5. 利用泰勒公式求极限
定理(泰勒公式)
设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
x
0
x=x_{0}
x=x0处
n
n
n阶可导,则
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
0
)
+
f
′
(
x
0
)
(
x
−
x
0
)
+
⋯
+
f
(
n
)
(
x
0
)
n
!
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
+
o
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
f(x)=f(x_{0})+f'(x_{0})(x-x_{0})+\cdots+\frac{f^{(n)}(x_{0})}{n!}(x-x_{0})^{n}+o(x-x_{0})^{n}
f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+⋯+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+o(x−x0)n
注意此处使用的是局部泰勒公式,即带有皮亚诺余项的泰勒公式
特别是当
x
0
=
0
x_{0}=0
x0=0时
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
0
)
+
f
′
(
0
)
x
+
f
′
′
(
0
)
2
!
x
2
+
⋯
+
f
(
n
)
(
0
)
n
!
x
n
+
o
(
x
n
)
f(x)=f(0)+f'(0)x+\frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}x^{n}+o(x^{n})
f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!f′′(0)x2+⋯+n!f(n)(0)xn+o(xn)
几个常用泰勒公式
e
x
=
1
+
x
+
x
2
2
!
+
⋯
+
x
n
n
!
+
o
(
x
n
)
sin
x
=
x
−
x
3
3
!
+
x
5
5
!
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
x
2
n
−
1
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
+
o
(
x
2
n
−
1
)
cos
x
=
1
−
x
2
2
!
+
x
4
4
!
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
n
x
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
+
o
(
x
2
n
)
ln
(
1
+
x
)
=
x
−
1
2
x
2
+
1
3
x
3
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
(
n
−
1
)
1
n
x
n
+
o
(
x
n
)
(
1
+
x
)
α
=
1
+
α
x
+
α
(
α
−
1
)
2
!
x
2
+
⋯
+
α
(
α
−
1
)
⋯
(
α
−
n
+
1
)
n
!
x
n
+
o
(
x
n
)
\begin{aligned} e^x&=1+x+\frac {x^2}{2!}+\cdots+\frac {x^n}{n!}+o(x^n)\\ \sin x&=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\cdots+(-1)^{n-1}\frac{x^{2n-1}}{(2n-1)!}+o(x^{2n-1})\\ \cos x&=1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\cdots+(-1)^n\frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!}+o(x^{2n})\\ \ln(1+x)&=x-\frac12x^2+\frac13x^3-\cdots+(-1)^{(n-1)}\frac1nx^n+o(x^n)\\ (1+x)^\alpha&=1+\alpha x+\frac{\alpha(\alpha-1)}{2!}x^2+\cdots+\frac{\alpha(\alpha-1)\cdots(\alpha-n+1)}{n!}x^n+o(x^n) \end{aligned}
exsinxcosxln(1+x)(1+x)α=1+x+2!x2+⋯+n!xn+o(xn)=x−3!x3+5!x5−⋯+(−1)n−1(2n−1)!x2n−1+o(x2n−1)=1−2!x2+4!x4−⋯+(−1)n(2n)!x2n+o(x2n)=x−21x2+31x3−⋯+(−1)(n−1)n1xn+o(xn)=1+αx+2!α(α−1)x2+⋯+n!α(α−1)⋯(α−n+1)xn+o(xn)
关于
tan
x
,
arcsin
x
,
arctan
x
\tan x,\arcsin x,\arctan x
tanx,arcsinx,arctanx,直接用等价就可以,即
tan
x
−
x
∼
1
3
x
3
⇒
tan
x
=
x
+
x
3
3
+
o
(
x
3
)
x
−
arctan
x
∼
1
3
x
3
⇒
arctan
x
=
x
−
x
3
3
+
o
(
x
3
)
arcsin
x
−
x
=
1
6
x
3
⇒
arcsin
x
=
x
+
1
6
x
3
+
o
(
x
3
)
\begin{aligned} \tan x-x\sim \frac{1}{3}x^{3}&\Rightarrow \tan x=x+ \frac{x^{3}}{3}+o(x^{3})\\ x-\arctan x\sim \frac{1}{3}x^{3}&\Rightarrow \arctan x=x- \frac{x^{3}}{3}+o(x^{3})\\ \arcsin x-x= \frac{1}{6}x^{3}&\Rightarrow \arcsin x=x+ \frac{1}{6}x^{3}+o(x^{3}) \end{aligned}
tanx−x∼31x3x−arctanx∼31x3arcsinx−x=61x3⇒tanx=x+3x3+o(x3)⇒arctanx=x−3x3+o(x3)⇒arcsinx=x+61x3+o(x3)
例27:若 lim x → 0 ( sin 6 x + x f ( x ) x 3 ) = 0 \lim\limits_{x\to0}(\frac{\sin 6x+xf(x)}{x^{3}})=0 x→0lim(x3sin6x+xf(x))=0,则 lim x → 0 6 + f ( x ) x 2 = \lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6+f(x)}{x^{2}}= x→0limx26+f(x)=()
发现分子如果
sin
6
x
∼
6
x
\sin 6x\sim6x
sin6x∼6x则本题直接得到答案,但是
sin
6
x
∼
6
x
\sin 6x\sim6x
sin6x∼6x无法证明能够使用,所以考虑泰勒公式展开获得
6
x
6x
6x项,并且展开到与分母同次
0
=
lim
x
→
0
(
6
x
−
(
6
x
)
3
3
!
