极坐标积分:
∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 R ρ d ρ d θ \int _{0}^{2\pi} \int_0^R \rho d\rho d \theta ∫02π∫0Rρdρdθ
柱面坐标:
x
=
r
cos
θ
x = r \cos \theta
x=rcosθ
y = r sin θ y = r \sin \theta y=rsinθ
z = z z = z z=z
球坐标:
y = r sin θ sin ϕ y = r \sin \theta \sin \phi y=rsinθsinϕ
x = r sin θ cos ϕ x = r \sin \theta \cos \phi x=rsinθcosϕ
z = r cos θ z = r \cos \theta z=rcosθ