吴恩达 coursera ML 第五课总结+作业答案

前言

学以致用，以学促用，通过笔记总结，巩固学习成果，复习新学的概念。

目录

正文

本节学习内容主要为逻辑回归-分类。

模型引入

问题引入，收到一封邮件后，电脑如何自动判断将其归类为垃圾邮件，节约我们看邮件的时间。
例子，根据肿瘤尺寸对癌症的良性和恶性进行分类，假设计算的值》=0.5，则认为肿瘤是恶性的。
因为，我们想要0<y（x）<1,因此，我们选择了sigmoid函数作为映射函数，它的函数图像如图所示。
对于理论输出结果的解释，多少概率是这个结果。

决策边界

逻辑回归模型详解，对应于y=1时的原始x值，以及中间输出值z的大小。

决策边界，即是分类超平面，是模型空间里正负两类的分界线。
分类便捷不一定是条直线，对于非线性问题它也可能是一条曲线。

误差函数

为了选择一个合适的参数，我们需要一个合适的误差函数，而且这个误差函数是凸函数。

直观演示逻辑回归函数的误差函数1。
直观演示逻辑回归函数的误差函数2。
误差函数组合，最终形式。

## 梯度下降的实现流程
这个程序的优化算法

多分类问题

多分类的分类边界
多分类问题的实现方式，通过n个单分类器。

作业答案

ex2.m

%% Machine Learning Online Class - Exercise 2: Logistic Regression
%
%  Instructions
%  ------------
% 
%  This file contains code that helps you get started on the logistic
%  regression exercise. You will need to complete the following functions 
%  in this exericse:
%
%     sigmoid.m
%     costFunction.m
%     predict.m
%     costFunctionReg.m
%
%  For this exercise, you will not need to change any code in this file,
%  or any other files other than those mentioned above.
%

%% Initialization
clear ; close all; clc

%% Load Data
%  The first two columns contains the exam scores and the third column
%  contains the label.

data = load('ex2data1.txt');
X = data(:, [1, 2]); y = data(:, 3);

%% ==================== Part 1: Plotting ====================
%  We start the exercise by first plotting the data to understand the 
%  the problem we are working with.

fprintf(['Plotting data with + indicating (y = 1) examples and o ' ...
         'indicating (y = 0) examples.\n']);

plotData(X, y);

% Put some labels 
hold on;
% Labels and Legend
xlabel('Exam 1 score')
ylabel('Exam 2 score')

% Specified in plot order
legend('Admitted', 'Not admitted')
hold off;

fprintf('\nProgram paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;


%% ============ Part 2: Compute Cost and Gradient ============
%  In this part of the exercise, you will implement the cost and gradient
%  for logistic regression. You neeed to complete the code in 
%  costFunction.m

%  Setup the data matrix appropriately, and add ones for the intercept term
[m, n] = size(X);

% Add intercept term to x and X_test
X = [ones(m, 1) X];

% Initialize fitting parameters
initial_theta = zeros(n + 1, 1);

% Compute and display initial cost and gradient
[cost, grad] = costFunction(initial_theta, X, y);

fprintf('Cost at initial theta (zeros): %f\n', cost);
fprintf('Expected cost (approx): 0.693\n');
fprintf('Gradient at initial theta (zeros): \n');
fprintf(' %f \n', grad);
fprintf('Expected gradients (approx):\n -0.1000\n -12.0092\n -11.2628\n');

% Compute and display cost and gradient with non-zero theta
test_theta = [-24; 0.2; 0.2];
[cost, grad] = costFunction(test_theta, X, y);

fprintf('\nCost at test theta: %f\n', cost);
fprintf('Expected cost (approx): 0.218\n');
fprintf('Gradient at test theta: \n');
fprintf(' %f \n', grad);
fprintf('Expected gradients (approx):\n 0.043\n 2.566\n 2.647\n');

fprintf('\nProgram paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;


%% ============= Part 3: Optimizing using fminunc  =============
%  In this exercise, you will use a built-in function (fminunc) to find the
%  optimal parameters theta.

