三、初等变换、初等矩阵
矩阵的初等行变换
- 用非 0 0 0常数 k k k乘 A A A某行的每个元素,即倍乘
- 互换 A A A中两行元素的位置,即互换
- 把 A A A中某行所有元素的 k k k倍加到另一行的对应元上,即倍加
初等矩阵
单位矩阵经过一次初等变换所得到的矩阵称为初等矩阵
初等矩阵
P
P
P左乘矩阵
A
A
A,其乘积
P
A
PA
PA就是矩阵
A
A
A作一次与
P
P
P同样的行变换
初等矩阵
P
P
P右乘矩阵
A
A
A,其乘积
A
P
AP
AP就是矩阵
A
A
A作一次与
P
P
P同样的列变换
初等矩阵的逆
(
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
)
(
1
0
0
−
2
1
0
0
0
1
)
=
(
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
)
\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\ -2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛120010001⎠
⎞⎝
⎛1−20010001⎠
⎞=⎝
⎛100010001⎠
⎞
初等矩阵若为倍加矩阵,则其逆矩阵为将其倍加的元改为其相反数,例如
(
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
)
−
1
=
(
1
0
0
−
2
1
0
0
0
1
)
\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \boxed{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \boxed{-2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛120010001⎠
⎞−1=⎝
⎛1−20010001⎠
⎞
(
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
)
(
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
)
=
(
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
)
\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛010100001⎠
⎞⎝
⎛010100001⎠
⎞=⎝
⎛100010001⎠
⎞
初等矩阵若为互换矩阵,则其逆矩阵为本身,例如
(
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
)
−
1
=
(
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
)
\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛010100001⎠
⎞−1=⎝
⎛010100001⎠
⎞
(
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
)
(
1
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
1
)
=
(
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
)
\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛100050001⎠
⎞⎝
⎛1000510001⎠
⎞=⎝
⎛100010001⎠
⎞
初等矩阵若为倍乘矩阵,则其逆矩阵为倍乘的元的倒数,例如
(
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
)
−
1
=
(
1
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
1
)
\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \boxed{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \boxed{\frac{1}{5}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛100050001⎠
⎞−1=⎝
⎛1000510001⎠
⎞
初等矩阵均可逆,且其逆是同一类型的初等矩阵
例:已知 a i j ≠ 0 a_{ij}\ne0 aij=0,如果 ( a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ) P = ( a 11 2 a 12 a 12 + a 13 a 11 a 21 a 22 a 22 + a 23 a 11 a 31 a 32 a 32 + a 33 ) \begin{pmatrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{pmatrix}P=\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}^{2} & a_{12} & a_{12}+a_{13} \\ a_{11}a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{22}+a_{23} \\ a_{11}a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{32}+a_{33}\end{pmatrix} ⎝ ⎛a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33⎠ ⎞P=⎝ ⎛a112a11a21a11a31a12a22a32a12+a13a22+a23a32+a33⎠ ⎞,则 P = ( ) P=() P=()
