简介、
hanlder主要用于两个线程间的通信。在Android开发过程中，将耗时的一些操作放在子线程（work thread）中去执行，然后将执行的结果告诉主线程（UI线程main thread）。android给我了我们一个消息传递机制，handler
Handler最常规的使用方式
private Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_WHAT:
Log.d(TAG, "main thread receiver message: " + ((String) msg.obj));
break;
}
}
};
private void sendMessageToMainThreadByWorkThread() {
new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
Message message = mHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_WHAT);
message.obj = "I am message from work thread";
mHandler.sendMessage(message);
}
}.start();
}
两个线程间使用hanlder实现消息传递
private Handler handler;
private void handlerDemoByTwoWorkThread() {
Thread hanMeiMeiThread = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
、 Looper.prepare();//创建handler前必须调用Looper.prepare();
handler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
Log.d(TAG, "hanMeiMei receiver message: " + ((String) msg.obj));
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, ((String) msg.obj), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
};
Looper.loop();//Handler实例化后加上Looper.loop();
}
};
Thread liLeiThread = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
Message message = handler.obtainMessage();
message.obj = "Hi MeiMei";
handler.sendMessage(message);
}
};
hanMeiMeiThread.setName("韩梅梅 Thread");
hanMeiMeiThread.start();
liLeiThread.setName("李雷 Thread");
liLeiThread.start();
}
为什么必须在子线程里实例化的时候调用Looper.prepare()呢？
//如下是Handler构造函数里抛出上文异常的地方，可以看到，由于mLooper对象为空才抛出的该异常。
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
/*
异常的原因看到了，接下来我们看看Looper.prepare()方法都干了些什么？
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
/*
可以看到，该方法在当前thread创建了一个Looper(), ThreadLocal主要用于维护线程的本地变量，
*/
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
//而Looper的构造函数里面又为我们创建了一个MessageQueue()对象。
handler所创建的线程需要维护一个唯一的Looper对象,Looper对象的内部又维护有唯一的一个MessageQueue.
为什么在主线程中创建Handler不需要要用Looper.prepare()和Looper.loop()方法呢？
其实不是这样的，App初始化的时候都会执行ActivityThread的main方法。
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
// End of event ActivityThreadMain.
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
Looper.loop();
/*
真相只有一个，是的在创建主线程的时候Android已经帮我们调用了Looper.prepareMainLooper()
和Looper.loop()方法，所以我们在主线程能直接创建Handler使用。
*/
我们接着来看Handler发送消息的过程：
//调用Handler不同参数方法发送Message最终都会调用到该方法
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
sendMessage的关键在于enqueueMessage(),其内部调用了messageQueue的enqueueMessage方法
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
...
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
/*从代码可以看出Message被存入MessageQueue时是将Message存到了上一个Message.next上，
形成了一个链式的列表，同时也保证了Message列表的时序性。
*/
Message的发送实际是放入到了Handler对应线程的MessageQueue中，那么，Message又是如何被取出来的呢？。Looper.loop();
public static void loop() {
//可以看到，在调用Looper.prepare()之前是不能调用该方法的，不然又得抛出异常了
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
}
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
/*
这里我们看到，mLooper()方法里我们取出了，当前线程的looper对象，然后从looper对象开启了一个死循环
不断地从looper内的MessageQueue中取出Message，只要有Message对象，就会通过Message的target调用
dispatchMessage去分发消息，通过代码可以看出target就是我们创建的handler。我们在继续往下分析Message的分发
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
/*好了，到这里已经能看清晰了
可以看到，如果我们设置了callback（Runnable对象）的话，则会直接调用handleCallback方法
*/
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
//即，如果我们在初始化Handler的时候设置了callback（Runnable）对象，则直接调用run方法。比如我们经常写的runOnUiThread方法：
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
}
});
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
mHandler.post(action);
} else {
action.run();
}
}
/*
而如果msg.callback为空的话，会直接调用我们的mCallback.handleMessage(msg)，即handler的handlerMessage方法。由于Handler对象是在主线程中创建的，
所以handler的handlerMessage方法的执行也会在主线程中。
*/
总结一下：
- 在使用handler的时候，在handler所创建的线程需要维护一个唯一的Looper对象，
每个线程对应一个Looper，每个线程的Looper通过ThreadLocal来保证，如需了解ThreadLocal，点击查看详细讲解
, Looper对象的内部又维护有唯一的一个MessageQueue，所以一个线程可以有多个handler，
但是只能有一个Looper和一个MessageQueue。
Message在MessageQueue不是通过一个列表来存储的，而是将传入的Message存入到了上一个
Message的next中，在取出的时候通过顶部的Message就能按放入的顺序依次取出Message。
Looper对象通过loop()方法开启了一个死循环，不断地从looper内的MessageQueue中取出Message，
然后通过handler将消息分发传回handler所在的线程。
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