%  Set options for fminunc
options = optimset('GradObj', 'on', 'MaxIter', 400);

%  Run fminunc to obtain the optimal theta
%  This function will return theta and the cost 
[theta, cost] = ...
	fminunc(@(t)(costFunction(t, X, y)), initial_theta, options);

% Print theta to screen
fprintf('Cost at theta found by fminunc: %f\n', cost);
fprintf('Expected cost (approx): 0.203\n');
fprintf('theta: \n');
fprintf(' %f \n', theta);
fprintf('Expected theta (approx):\n');
fprintf(' -25.161\n 0.206\n 0.201\n');

% Plot Boundary
plotDecisionBoundary(theta, X, y);

% Put some labels 
hold on;
% Labels and Legend
xlabel('Exam 1 score')
ylabel('Exam 2 score')

% Specified in plot order
legend('Admitted', 'Not admitted')
hold off;

fprintf('\nProgram paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

%% ============== Part 4: Predict and Accuracies ==============
%  After learning the parameters, you'll like to use it to predict the outcomes
%  on unseen data. In this part, you will use the logistic regression model
%  to predict the probability that a student with score 45 on exam 1 and 
%  score 85 on exam 2 will be admitted.
%
%  Furthermore, you will compute the training and test set accuracies of 
%  our model.
%
%  Your task is to complete the code in predict.m

%  Predict probability for a student with score 45 on exam 1 
%  and score 85 on exam 2 

prob = sigmoid([1 45 85] * theta);
fprintf(['For a student with scores 45 and 85, we predict an admission ' ...
         'probability of %f\n'], prob);
fprintf('Expected value: 0.775 +/- 0.002\n\n');

% Compute accuracy on our training set
p = predict(theta, X);

fprintf('Train Accuracy: %f\n', mean(double(p == y)) * 100);
fprintf('Expected accuracy (approx): 89.0\n');
fprintf('\n');

sigmoid.m

function g = sigmoid(z)
%SIGMOID Compute sigmoid function
%   g = SIGMOID(z) computes the sigmoid of z.

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
g = zeros(size(z));

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Compute the sigmoid of each value of z (z can be a matrix,
%               vector or scalar).
g=1./(1+exp(-z));




% =============================================================

end

costfunction.m

function [J, grad] = costFunction(theta, X, y)
%COSTFUNCTION Compute cost and gradient for logistic regression
%   J = COSTFUNCTION(theta, X, y) computes the cost of using theta as the
%   parameter for logistic regression and the gradient of the cost
%   w.r.t. to the parameters.

% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
J = 0;
grad = zeros(size(theta));

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Compute the cost of a particular choice of theta.
%               You should set J to the cost.
%               Compute the partial derivatives and set grad to the partial
%               derivatives of the cost w.r.t. each parameter in theta
%
% Note: grad should have the same dimensions as theta
%
error=0;
for i=1:m
error=error-y(i)*log(sigmoid(X(i,:)*theta))-(1-y(i))*log(1-sigmoid(X(i,:)*theta));
end
J=error/m;
for j=1:length(theta)
    factor=0;
    for i=1:m
       factor=factor+(sigmoid(X(i,:)*theta)-y(i))*X(i,j);
    end
    grad(j)=factor/m;
end








% =============================================================

end

predict.m

function p = predict(theta, X)
%PREDICT Predict whether the label is 0 or 1 using learned logistic 
%regression parameters theta
%   p = PREDICT(theta, X) computes the predictions for X using a 
%   threshold at 0.5 (i.e., if sigmoid(theta'*x) >= 0.5, predict 1)

m = size(X, 1); % Number of training examples

% You need to return the following variables correctly
p = zeros(m, 1);

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Complete the following code to make predictions using
%               your learned logistic regression parameters. 
%               You should set p to a vector of 0's and 1's
%

p= sigmoid(X*theta)>0.5;