经过第一列乘
a
11
a_{11}
a11倍,第三列加第二列,因此
P
=
(
a
11
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
)
P=\begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
P=⎝
⎛a1100010011⎠
⎞
例:已知 A = ( a i j ) A=(a_{ij}) A=(aij)是三阶矩阵, ∣ A ∣ = 2 |A|=2 ∣A∣=2,把矩阵 A A A的第二行的 − 5 -5 −5倍加到第三行得到矩阵 B B B,则 ( 3 B A ∗ ) − 1 = ( ) (3BA^{*})^{-1}=() (3BA∗)−1=()
由题意
B
=
P
A
B=PA
B=PA,且
P
=
(
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
−
5
1
)
P=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -5 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
P=⎝
⎛10001−5001⎠
⎞
有
3
B
A
∗
=
3
P
A
A
∗
=
3
P
(
∣
A
∣
E
)
=
6
P
3BA^{*}=3PAA^{*}=3P(|A|E)=6P
3BA∗=3PAA∗=3P(∣A∣E)=6P
则
(
3
B
A
∗
)
−
1
=
(
6
P
)
−
1
=
1
6
P
−
1
=
1
6
(
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
1
)
(3BA^{*})^{-1}=(6P)^{-1}=\frac{1}{6}P^{-1}=\frac{1}{6}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
(3BA∗)−1=(6P)−1=61P−1=61⎝
⎛100015001⎠
⎞
行阶梯矩阵
设 A A A为 m × n m\times n m×n矩阵,若满足
- 矩阵如有零行,则零行都在矩阵的底部
- 每个非零行的主元(即该行最左边的第 1 1 1个非 0 0 0元)所在列的下面的元素都是 0 0 0
则称 A A A为行阶梯矩阵
行最简矩阵
设 A A A为 m × n m\times n m×n矩阵,若 A A A是行阶梯矩阵,且还满足
- 非零行的主元都是 1 1 1,且主元所在列的其他元素都是 0 0 0
则称 A A A为行最简矩阵
矩阵等价
矩阵 A A A经过有限次初等变换得到矩阵 B B B就称矩阵 A A A与矩阵 B B B等价,记作 A = ∼ B A\overset{\sim}{=}B A=∼B
矩阵 A , B A,B A,B都是 m × n m\times n m×n的矩阵,则 A , B A,B A,B等价 ⇔ r ( A ) = r ( B ) \Leftrightarrow r(A)=r(B) ⇔r(A)=r(B)
设
A
A
A是
m
×
n
m\times n
m×n矩阵,则存在
m
m
m姐可逆矩阵
P
P
P和
n
n
n阶可逆矩阵
A
A
A,使
P
A
Q
=
(
E
r
O
O
O
)
PAQ=\begin{pmatrix} E_{r} & O \\ O & O \end{pmatrix}
PAQ=(ErOOO)
例:已知 A = ( 1 − 1 − 1 3 2 − 1 − 3 1 3 2 − 5 2 ) A=\begin{pmatrix}1 & -1 & -1 & 3 \\ 2 & -1 & -3 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 & -5 & 2\end{pmatrix} A=⎝ ⎛123−1−12−1−3−5312⎠ ⎞化其为行最简
A = ( 1 − 1 − 1 3 2 − 1 − 3 1 3 2 − 5 2 ) → ( 1 − 1 − 1 3 0 1 − 1 − 5 0 5 − 2 − 7 ) → ( 1 0 − 2 − 2 0 1 − 1 − 5 0 0 3 18 ) 从左到右各列上下同时开工 → ( 1 0 − 2 − 2 0 1 − 1 − 5 0 0 1 6 ) 如果第一个非零元不是 1 ,先化成 1 → ( 1 0 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 ) \begin{aligned} A&=\begin{pmatrix}1 & -1 & -1 & 3 \\ 2 & -1 & -3 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 & -5 & 2\end{pmatrix}\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -5 \\ 0 & 5 & -2 & -7 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -5 