图形学基础(3)

 

http://blog.csdn.net/luckheadline 1.渲染的目标
将计算机模型转化为图像，可能是也可能不是具有真实感的图片。
2.交互式渲染
快速但是质量有限，大体上遵循一定的操作模式(渲染流水线)
3.离线渲染
ray tracing; global illumination
4.渲染需要执行的任务(无特别顺序)
(1)将所有的三维几何图形投影到图像平面
    几何变换
(2)确定哪些元素可见
    hidden surface removal
(3)确定一个几何图形会覆盖哪些像素
    scan conversion
(4)计算可见表面的每个点的颜色
    光照，投影，纹理映射
5.渲染流水线
渲染流水线是将几何模型转化为数字图像的操作序列的抽象模型，是图形硬件工作方式的抽象。实际中，各种渲染流水线的实现细节是不同的。
Geometry Database-->Model/View transform-->Lighting-->Perspective Transform-->Clipping-->Scan Conversion-->Texturing-->Depth Test-->Blending-->Frame-buffer
6.Geometry Database
application-specific data structure for holding geometric information; depends on specific needs of application
7.Model/View Transform
model transformation: map all geometric objects from local coordinate system into world coordinates
viewing transformation: map all geometry from world coordinates into camera coordinates
8.Lighting
compute brightness based on property of material and light position(s); computation is performed per-vertex
9.Perspective Transformation
projecting the geometry onto the image plane;
projective transformations and model/view transformations can all be expressed with 4x4 matrix operations
10.Clipping
removal of parts of the geometry that fall outside the visible screen or window region; may require re-tessellation of geometry
11.Scan Conversion
turn 2D drawing primitives into individual pixels (discretizing/sampling);interpolate color across primitive;generate discrete fragments
12.Texture Mapping
"gluing images onto geometry"; color of every fragment is altered by looking up a new color value from an image
13.Depth Test
remove parts of geometry hidden behind other geometric objects;perform on every individual fragment
14.Blending
combine  new & old values with arithmetic operations; draw from farthest to nearest
15.framebuffer
video memory on graphics board that holds image; double-buffering
16.Pipleline Advantages
modularity
easy to parallelize
only local knowledge of the scene is necessary
17.Pipeline disadvantages
limited flexibility
some algorithms would require different ordering of pipeline stages
only local knowledge of scene is available