笔者使用代码及相关文件下载链接: 【源代码文件】pytorch-grad-cam源代码阅读和调试
源代码链接: jacobgil/pytorch-grad-cam
pytorch-grad-cam源代码阅读和调试(上)
pytorch-grad-cam源代码阅读和调试(中)
pytorch-grad-cam源代码阅读和调试(下)
该代码仍存在一些不足,这里将继承自orch.autograd.Function自定义的子类GuidedBackpropReLU的apply方法直接粗暴地替换掉原有地ReLU模块,这不太合适,因为破环了原有方法的可用性,比如调用model.named_modules(),会报错报错信息如下:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\Users\chenxuqi\Desktop\News4cxq\test_visualization\pytorch-grad-cam-master\gradcam.py", line 329, in <module>
for count,(name, child) in enumerate(model.named_modules()): # named_modules named_children
File "D:\Anaconda3\envs\pytorch_1.7.1_cu102\lib\site-packages\torch\nn\modules\module.py", line 1257, in named_modules
for m in module.named_modules(memo, submodule_prefix):
AttributeError: 'builtin_function_or_method' object has no attribute 'named_modules'
如果打印网络的结果,会看到区别比如:
# 注意这里区别:
# 调整前: 计数: 2 模块的名字是: relu 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.activation.ReLU'>
# 调整后: 计数: 2 模块的名字是: relu 模块本身是: <class 'builtin_function_or_method'>
代码实验展示:
import torch
import argparse
import cv2
import numpy as np
import torch
from torch.autograd import Function
from torchvision import models, transforms
class FeatureExtractor():
""" Class for extracting activations and
registering gradients from targetted intermediate layers """
def __init__(self, model, target_layers):
# FeatureExtractor(model.layer4, ["2"])
self.model = model # model.layer4
self.target_layers = target_layers # ["2"]
self.gradients = []
def save_gradient(self, grad):
self.gradients.append(grad) # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])
def __call__(self, x): # torch.Size([1, 1024, 14, 14])
outputs = []
self.gradients = []
for name, module in self.model._modules.items():
# '0'、 '1'、 '2'
x = module(x)
if name in self.target_layers: # ["2"]
x.register_hook(self.save_gradient)
outputs += [x]
return outputs, x # 单个元素的列表torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]) torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])
class ModelOutputs():
""" Class for making a forward pass, and getting:
1. The network output.
2. Activations from intermeddiate targetted layers.
3. Gradients from intermeddiate targetted layers. """
def __init__(self, model, feature_module, target_layers):
# ModelOutputs(model, model.layer4, ["2"])
self.model = model # model
self.feature_module = feature_module # model.layer4
self.feature_extractor = FeatureExtractor(self.feature_module, target_layers)
# FeatureExtractor(model.layer4, ["2"])
def get_gradients(self):
return self.feature_extractor.gradients # 只有一个元素列表类型 torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])
def __call__(self, x):
# target_activations = [] # 这行代码没有意义
for name, module in self.model._modules.items(): # 遍历有序字典
# 'conv1' 'bn1' 'relu' 'maxpool' 'layer1'
# 'layer2' 'layer3' 'layer4' 'avgpool' 'fc'
if module == self.feature_module: # model.layer4
target_activations, x = self.feature_extractor(x)
# torch.Size([1, 1024, 14, 14]) -> torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])
elif "avgpool" in name.lower(): # 'avgpool'
x = module(x) # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]) -> torch.Size([1, 2048, 1, 1])
x = x.view(x.size(0),-1) # torch.Size([1, 2048])
else:
x = module(x)
return target_activations, x # 列表torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]), torch.Size([1, 1000])
def preprocess_image(img):
'''将numpy的(H, W, RGB)格式多维数组转为张量后再进行指定标准化,最后再增加一个batchsize维度后返回'''
normalize = transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
preprocessing = transforms.Compose([
transforms.ToTensor(),
normalize,
])
return preprocessing(img.copy()).unsqueeze(0)
def show_cam_on_image(img, mask):
'''将mask图片转化为热力图,叠加到img上,再返回np.uint8格式的图片.'''