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 & 18 \end{pmatrix}从左到右各列上下同时开工\\ &\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -5 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 6 \end{pmatrix}如果第一个非零元不是1,先化成1\\ &\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 10 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 6 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned} A=⎝ ⎛123−1−12−1−3−5312⎠ ⎞→⎝ ⎛100−115−1−1−23−5−7⎠ ⎞→⎝ ⎛100010−2−13−2−518⎠ ⎞从左到右各列上下同时开工→⎝ ⎛100010−2−11−2−56⎠ ⎞如果第一个非零元不是1,先化成1→⎝ ⎛1000100011016⎠ ⎞
对于已知
P
A
=
B
,
A
,
B
PA=B,A,B
PA=B,A,B,求
P
P
P的题
已知
A
⟶
行变换
B
A\overset{行变换}{\longrightarrow}B
A⟶行变换B
即存在
P
τ
⋯
P
2
P
1
A
=
B
P_{\tau}\cdots P_{2}P_{1}A=B
Pτ⋯P2P1A=B
记
P
=
P
τ
⋯
P
2
P
1
P=P_{\tau}\cdots P_{2}P_{1}
P=Pτ⋯P2P1
P
τ
⋯
P
2
P
1
E
=
P
P_{\tau}\cdots P_{2}P_{1}E=P
Pτ⋯P2P1E=P
即
A
→
B
A\rightarrow B
A→B同时
E
→
P
E\rightarrow P
E→P
(
A
,
E
)
⟶
行变换
(
B
,
P
)
(A,E)\overset{行变换}{\longrightarrow}(B,P)
(A,E)⟶行变换(B,P)
对于上一道例题,要求使得 A A A变为行最简的 P P P
( A ∣ E ) = ( 1 − 1 − 1 3 1 2 − 1 − 3 1 1 3 2 − 5 2 1 ) → ( 1 − 1 − 1 3 1 0 1 − 1 − 5 − 2 1 0 5 − 2 − 7 − 3 1 ) → ( 1 − 1 − 1 3 1 0 1 − 1 − 5 − 2 1 0 0 3 18 7 − 5 1 ) → ( 1 0 − 2 − 2 − 1 1 1 − 1 − 5 − 2 1 1 6 7 3 − 5 3 1 3 ) → ( 1 0 0 10 11 3 − 7 3 2 3 0 1 0 1 1 3 − 2 3 1 3 0 0 1 6 7 3 − 5 3 1 3 ) \begin{aligned} (A|E)&=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 3 & 1 & & \\ 2 & -1 & -3 & 1 & & 1 & \\ 3 & 2 & -5 & 2 & & & 1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 3 & 1 & & \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -5 & -2 & 1 & \\ 0 & 5 & -2 & -7 & -3 & & 1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 3 & 1 & & \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -5 & -2 & 1 & \\ 0 & 0 & 3 & 18 & 7 & -5 & 1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 & -1 & 1 & \\ & 1 & -1 & -5 & -2 & 1 & \\ & & 1 & 6 & \frac{7}{3} & - \frac{5}{3} & \frac{1}{3} \end{pmatrix}\\ & \rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 10 & \frac{11}{3} & - \frac{7}{3} & \frac{2}{3} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & \frac{1}{3} & - \frac{2}{3} & \frac{1}{3} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 6 & \frac{7}{3} & - \frac{5}{3} & \frac{1}{3} \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned} (A∣E)=⎝ ⎛123−1−12−1−3−5312111⎠ ⎞→⎝ ⎛100−115−1−1−23−5−71−2−311⎠ ⎞→⎝ ⎛100−110−1−133−5181−271−51⎠ ⎞→⎝ ⎛101−2−11−2−56−1−23711−3531⎠ ⎞→⎝ ⎛10001000110163113137−37−32−35323131⎠ ⎞
四、分块矩阵
分四块( A B , A n , A − 1 AB,A^{n},A^{-1} AB,An,A−1),列分块、行分块(方程组的解,向量,阶)