+
o
(
x
3
)
)
+
x
f
(
x
)
x
3
=
lim
x
→
0
6
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
+
lim
x
→
0
−
36
x
3
+
o
(
x
2
)
x
3
=
lim
x
→
0
6
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
−
36
\begin{aligned} 0&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{(6x- \frac{(6x)^{3}}{3!}+o(x^{3}))+xf(x)}{x^{3}}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6+f(x)}{x^{2}}+\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{-36x^{3}+o(x^{2})}{x^{3}}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6+f(x)}{x^{2}}-36 \end{aligned}
0=x→0limx3(6x−3!(6x)3+o(x3))+xf(x)=x→0limx26+f(x)+x→0limx3−36x3+o(x2)=x→0limx26+f(x)−36
因此
lim
x
→
0
6
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
=
36
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6+f(x)}{x^{2}}=36
x→0limx26+f(x)=36
也可以用之前的加法法则,凑一个极限存在,同时凑出
lim
x
→
0
6
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6+f(x)}{x^{2}}
x→0limx26+f(x)形式
0
=
lim
x
→
0
sin
6
x
−
6
x
x
3
+
lim
x
→
0
6
x
+
x
f
(
x
)
x
3
=
lim
x
→
0
−
1
6
(
6
x
)
3
x
3
+
lim
x
→
0
x
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
=
−
36
+
lim
x
→
0
x
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
\begin{aligned} 0&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{\sin 6x-6x}{x^{3}}+\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6x+xf(x)}{x^{3}}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{- \frac{1}{6}(6x)^{3}}{x^{3}}+\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{x+f(x)}{x^{2}}\\ &=-36+\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{x+f(x)}{x^{2}} \end{aligned}
0=x→0limx3sin6x−6x+x→0limx36x+xf(x)=x→0limx3−61(6x)3+x→0limx2x+f(x)=−36+x→0limx2x+f(x)
因此
lim
x
→
0
6
+
f
(
x
)
x
2
=
36
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{6+f(x)}{x^{2}}=36
x→0limx26+f(x)=36
6. 利用夹逼原理求极限
常用于 n n n项和的极限
例28: lim n → ∞ 1 + 2 n + 3 n n \lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{1+2^{n}+3^{n}} n→∞limn1+2n+3n
3
n
n
≤
1
+
2
n
+
3
n
n
≤
3
⋅
3
n
n
\sqrt[n]{3^{n}}\leq \sqrt[n]{1+2^{n}+3^{n}}\leq \sqrt[n]{3\cdot 3^{n}}
n3n≤n1+2n+3n≤n3⋅3n
又有
lim
n
→
∞
3
n
n
=
3
,
lim
n
→
∞
3
⋅
3
n
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
3
3
n
=
3
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{3^{n}}=3,\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{3\cdot 3^{n}}=\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}3\sqrt[n]{3}=3
n→∞limn3n=3,n→∞limn3⋅3n=n→∞lim3n3=3
因此
lim
n
→
∞
1
+
2
n
+
3
n
n
=
3
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{1+2^{n}+3^{n}}=3
n→∞limn1+2n+3n=3
提出最大的,里面剩的根据
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}x^{n}
n→∞limxn计算
原式
=
lim
n
→
∞
3
(
1
3
)
n
+
(
2
3
)
n
+
1
n
=
3