heatmap = cv2.applyColorMap(np.uint8(255 * mask), cv2.COLORMAP_JET)
heatmap = np.float32(heatmap) / 255
cam = heatmap + np.float32(img)
cam = cam / np.max(cam)
return np.uint8(255 * cam)
class GradCam:
def __init__(self, model, feature_module, target_layer_names, use_cuda):
# GradCam(model=model, feature_module=model.layer4, \
# target_layer_names=["2"], use_cuda=args.use_cuda)
self.model = model # model
self.feature_module = feature_module # model.layer4
self.model.eval()
self.cuda = use_cuda
if self.cuda:
self.model = model.cuda()
self.extractor = ModelOutputs(self.model, self.feature_module, target_layer_names)
# ModelOutputs(model, model.layer4, ["2"])
def forward(self, input_img): # 似乎这个方法没有使用到,注释掉之后没有影响,没有被执行到
print("林麻子".center(50,'-')) # 这行打印语句用来证明,该方法并没有被调用执行.
return self.model(input_img)
def __call__(self, input_img, target_category=None):
if self.cuda:
input_img = input_img.cuda() # torch.Size([1, 3, 224, 224])
features, output = self.extractor(input_img) # 保存中间特征图的列表, 以及网络最后输出的分类结果
# 列表[torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])], 张量:torch.Size([1, 1000])
if target_category == None:
target_category = np.argmax(output.cpu().data.numpy()) # 多维数组展平后最大值的索引
# <class 'numpy.int64'> 243
one_hot = np.zeros((1, output.size()[-1]), dtype=np.float32) # 独热编码,shape:(1, 1000)
one_hot[0,target_category] = 1 # 独热编码 shape (1, 1000) # one_hot[0][target_category] = 1
one_hot = torch.from_numpy(one_hot).requires_grad_(False) # torch.Size([1, 1000]) # requires_grad_(True)
if self.cuda:
one_hot = one_hot.cuda()
loss = torch.sum(one_hot * output) # tensor(9.3856, grad_fn=<SumBackward0>) one_hot = torch.sum(one_hot * output)
self.feature_module.zero_grad() # 将模型的所有参数的梯度清零.
self.model.zero_grad() # 将模型的所有参数的梯度清零.
loss.backward() # one_hot.backward(retain_graph=True)
grads_val = self.extractor.get_gradients()[0].cpu().data.numpy() # shape:(1, 2048, 7, 7) # 顾名思义,梯度值
# 注: self.extractor.get_gradients()[-1]返回保存着梯度的列表,[-1]表示最后一项,即最靠近输入的一组特征层上的梯度
target = features[-1] # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]) 列表中的最后一项,也是唯一的一项,特征图
target = target.cpu().data.numpy()[0, :] # shape: (2048, 7, 7)
weights = np.mean(grads_val, axis=(2, 3))[0, :] # shape: (2048,) 计算每个特征图上梯度的均值,以此作为权重
cam = np.zeros(target.shape[1:], dtype=np.float32) # 获得零矩阵 shape: (7, 7)
for i, w in enumerate(weights): # 迭代遍历该权重
cam += w * target[i, :, :] # 使用该权重,对特征图进行线性组合
cam = np.maximum(cam, 0) # shape: (7, 7) # 相当于ReLU函数
# print(type(input_img.shape[3:1:-1]),'cxq林麻子cxq',input_img.shape[3:1:-1])
# print(type(input_img.shape[2:]),'cxq林麻子cxq',input_img.shape[2:])
cam = cv2.resize(cam, input_img.shape[3:1:-1]) # shape: (224, 224) # 这里要留意传入的形状是(w,h) 所以这里切片的顺序是反过来的
cam = cam - np.min(cam) # shape: (224, 224) # 以下两部是做归一化
cam = cam / np.max(cam) # shape: (224, 224) # 归一化,取值返回是[0,1]
return cam # shape: (224, 224) 取值返回是[0,1]
class GuidedBackpropReLU(Function):
'''特殊的ReLU,区别在于反向传播时候只考虑大于零的输入和大于零的梯度'''
'''
@staticmethod
def forward(ctx, input_img): # torch.Size([1, 64, 112, 112])
positive_mask = (input_img > 0).type_as(input_img) # torch.Size([1, 64, 112, 112])
# output = torch.addcmul(torch.zeros(input_img.size()).type_as(input_img), input_img, positive_mask)
output = input_img * positive_mask # 这行代码和上一行的功能相同
ctx.save_for_backward(input_img, output)
return output # torch.Size([1, 64, 112, 112])
'''
# 上部分定义的函数功能和以下定义的函数一致
@staticmethod
def forward(ctx, input_img): # torch.Size([1, 64, 112, 112])
output = torch.clamp(input_img, min=0.0)
# print('函数中的输入张量requires_grad',input_img.requires_grad)
ctx.save_for_backward(input_img, output)
return output # torch.Size([1, 64, 112, 112])
