface rupture traces. The results show that the major seismogenic fault had a length of similar to 55 km and strike of 320 degrees and consisted of five secondary faults. On the basis of the determined multiple-fault geometries, we inverted the coseismic slip distributions by InSAR measurements, which indicates that the Mw7.1 mainshock was dominated by the right-lateral strike-slip (maximum strike-slip of similar to 5.8 m at the depth of similar to 7.5 km), with a small dip-slip component (peaking at similar to 1.8 m) on an east-dipping fault. The Mw6.4 foreshock was dominated by the left-lateral strike-slip on a north-dipping fault. These earthquakes triggered obvious aseismic creep along the Garlock fault (117.3 degrees W-117.5 degrees W). These results are consistent with the rupture process of the earthquake sequence, which featured a complicated cascading rupture rather than a single continuous rupture front propagating along multiple faults.
2019年加利福尼亚州里奇克雷斯特的地震序列沿着一个复杂的断层系统破裂，并在相交的断层上触发了地震和无震滑动。为了表征地表破裂运动学和断层滑动分布，我们利用光学图像和干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)观测数据重建了地震序列引起的位移。我们进一步计算了南北分量和东西分量的旋度和散度，从而有效地识别了地表破裂痕迹。结果表明，该大发震断裂长约55公里，走向320度，由5条次级断裂组成。在已确定的多断层几何形状的基础上，我们通过InSAR测量反演了同震滑动分布，结果表明，Mw7.1主震以右旋走滑(最大走滑约5.8m，深度约7.5公里)为主，东倾断层上有少量倾滑分量(峰值约1.8m)。Mw6.4前震以北倾断层的左旋走滑为主。这些地震沿着加洛克断层(西经117.3度-西经117.5度)引发了明显的无震蠕变。这些结果与地震序列的破裂过程是一致的，地震序列的破裂过程是复杂的级联破裂，而不是沿着多条断层传播的单个连续破裂前锋。
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Ocean Surface Current Measurement with an Interferometric UHF SAR(干涉超高频合成孔径雷达测量海面流)
作者：
Sletten, Mark; Menk, Steven; Toporkov, Jakov
摘要：
In this paper, we report initial results of an experimental investigation into measurement of ocean surface currents with an ultra high frequency synthetic aperture radar (UHF SAR) that supports an along-track interferometric (ATI) mode. We first describe the unique system, the NRL Multiband SAR, used to collect the data. We then present initial results related to two different approaches to current measurement. In the first approach, the surface current is estimated using standard ATI-SAR processing. We show progress in the implementation of this method with an interferometric phase cut across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. In the second, a time-sequence of images of propagating wave-like patterns is first generated using sub-aperture processing of the wide-beam, strip-map data, and this sequence is then transformed into wavenumber-frequency space through a 3D FFT. The surface current is then estimated from the displacement of the wave energy relative to the theoretical surface wave dispersion relation in the absence of any underlying current. We illustrate our progress in this approach with a wavenumber-frequency analysis of a 41-second sub-aperture image sequence of propagating waves.
本文报道了一种支持沿航迹干涉(ATI)模式的超高频合成孔径雷达(UHF SAR)测量海洋表面流的初步实验研究结果。我们首先描述用于收集数据的独特系统–NRL多波段合成孔径雷达。然后，我们介绍了与两种不同的电流测量方法相关的初步结果。在第一种方法中，使用标准的ATI-SAR处理来估计表面电流。我们展示了这种方法的实施进展，干涉相横跨墨西哥湾流的北壁。在第二种方法中，首先对宽波束条带图数据进行子孔径处理，生成传播的波状图案的时间序列，然后通过3D FFT将该序列变换到波数-频率空间。然后，在没有任何底层流的情况下，根据波能相对于理论面波频散关系的位移来估计表面流。我们用一个41秒的传播波的子孔径图像序列的波数-频率分析来说明我们在这种方法上的进展。
本内容由机器翻译提供，可能存在翻译错误或不准确之处，请您谅解。阅读时请注意甄别，仅供学习参考之用，谨慎使用。
Valvular imaging in the era of feature-tracking: A slice-following cardiac MR sequence to measure mitral flow(特征跟踪时代的瓣膜成像：一种测量二尖瓣血流的切片跟踪心脏磁共振序列)
作者：
Seemann, Felicia; Heiberg, Einar; Carlsson, Marcus; Gonzales, Ricardo A.; Baldassarre, Lauren A.; Qiu, Maolin; Peters, Dana C.