分四块
对矩阵适当的分块处理,有以下的运算法则
(
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
)
+
(
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
)
=
(
A
1
+
B
1
A
2
+
B
2
A
3
+
B
3
A
4
+
B
4
)
(
A
B
C
D
)
(
X
Y
Z
W
)
=
(
A
X
+
B
Z
A
Y
+
B
W
C
X
+
D
Z
C
Y
+
D
W
)
(
A
B
C
D
)
T
=
(
A
T
C
T
B
T
D
T
)
\begin{gathered} \begin{pmatrix} A_{1} & A_{2} \\ A_{3} & A_{4} \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix} B_{1} & B_{2} \\ B_{3} & B_{4} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} A_{1}+B_{1} & A_{2}+B_{2} \\ A_{3}+B_{3} & A_{4}+B_{4} \end{pmatrix}\\ \begin{pmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} X & Y \\ Z & W \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} AX+BZ & AY+BW \\ CX+DZ & CY+DW \end{pmatrix}\\ \begin{pmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{pmatrix}^{T}=\begin{pmatrix} A^{T} & C^{T} \\ B^{T} & D^{T} \end{pmatrix} \end{gathered}
(A1A3A2A4)+(B1B3B2B4)=(A1+B1A3+B3A2+B2A4+B4)(ACBD)(XZYW)=(AX+BZCX+DZAY+BWCY+DW)(ACBD)T=(ATBTCTDT)
如果
B
,
C
B,C
B,C都是方阵
(
B
O
O
C
)
n
=
(
B
n
O
O
C
n
)
\begin{pmatrix} B & O \\ O & C \end{pmatrix}^{n}=\begin{pmatrix} B^{n} & O \\ O & C^{n} \end{pmatrix}
(BOOC)n=(BnOOCn)
如果
B
,
C
B,C
B,C是可逆方阵
(
B
O
O
C
)
−
1
=
(
B
−
1
O
O
C
−
1
)
,
(
O
B
C
O
)
−
1
=
(
O
C
−
1
B
−
1
O
)
\begin{pmatrix} B & O \\ O & C \end{pmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix} B^{-1} & O \\ O & C^{-1} \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} O & B \\ C & O \end{pmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix} O & C^{-1} \\ B^{-1} & O \end{pmatrix}
(BOOC)−1=(B−1OOC−1),(OCBO)−1=(OB−1C−1O)
行、列分块
若
A
B
=
C
AB=C
AB=C
(
γ
1
γ
2
γ
3
)
(
b
11
b
12
b
13
b
21
b
22
b
23
b
31
b
32
b
33
)
=
(
δ
1
δ
2
δ
3
)
\begin{pmatrix} \gamma_{1} & \gamma_{2} & \gamma_{3} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} & b_{13} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} & b_{23} \\ b_{31} & b_{32} & b_{33} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} \delta_{1} & \delta_{2} & \delta_{3} \end{pmatrix}
(γ1γ2γ3)⎝
⎛b11b21b31b12b22b32b13b23b33⎠
⎞=(δ1δ2δ3)
对应行列式
{
b
11
γ
1
+
b
21
γ
2
+
b
31
γ
3
=
δ
1
b
12
γ
1
+
b
22
γ
2
+
b
32
γ
3
=
δ
2
b
13
γ
1
+
b
23
γ
2
+
b
33
γ
3
=
δ
3
\begin{cases} b_{11}\gamma_{1}+b_{21}\gamma_{2}+b_{31}\gamma_{3}=\delta_{1} \\ b_{12}\gamma_{1}+b_{22}\gamma_{2}+b_{32}\gamma_{3}=\delta_{2} \\ b_{13}\gamma_{1}+b_{23}\gamma_{2}+b_{33}\gamma_{3}=\delta_{3} \\ \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧b11γ1+b21γ2+b31γ3=δ1b12γ1+b22γ2+b32γ3=δ2b13γ1+b23γ2+b33γ3=δ3
