二重积分的概念与性质
定义:
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = lim λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( x i , y i ) Δ σ i \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\lim\limits_{\lambda \to 0}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i},y_{i})\Delta \sigma_{i} D∬f(x,y)dσ=λ→0limi=1∑nf(xi,yi)Δσi
几何意义
二重积分 ∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ \begin{aligned} \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma\end{aligned} D∬f(x,y)dσ是一个数,当 f ( x , y ) ≥ 0 f(x,y)\geq 0 f(x,y)≥0时,其值等于以区域 D D D为底,以曲面 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)为曲顶的曲顶柱体的体积;当 f ( x , y ) ≤ 0 f(x,y)\leq 0 f(x,y)≤0时,二重积分的值为负值,其绝对值等于上述圆顶柱体的体积
性质
性质1(不等式):
- 在 D D D上若 f ( x , y ) ≤ g ( x , y ) f(x,y)\leq g(x,y) f(x,y)≤g(x,y),则 ∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ ≤ ∬ D g ( x , y ) d σ \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma \leq \iint\limits_{D}g(x,y)d \sigma D∬f(x,y)dσ≤D∬g(x,y)dσ
- 若在 D D D上有 m ≤ f ( x , y ) ≤ M m \leq f(x,y)\leq M m≤f(x,y)≤M,则
m S ≤ ∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ ≤ M S mS \leq \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma \leq MS mS≤D∬f(x,y)dσ≤MS - ∣ ∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ ∣ ≤ ∬ D ∣ f ( x , y ) ∣ d σ \left|\iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma\right|\leq \iint\limits_{D}\left|f(x,y)\right|d \sigma ∣ ∣D∬f(x,y)dσ∣ ∣≤D∬∣f(x,y)∣dσ
性质2(中值定理):设函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在闭区域 D D D上连续, S S S为区域 D D D的面积,则在 D D D上至少存在一点 ( ξ , η ) (\xi ,\eta ) (ξ,η),使得
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = f ( ξ , η ) ⋅ S \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=f(\xi ,\eta )\cdot S D∬f(x,y)dσ=f(ξ,η)⋅S
二重积分计算
利用直角坐标计算
先 y y y后 x x x
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = ∫ a b d x ∫ ϕ 2 ( x ) ϕ 1 ( x ) f ( x , y ) d y \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\int_{a}^{b}dx \int_{\phi_{2}(x)}^{\phi_{1}(x)}f(x,y)dy D∬f(x,y)dσ=∫abdx∫ϕ2(x)ϕ1(x)f(x,y)dy
先 x x x后 y y y
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = ∫ c d d y ∫ ψ 2 ( y ) ψ 1 ( y ) f ( x , y ) d x \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\int_{c}^{d}dy \int_{\psi _{2}(y)}^{\psi_{1}(y)}f(x,y)dx D∬f(x,y)dσ=∫cddy∫ψ2(y)ψ1(y)f(x,y)dx
利用极坐标计算
先 ρ \rho ρ后 θ \theta θ
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = ∫ α β d θ ∫ ϕ 1 ( θ ) ϕ 2 ( θ ) f ( ρ cos θ , ρ sin θ ) ρ d ρ \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}d \theta \int_{\phi_{1}(\theta )}^{\phi_{2}(\theta )}f(\rho \cos \theta ,\rho \sin \theta )\rho d \rho D∬f(x,y)dσ=∫αβdθ∫ϕ1(θ)ϕ2(θ)f(ρcosθ,ρsinθ)ρdρ
常用于相同 θ \theta θ对应的不同 ρ \rho ρ
适合用极坐标计算的二重积分的特征
- 适合用极坐标计算的被积函数