摘要：
Background In mitral valve dysfunction, noninvasive measurement of transmitral blood flow is an important clinical examination. Flow imaging of the mitral valve, however, is challenging, since it moves in and out of the image plane during the cardiac cycle. Purpose To more accurately measure mitral flow, a slice-following MRI phase contrast sequence is proposed. This study aimed to implement such a sequence, validate its slice-following functionality in a phantom and healthy subjects, and test its feasibility in patients with mitral valve dysfunction. Study Type Prospective. Phantom and Subjects The slice-following functionality was validated in a cone-shaped phantom by measuring the depicted slice radius. Sixteen healthy subjects and 10 mitral valve dysfunction patients were enrolled at two sites. Field Strength/Sequence 1.5T and 3T gradient echo cine phase contrast. Assessment A single breath-hold retrospectively gated sequence using offline feature-tracking of the mitral valve was developed. Valve displacements were measured and imported to the scanner, allowing the slice position to change dynamically based on the cardiac phase. Mitral valve imaging was performed with slice-following and static imaging planes. Validation was performed by comparing mitral stroke volume with planimetric and aortic stroke volume. Statistical Tests Measurements were compared using linear regression, Pearson’s R, parametric paired t-tests, Bland-Altman analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Phantom experiments confirmed accurate slice displacements. Slice-following was feasible in all subjects, yielding physiologically accurate mitral flow patterns. In healthy subjects, mitral and aortic stroke volumes agreed, with ICC = 0.72 and 0.90 for static and slice-following planes; with bias +/- 1 SDs 23.2 +/- 13.2 mls and 8.4 +/- 10.8 mls, respectively. Agreement with planimetry was stronger, with ICC = 0.84 and 0.96; bias +/- 1 SDs 13.7 +/- 13.7 mls and -2.0 +/- 8.8 mls for static and slice-following planes, respectively. Data Conclusion Slice-following outperformed the conventional sequence and improved the accuracy of transmitral flow, which is important for assessment of diastolic function and mitral regurgitation. Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1412-1421.
背景在二尖瓣功能不全中，无创性测量二尖瓣血流是一项重要的临床检查。然而，二尖瓣的流动成像是具有挑战性的，因为它在心动周期期间移入和移出图像平面。目的为了更准确地测量二尖瓣血流，提出了一种层位跟踪MRI相位对比序列。本研究旨在实现这种序列，在体模和健康受试者中验证其切片跟踪功能，并测试其在二尖瓣功能障碍患者中的可行性。研究类型前瞻性。体模和受试者通过测量所描绘的切片半径，在锥形体模中验证切片跟踪功能。16例健康受试者和10例二尖瓣功能不全患者在2个研究中心入组。场强/序列1.5T和3 T梯度回波电影相位对比。评估开发了一种使用二尖瓣离线特征跟踪的单次屏气回顾性门控序列。测量瓣膜位移并导入扫描仪，使切片位置根据心脏相位动态变化。二尖瓣成像采用切片跟踪和静态成像平面。通过比较二尖瓣每搏输出量与平面和主动脉每搏输出量进行验证。使用线性回归、Pearson R、参数配对t检验、Bland-Altman分析和组内相关系数（ICC）比较测量值。结果体模实验证实了准确的切片位移。切片跟踪在所有受试者中都是可行的，产生了生理学上准确的二尖瓣血流模式。在健康受试者中，二尖瓣和主动脉每搏输出量一致，静态和切片跟踪平面的ICC = 0.72和0.90;偏倚+/- 1 SD分别为23.2 +/- 13.2 mls和8.4 +/- 10.8 mls。与平面测量的一致性更强，ICC = 0.84和0.96;静态和切片跟踪平面的偏倚+/- 1 SD分别为13.7 +/- 13.7 mls和-2.0 +/- 8.8 mls。资料结论层位跟踪序列优于常规序列，提高了二尖瓣血流的准确性，对评价舒张功能和二尖瓣返流有重要意义。技术功效：第2阶段J. Magn. Reson。Imaging 2020;51：1412-1421.
本内容由机器翻译提供，可能存在翻译错误或不准确之处，请您谅解。阅读时请注意甄别，仅供学习参考之用，谨慎使用。
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