即
C
=
A
B
C=AB
C=AB的列向量可由
A
A
A的列向量线性表出
同理
(
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
)
(
α
1
α
2
α
3
)
=
(
β
1
β
2
β
3
)
\begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} \alpha_{1} \\ \alpha_{2} \\ \alpha_{3} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} \beta_{1} \\ \beta_{2} \\ \beta_{3} \end{pmatrix}
⎝
⎛a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33⎠
⎞⎝
⎛α1α2α3⎠
⎞=⎝
⎛β1β2β3⎠
⎞
对应行列式
{
a
11
α
1
+
a
12
α
2
+
a
13
α
3
=
β
1
a
21
α
1
+
a
22
α
2
+
a
23
α
3
=
β
2
a
31
α
1
+
a
32
α
2
+
a
33
α
3
=
β
3
\begin{cases} a_{11}\alpha_{1}+a_{12}\alpha_{2}+a_{13}\alpha_{3}=\beta_{1} \\ a_{21}\alpha_{1}+a_{22}\alpha_{2}+a_{23}\alpha_{3}=\beta _{2} \\ a_{31}\alpha_{1}+a_{32}\alpha_{2}+a_{33}\alpha_{3}=\beta _{3} \\ \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧a11α1+a12α2+a13α3=β1a21α1+a22α2+a23α3=β2a31α1+a32α2+a33α3=β3
即
C
=
A
B
C=AB
C=AB的行向量可由
B
B
B的行向量线性表出
如果
A
A
A可逆,
A
B
=
C
→
A
−
1
C
=
B
AB=C\rightarrow A^{-1}C=B
AB=C→A−1C=B
B
B
B的行向量可由
C
C
C的行向量线性表出
如果
B
B
B可逆,
A
B
=
C
→
C
B
−
1
=
A
AB=C\rightarrow CB^{-1}=A
AB=C→CB−1=A
A
A
A的列向量可由
C
C
C的列向量线性表出
如果
A
B
=
C
AB=C
AB=C
A
(
β
1
β
2
β
3
)
=
(
γ
1
γ
2
γ
3
)
(
A
β
1
A
β
2
A
β
3
)
=
(
γ
1
γ
2
γ
3
)
\begin{aligned} A \begin{pmatrix} \beta_{1} & \beta_{2} & \beta_{3} \end{pmatrix}&=\begin{pmatrix} \gamma_{1} & \gamma_{2} & \gamma_{3} \end{pmatrix}\\ \begin{pmatrix} A \beta_{1} & A \beta_{2} & A \beta_{3} \end{pmatrix}&=\begin{pmatrix} \gamma_{1} & \gamma_{2} & \gamma_{3} \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}
A(β1β2β3)(Aβ1Aβ2Aβ3)=(γ1γ2γ3)=(γ1γ2γ3)
有
A
β
1
=
γ
1
,
A
β
2
=
γ
2
,
A
β
3
=
γ
3
A \beta_{1}=\gamma_{1},A \beta_{2}=\gamma_{2},A \beta_{3}=\gamma_{3}
Aβ1=γ1,Aβ2=γ2,Aβ3=γ3
可知
β
1
\beta_{1}
β1是方程组
A
x
=
γ
1
Ax=\gamma_{1}
Ax=γ1的解
β
2
\beta_{2}
β2是方程组
A
x
=
γ
2
Ax=\gamma_{2}
Ax=γ2的解
β
3
\beta_{3}
β3是方程组
A
x
=
γ
3
Ax=\gamma_{3}
Ax=γ3的解
如果
A
B
=
O
AB=O
AB=O
A
(
β
1
β
2
β
3
)
=
(
O
O
O
a
)
A \begin{pmatrix} \beta_{1} & \beta_{2} & \beta_{3} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} O & O & Oa \end{pmatrix}
A(β1β2β3)=(OOOa)
可知
β
1
,
β
2
,
β
3
\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{3}
β1,β2,β3是
A
x
=
O
Ax=O
Ax=O的解
例:已知 X = A B A X=ABA X=ABA,其中 A = ( 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 − 1 0 1 0 0 − 1 ) , B = ( 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ) A=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & -1\end{pmatrix},B=\begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} A=⎝ ⎛1001011001−10100−1⎠ ⎞,B=⎝ ⎛0001001001001000⎠ ⎞,则 X = ( ) X=() X=()