f ( x 2 + y 2 ) , f ( y x ) , f ( x y ) f(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}),f(\frac{y}{x}),f(\frac{x}{y}) f(x2+y2),f(xy),f(yx)- 适合用极坐标的积分域
x 2 + y 2 ≤ R 2 r 2 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ R 2 x 2 + y 2 ≤ 2 a x x 2 + y 2 ≤ 2 b y \begin{aligned} x^{2}&+y^{2}\leq R^{2}\\r^{2}\leq x^{2}&+y^{2}\leq R^{2}\\x^{2}&+y^{2}\leq 2ax\\x^{2}&+y^{2}\leq 2by\end{aligned} x2r2≤x2x2x2+y2≤R2+y2≤R2+y2≤2ax+y2≤2by
如果圆心既不在坐标原点也不在坐标轴,考虑平移+极坐标,即
令 x − x 0 = ρ sin θ , y − y 0 = ρ sin θ 令x-x_{0}=\rho \sin \theta ,y-y_{0}=\rho \sin \theta 令x−x0=ρsinθ,y−y0=ρsinθ
则有
∫ 0 2 π d θ ∫ 0 R ( ) ρ d ρ \int_{0}^{2\pi}d \theta \int_{0}^{R}(\quad )\rho d \rho ∫02πdθ∫0R()ρdρ
利用对称性和奇偶性计算
若积分域 D D D关于 y y y轴对称,则
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = { 2 ∬ D x ≥ 0 f ( x , y ) d σ f ( − x , y ) = f ( x , y ) 0 f ( − x , y ) = − f ( x , y ) \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\left\{\begin{aligned}&2\iint\limits_{D_{x \geq 0}}f(x,y)d \sigma& f(-x,y)=f(x,y)\\&0&f(-x,y)=-f(x,y)\end{aligned}\right. D∬f(x,y)dσ=⎩
⎨
⎧2Dx≥0∬f(x,y)dσ0f(−x,y)=f(x,y)f(−x,y)=−f(x,y)
若积分域 D D D关于 x x x轴对称,则
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = { 2 ∬ D y ≥ 0 f ( x , y ) d σ f ( x , − y ) = f ( x , y ) 0 f ( x , − y ) = − f ( x , y ) \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\left\{\begin{aligned}&2\iint\limits_{D_{y \geq 0}}f(x,y)d \sigma&f(x,-y)=f(x,y)\\&0&f(x,-y)=-f(x,y)\end{aligned}\right. D∬f(x,y)dσ=⎩
⎨
⎧2Dy≥0∬f(x,y)dσ0f(x,−y)=f(x,y)f(x,−y)=−f(x,y)
利用变量对称性计算
若 D D D关于 y = x y=x y=x对称,则
∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = ∬ D f ( y , x ) d σ \iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)d \sigma=\iint\limits_{D}f(y,x)d \sigma D∬f(x,y)dσ=D∬f(y,x)dσ
常考题型方法与技巧
累次积分交换次序及计算
例1:交换累次积分 ∫ 0 1 d x ∫ x 2 2 − x f ( x , y ) d y \begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{1}dx \int_{x^{2}}^{2-x}f(x,y)dy\end{aligned} ∫01dx∫x22−xf(x,y)dy的次序
原式 = ∫ 0 1 d y ∫ 0 y f ( x , y ) d x + ∫ 1 2 d y ∫ 0 2 − y f ( x , y ) d x 原式=\int_{0}^{1}dy \int_{0}^{\sqrt{y}}f(x,y)dx+\int_{1}^{2}dy \int_{0}^{2-y}f(x,y)dx 原式=∫01dy∫0yf(x,y)dx+∫12dy∫02−yf(x,y)dx
例2:累次积分 ∫ 0 π 2 d θ ∫ 0 cos θ f ( ρ cos θ , ρ sin θ ) ρ d ρ \begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}d \theta \int_{0}^{\cos \theta }f(\rho \cos \theta ,\rho \sin \theta )\rho d \rho\end{aligned} ∫02πdθ∫0cosθf(ρcosθ,ρsinθ)ρdρ化为直角坐标
ρ = cos θ ⇒ ρ 2 = ρ cos θ ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = x ρ = 0 θ ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) \begin{aligned} \rho&=\cos \theta \Rightarrow \rho^{2}=\rho \cos \theta \Rightarrow x^{2}+y^{2}=x\\ \rho&=0\\ \theta &\in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \end{aligned} ρρθ=cosθ⇒ρ2=ρcosθ⇒x2+y2=x=0∈(0,2</