\begin{aligned} 原式&=\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}3\sqrt[n]{(\frac{1}{3})^{n}+(\frac{2}{3})^{n}+1}=3 \end{aligned}
原式=n→∞lim3n(31)n+(32)n+1=3
因此
lim
n
→
∞
1
+
2
n
+
3
n
n
=
3
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{1+2^{n}+3^{n}}=3
n→∞limn1+2n+3n=3
推广
lim
n
→
∞
a
1
n
+
a
2
n
+
⋯
+
a
m
m
n
=
max
{
a
i
}
,
其中
a
i
>
0
(
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
m
)
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{a_{1}^{n}+a_{2}^{n}+\cdots+a_{m}^{m}}=\max\{a_{i}\},其中a_{i}>0(i=1,2,\cdots,m)
n→∞limna1n+a2n+⋯+amm=max{ai},其中ai>0(i=1,2,⋯,m)
可以用夹逼证明,思路和上面一样
如果里面有常数
m
m
m,可以看做
m
⋅
1
n
m\cdot 1^{n}
m⋅1n,即
m
m
m个
1
n
1^{n}
1n相加。也可以相成抓大头,常数不重要
例29: lim n → ∞ 2 + x n + ( x 2 2 ) n n , ( x > 0 ) \lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{2+x^{n}+(\frac{x^{2}}{2})^{n}},(x>0) n→∞limn2+xn+(2x2)n,(x>0)
原式 = lim n → ∞ 1 n + 1 n + x n + ( x 2 2 ) n n = max { 1 , 1 , x , x 2 2 } = { 1 , 0 < x ≤ 1 x , 1 < x ≤ 2 x 2 2 , x > 2 \begin{aligned} 原式&=\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\sqrt[n]{1^{n}+1^{n}+x^{n}+(\frac{x^{2}}{2})^{n}}\\ &=\max\{1,1,x, \frac{x^{2}}{2}\}\\ &=\begin{cases} 1,0<x\leq1 \\ x,1<x\leq2 \\ \frac{x^{2}}{2},x>2 \end{cases} \end{aligned} 原式=n→∞limn1n+1n+xn+(2x2)n=max{1,1,x,2x2}=⎩ ⎨ ⎧1,0<x≤1x,1<x≤22x2,x>2
7. 利用单调有界准则求极限
常用不等式 2 a b ≤ a 2 + b 2 2ab\leq a^{2}+b^{2} 2ab≤a2+b2
- 证明存在(单调、有界)
- 求极限
例30:设 x 1 > 0 , x n + 1 = 1 2 ( x n + 1 x n ) , n = 1 , 2 , ⋯ x_{1}>0,x_{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}(x_{n}+ \frac{1}{x_{n}}),n=1,2,\cdots x1>0,xn+1=21(xn+xn1),n=1,2,⋯,求极限 lim n → ∞ x n \lim\limits_{n\to \infty}x_{n} n→∞limxn
由
x
n
>
0
x_{n}>0
xn>0,且
x
n
+
1
=
1
2
(
x
n
+
1
x
n
)
≥
1
2
⋅
2
x
n
1
x
n
=
1
x_{n+1}= \frac{1}{2}(x_{n}+ \frac{1}{x_{n}})\geq \frac{1}{2}\cdot2\sqrt{x_{n}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{x_{n}}}=1
xn+1=21(xn+xn1)≥21⋅2xnxn1=1
可知
x
n
+
1
−
x
n
=
1
2
(
1
x
n
−
x
n
)
=
1
2
⋅
1
−
x
n
2
x
n
≤
0
(
用乘法同理
)
x_{n+1}-x_{n}=\frac{1}{2}( \frac{1}{x_{n}}-x_{n})=\frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{1-x_{n}^{2}}{x_{n}}\leq0(用乘法同理)
xn+1−xn=21(xn1−xn)=21⋅xn1−xn2≤0(用乘法同理)
可得
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}x_{n}
n→∞limxn存在,设
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
a
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}x_{n}=a
n→∞limxn=a
a
=
1
2
(
a
+
1
a
)
(1)
a=\frac{1}{2}(a+ \frac{1}{a})\tag{1}
a=21(a+a1)(1)
可得
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}x_{n}=1
n→∞limxn=1
此处虽然说求极限,但是不能跳过证明极限存在直接求极限,因为
(
1
)
(1)
(1)不一定存在,该式是由
x
n
+
1
=
1
2
(
x
n
+
1
x
n
)
x_{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}(x_{n}+ \frac{1}{x_{n}})
xn+1=21(xn+xn1)
两边同时取极限的得到的,但极限如不证明存在,则不一定成立
如
x
1
=
1
,
x
n
+
1
=
1
−
x
n
x_{1}=1,x_{n+1}=1-x_{n}