本题直接求也行
令
A
=
(
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
−
1
0
1
0
0
−
1
)
=
(
E
C
C
−
E
)
,
B
=
(
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
)
=
(
O
C
C
O
)
A=\left(\begin{array}{cc:cc} 1&0&0&1\\ 0&1&1&0\\\hdashline 0&1&-1&0\\ 1&0&0&-1 \end{array}\right)=\begin{pmatrix} E & C \\ C & -E \end{pmatrix},B=\left(\begin{array}{cc:cc}0&0&0&1\\ 0&0&1&0\\\hdashline 0&1&0&0\\ 1&0&0&0\end{array}\right)=\begin{pmatrix} O & C \\ C & O \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝
⎛1001011001−10100−1⎠
⎞=(ECC−E),B=⎝
⎛0001001001001000⎠
⎞=(OCCO)
则
X
=
(
E
C
C
−
E
)
(
O
C
C
O
)
(
E
C
C
−
E
)
=
(
E
C
−
C
E
)
(
E
C
C
−
E
)
=
(
2
E
O
O
−
2
E
)
\begin{aligned} X&=\begin{pmatrix} E & C \\ C & -E \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} O & C \\ C & O \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} E & C \\ C & -E \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} E & C \\ -C & E \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} E & C \\ C & -E \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 2E & O \\ O & -2E \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}
X=(ECC−E)(OCCO)(ECC−E)=(E−CCE)(ECC−E)=(2EOO−2E)
可得
X
=
(
2
2
−
2
−
2
)
X=\begin{pmatrix}2 & & & \\ & 2 & & \\ & & -2 & \\ & & & -2\end{pmatrix}
X=⎝
⎛22−2−2⎠
⎞
例:设 A = ( 1 2 − 2 4 t 3 3 − 1 1 ) A=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 & -2 \\ 4 & t & 3 \\ 3 & -1 & 1\end{pmatrix} A=⎝ ⎛1432t−1−231⎠ ⎞, B B B为三阶非零矩阵,且 A B = O AB=O AB=O,则 t = ( ) t=() t=()
由于
A
B
=
O
AB=O
AB=O
A
B
=
A
(
β
1
β
2
β
3
)
=
(
A
β
1
A
β
2
A
β
3
)
=
(
O
O
O
)
AB=A \begin{pmatrix} \beta_{1} & \beta_{2} & \beta_{3} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} A \beta_{1} & A \beta_{2} & A \beta_{3} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} O & O & O \end{pmatrix}
AB=A(β1β2β3)=(Aβ1Aβ2Aβ3)=(OOO)
可知
A
β
1
=
O
,
A
β
2
=
O
,
A
β
3
=
O
A \beta_{1}=O,A \beta_{2}=O,A \beta_{3}=O
Aβ1=O,Aβ2=O,Aβ3=O
因此,
β
1
,
β
2
,
β
3
\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{3}
β1,β2,β3是
A
X
=
O
AX=O
AX=O的解
又因为
B
≠
0
B\ne0
B=0,故
A
X
=
O
AX=O
AX=O存在非
0
0
0解,根据克拉默法则
∣
A
∣
=
∣
1
2
−
2
4
t
3
3
−
1
1
∣
=
5
(
t
+
3
)
=
0
|A|=\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & -2 \\ 4 & t & 3 \\ 3 & -1 & 1 \end{vmatrix}=5(t+3)=0
∣A∣=∣
∣1432t−1−231∣
∣=5(t+3)=0
解得
t
=
−
3
t=-3
t=−3