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output): # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])
input_img, output = ctx.saved_tensors # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]) torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7])
# grad_input = None # 这行代码没作用
positive_mask_1 = (input_img > 0).type_as(grad_output) # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]) 输入的特征大于零
positive_mask_2 = (grad_output > 0).type_as(grad_output) # torch.Size([1, 2048, 7, 7]) 梯度大于零
# grad_input = torch.addcmul(
# torch.zeros(input_img.size()).type_as(input_img),
# torch.addcmul(
# torch.zeros(input_img.size()).type_as(input_img),
# grad_output,
# positive_mask_1
# ),
# positive_mask_2
# )
grad_input = grad_output * positive_mask_1 * positive_mask_2 # 这行代码的作用和上一行代码相同
return grad_input
class GuidedBackpropReLUModel:
'''相对于某个类别(默认是最大置信度对应的类别)的置信度得分,计算输入图片上的梯度,并返回'''
def __init__(self, model, use_cuda):
# GuidedBackpropReLUModel(model=model, use_cuda=args.use_cuda)
self.model = model
self.model.eval()
self.cuda = use_cuda
if self.cuda:
self.model = model.cuda()
def recursive_relu_apply(module_top):
'''递归地将模块内的relu模块替换掉用户自己定义的GuidedBackpropReLU模块 '''
for idx, module in module_top._modules.items():
recursive_relu_apply(module)
if module.__class__.__name__ == 'ReLU': # module对象所属的类,该类的名称
# print('成功替换...') # 验证确实得到了替换
module_top._modules[idx] = GuidedBackpropReLU.apply
# replace ReLU with GuidedBackpropReLU
recursive_relu_apply(self.model)
# def forward(self, input_img):
# return self.model(input_img)
def __call__(self, input_img, target_category=None):
'''相对于某个类别(默认是最大置信度对应的类别)的置信度得分,计算输入图片上的梯度,并返回'''
if self.cuda:
input_img = input_img.cuda()
input_img = input_img.requires_grad_(True) # torch.Size([1, 3, 224, 224])
output = self.model(input_img) # torch.Size([1, 1000])
if target_category == None:
target_category = np.argmax(output.cpu().data.numpy()) # 243
one_hot = np.zeros((1, output.size()[-1]), dtype=np.float32) # (1, 1000)
one_hot[0, target_category] = 1 # one_hot[0][target_category] = 1
one_hot = torch.from_numpy(one_hot).requires_grad_(False) # torch.Size([1, 1000])
# one_hot = torch.from_numpy(one_hot).requires_grad_(True) # 这个张量不需要计算梯度
if self.cuda:
one_hot = one_hot.cuda()
loss = torch.sum(one_hot * output)
loss.backward() # one_hot.backward(retain_graph=True)
img_grad = input_img.grad.cpu().data.numpy() # shape (1, 3, 224, 224)
img_grad = img_grad[0, :, :, :] # shape (3, 224, 224)
return img_grad # shape (3, 224, 224)
def get_args():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--use-cuda', action='store_true', default=False,
help='Use NVIDIA GPU acceleration')
parser.add_argument('--image-path', type=str, default='./examples/both.png', # default='./examples/1.jpg', # './examples/both.png'
help='Input image path') # default='./examples/both.png',
args = parser.parse_args()
args.use_cuda = args.use_cuda and torch.cuda.is_available()
if args.use_cuda:
print("Using GPU for acceleration")
else:
print("Using CPU for computation")
return args
def deprocess_image(img):
'''先作标准化处理,然后做变换y=0.1*x+0.5,限定[0,1]区间后映射到[0,255]区间'''
""" see https://github.com/jacobgil/keras-grad-cam/blob/master/grad-cam.py#L65 """
img = img - np.mean(img)
img = img / (np.std(img) + 1e-5)
img = img * 0.1
img = img + 0.5
img = np.clip(img, 0, 1)
return np.uint8(img*255)
if __name__ == '__main__':
""" python grad_cam.py <path_to_image>
1. Loads an image with opencv.
2. Preprocesses it for VGG19 and converts to a pytorch variable.
3. Makes a forward pass to find the category index with the highest score,
and computes intermediate activations.