x1=1,xn+1=1−xn,由递推关系可知,该数列为
x
n
=
{
1
,
n
为奇数
0
,
n
为偶数
x_{n}=\begin{cases}1,n为奇数\\0,n为偶数\end{cases}
xn={1,n为奇数0,n为偶数,但如果直接
a
=
1
−
a
a=1-a
a=1−a,得极限为
1
2
\frac{1}{2}
21,显然错误
8. 利用定积分定义求极限(见第五章)
无穷小量阶的比较
例31:当 x → 0 x\to0 x→0时, α ( x ) = k x 2 \alpha(x)=kx^{2} α(x)=kx2,与 β ( x ) = 1 + x arcsin x − cos x \beta(x)=\sqrt{1+x\arcsin x}-\sqrt{\cos x} β(x)=1+xarcsinx−cosx是等价无穷小,则 k = k= k=()
见到两二次根相减/相加时,考虑根式有理化
1
=
lim
x
→
0
1
+
x
arcsin
x
−
cos
x
k
x
2
=
1
k
lim
x
→
0
1
+
x
arcsin
x
−
cos
x
x
2
1
+
x
arcsin
x
+
cos
x
=
1
2
k
lim
x
→
0
1
+
x
arcsin
x
−
cos
x
x
2
=
1
2
k
(
lim
x
→
0
x
arcsin
x
x
2
+
lim
x
→
0
1
−
cos
x
x
2
)
=
3
4
k
\begin{aligned} 1&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{\sqrt{1+x\arcsin x}-\sqrt{\cos x}}{kx^{2}}\\ &=\frac{1}{k}\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{1+x\arcsin x-\cos x}{x^{2}\sqrt{1+x\arcsin x}+\sqrt{\cos x}}\\ &=\frac{1}{2k}\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{1+x\arcsin x-\cos x}{x^{2}}\\ &=\frac{1}{2k}(\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{x\arcsin x}{x^{2}}+\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{1-\cos x}{x^{2}})\\ &=\frac{3}{4k} \end{aligned}
1=x→0limkx21+xarcsinx−cosx=k1x→0limx21+xarcsinx+cosx1+xarcsinx−cosx=2k1x→0limx21+xarcsinx−cosx=2k1(x→0limx2xarcsinx+x→0limx21−cosx)=4k3
则
k
=
3
4
k=\frac{3}{4}
k=43
对于其他次根号,一般使用 ( 1 + x ) α − 1 ∼ α x (1+x)^{\alpha}-1\sim \alpha x (1+x)α−1∼αx
1
=
lim
x
→
0
(
1
+
x
arcsin
x
−
1
)
−
(
cos
x
−
1
)
k
x
2
=
lim
x
→
0
(
1
2
x
arcsin
x
)
−
(
−
1
2
2
x
2
)
k
x
2
=
lim
x
→
0
1
2
x
2
+
1
4
x
2
k
x
2
\begin{aligned} 1&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{(\sqrt{1+x\arcsin x}-1)-(\sqrt{\cos x}-1)}{kx^{2}}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{(\frac{1}{2}x\arcsin x)-(- \frac{\frac{1}{2}}{2}x^{2})}{kx^{2}}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{\frac{1}{2}x^{2}+ \frac{1}{4}x^{2}}{kx^{2}}\\ \end{aligned}
1=x→0limkx2(1+xarcsinx−1)−(cosx−1)=x→0limkx2(21xarcsinx)−(−221x2)=x→0limkx221x2+41x2
则
k
=
3
4
k=\frac{3}{4}
k=43
形式相同的根号相减为 0 0 0(此时 ξ \xi ξ显然是确定的值),还可以考虑拉格朗日中值定理
1
=
lim
x
→
0
1
+
x
arcsin
x
−
cos
x
k
x
2
=
lim
x
→
0
1
2
ξ
(
1
+
x
arcsin
x
−
cos
x
)
k
x
2
=
1
2
k
lim
x
→
0
1
−
cos
x
+
x
arcsin
x
x
2
=
1
2
k
(
1
2
+
1
)
\begin{aligned} 1&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{\sqrt{1+x\arcsin x}-\sqrt{\cos x}}{kx^{2}}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\xi}}(1+x\arcsin x-\cos x)}{kx^{2}}\\ &=\frac{1}{2k}\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{1-\cos x+x\arcsin x}{x^{2}}\\ &=\frac{1}{2k}(\frac{1}{2}+1) \end{aligned}
1=x→0limkx21+xarcsinx−cosx=x→0limkx22ξ1(1+xarcsinx−cosx)=2k1x→0limx21−cosx+xarcsinx=2k1(21+1)
则
k
=
3
4
k=\frac{3}{4}
k=43