例:计算 ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ) ( 2 0 0 0 1 − 1 1 0 1 ) \begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 & 9\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} ⎝ ⎛147258369⎠ ⎞⎝ ⎛2010100−11⎠ ⎞
简单的矩阵乘复杂的矩阵,可以考虑复杂的进行分块,复杂的在左面进行列分块,在右面进行行分块
原式 = ( α 1 α 2 α 3 ) ( 2 0 0 0 1 − 1 1 0 1 ) = ( 2 α 1 + α 3 α 2 − α 2 + α 3 ) = ( 5 2 1 14 5 1 23 8 1 ) \begin{aligned} 原式&=\begin{pmatrix} \alpha_{1} & \alpha_{2} & \alpha_{3} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 2\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{3} & \alpha_{2} & -\alpha_{2}+\alpha_{3} \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 5 & 2 & 1 \\ 14 & 5 & 1 \\ 23 & 8 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned} 原式=(α1α2α3)⎝ ⎛2010100−11⎠ ⎞=(2α1+α3α2−α2+α3)=⎝ ⎛51423258111⎠ ⎞
五、方阵的行列式
- ∣ A T ∣ = ∣ A ∣ |A^{T}|=|A| ∣AT∣=∣A∣
- ∣ k A ∣ = k n ∣ A ∣ |kA|=k^{n}|A| ∣kA∣=kn∣A∣
-
∣
A
B
∣
=
∣
A
∣
⋅
∣
B
∣
|AB|=|A|\cdot|B|
∣AB∣=∣A∣⋅∣B∣
∣ A 2 ∣ = ∣ A ∣ 2 |A^{2}|=|A|^{2} ∣A2∣=∣A∣2 - ∣ A ∗ ∣ = ∣ A ∣ n − 1 |A^{*}|=|A|^{n-1} ∣A∗∣=∣A∣n−1
- ∣ A − 1 ∣ = ∣ A ∣ − 1 = 1 ∣ A ∣ |A^{-1}|=|A|^{-1}=\frac{1}{|A|} ∣A−1∣=∣A∣−1=∣A∣1
-
∣
A
O
∗
B
∣
=
∣
A
∗
O
B
∣
=
∣
A
∣
⋅
∣
B
∣
\begin{vmatrix}A&O\\ *&B\end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix}A&*\\O&B\end{vmatrix}=|A|\cdot|B|
∣
∣A∗OB∣
∣=∣
∣AO∗B∣
∣=∣A∣⋅∣B∣
∣ O A B ∗ ∣ = ∣ ∗ A B O ∣ = ( − 1 ) m n ∣ A ∣ ⋅ ∣ B ∣ \begin{vmatrix}O&A\\B&*\end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix}*&A\\B&O\end{vmatrix}=(-1)^{mn}|A|\cdot|B| ∣ ∣OBA∗∣ ∣=∣ ∣∗BAO∣ ∣=(−1)mn∣A∣⋅∣B∣ - 如果 A ∼ B A\sim B A∼B,则 ∣ A ∣ = ∣ B ∣ , ∣ A + k E ∣ = ∣ B + k E ∣ |A|=|B|,|A+kE|=|B+kE| ∣A∣=∣B∣,∣A+kE∣=∣B+kE∣,一般 ∣ A + B ∣ ≠ ∣ A ∣ + ∣ B ∣ |A+B|\ne|A|+|B| ∣A+B∣=∣A∣+∣B∣
例: A , B A,B A,B是 n n n阶矩阵, ∣ A ∣ = 2 , ∣ B ∣ = − 3 |A|=2,|B|=-3 ∣A∣=2,∣B∣=−3,则
∣
A
∗
B
−
1
−
A
−
1
B
∗
∣
=
(
)
|A^{*}B^{-1}-A^{-1}B^{*}|=()
∣A∗B−1−A−1B∗∣=()
∣
A
∗
B
−
1
−
A
−
1
B
∗
∣
=
∣
∣
A
∣
A
−
1
B
−
1
−
∣
B
∣
A
−
1
B
−
1
∣
=
∣
5
A
−
1
B
−
1
∣
=
−
5
n
6
\begin{aligned} |A^{*}B^{-1}-A^{-1}B^{*}|&=||A|A^{-1}B^{-1}-|B|A^{-1}B^{-1}|\\ &=|5A^{-1}B^{-1}|\\ &=-\frac{5^{n}}{6} \end{aligned}
∣A∗B−1−A−1B∗∣=∣∣A∣A−1B−1−∣B∣A−1B−1∣=∣5A−1B−1∣=−65n
∣
O
A
T
B
∗
2
B
∣
=
(
)
\begin{vmatrix}O&A^{T}\\B^{*}&2B\end{vmatrix}=()
∣
∣OB∗AT2B∣
∣=()
∣
O
A
T
B
∗
2
B
∣
=
(
−
1
)
n
⋅
n
∣
A
T
∣
∣
B
∗
∣
=
(
−
1
)
n
2
+
n
−
1
⋅
2
⋅
3
n
−
1
=
−
2
⋅
3
n
−
1
\begin{aligned} \begin{vmatrix}O&A^{T}\\B^{*}&2B\end{vmatrix}&=(-1)^{n\cdot n}|A^{T}||B^{*}|\\ &=(-1)^{n^{2}+n-1}\cdot 2\cdot 3^{n-1}\\ &=-2\cdot3^{n-1} \end{aligned}
∣
∣OB∗AT2B∣
∣=(−1)n⋅n∣AT∣∣B∗∣=(−1)n2+n−1⋅2⋅3n−1=−2⋅3n−1