Makes the visualization. """
args = get_args()
# 默认情况下: args.image_path = './examples/both.png',
# 默认情况下: args.use_cuda = False,
model = models.resnet50(pretrained=True)
grad_cam = GradCam(model=model, feature_module=model.layer4, \
target_layer_names=["2"], use_cuda=args.use_cuda)
img = cv2.imread(args.image_path, 1) # 读取图片文件 (H, W, BGR)
# If set, always convert image to the 3 channel BGR color image.
img = np.float32(img) / 255 # 转为float32类型,范围是[0,1]
# Opencv loads as BGR:
img = img[:, :, ::-1] # BGR格式转换为RGB格式 shape: (224, 224, 3) 即(H, W, RGB)
input_img = preprocess_image(img) # torch.Size([1, 3, 224, 224])
# If None, returns the map for the highest scoring category.
# Otherwise, targets the requested category.
target_category = None
grayscale_cam = grad_cam(input_img, target_category=None) # shape: (224, 224)
grayscale_cam = cv2.resize(grayscale_cam, (img.shape[1], img.shape[0]))
# shape: (224, 224) # 这里要留意传入的形状是(w,h) 其实以上这行代码不需要执行,暂且先留着
cam = show_cam_on_image(img, grayscale_cam) # shape: (224, 224, 3)
cv2.imwrite("cam.jpg", cam) # 保存图片
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
for count,(name, child) in enumerate(model.named_children()): # named_modules named_children
print('调整前:\t计数:', count, '\t模块的名字是:', name, '\t模块本身是:', type(child))
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gb_model = GuidedBackpropReLUModel(model=model, use_cuda=args.use_cuda)
# input_img.grad.zero_() # AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'zero_'
gb = gb_model(input_img, target_category=None) # shape: (3, 224, 224) 相对于输入图像的梯度
gb = gb.transpose((1, 2, 0)) # 调整通道在维度中的位置顺序 shape:(224, 224, 3) 相对于输入图像的梯度
cam_mask = cv2.merge([grayscale_cam, grayscale_cam, grayscale_cam]) # shape:(224, 224, 3) # 由多个单通道的数组创建一个多通道的数组
cam_gb = deprocess_image(cam_mask*gb) # shape: (224, 224, 3)
cv2.imwrite('cam_gb.jpg', cam_gb) # 保存图片
gb = deprocess_image(gb) # shape: (224, 224, 3)
cv2.imwrite('gb.jpg', gb) # 保存图片
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# cv2.imwrite("cam.jpg", cam) # 保存图片
# cv2.imwrite('gb.jpg', gb) # 保存图片
# cv2.imwrite('cam_gb.jpg', cam_gb) # 保存图片
print('网络结构修改之后'.center(100,'-'))
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 注意这里如果使用named_modules()会报错,
r'''
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\Users\chenxuqi\Desktop\News4cxq\test_visualization\pytorch-grad-cam-master\gradcam.py", line 329, in <module>
for count,(name, child) in enumerate(model.named_modules()): # named_modules named_children
File "D:\Anaconda3\envs\pytorch_1.7.1_cu102\lib\site-packages\torch\nn\modules\module.py", line 1257, in named_modules
for m in module.named_modules(memo, submodule_prefix):
AttributeError: 'builtin_function_or_method' object has no attribute 'named_modules'
'''
for count,(name, child) in enumerate(model.named_children()): # named_modules named_children
print('调整后:\t计数:', count, '\t模块的名字是:', name, '\t模块本身是:', type(child))
# 注意这里区别:
# 调整前: 计数: 2 模块的名字是: relu 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.activation.ReLU'>
# 调整后: 计数: 2 模块的名字是: relu 模块本身是: <class 'builtin_function_or_method'>
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 运行程序: python gradcam.py --image-path 1.jpg
# 运行程序: python gradcam.py --image-path ./examples/both.png
控制台输出结果:
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(base) PS C:\Users\chenxuqi\Desktop\News4cxq\test_visualization\pytorch-grad-cam-master> conda activate pytorch_1.7.1_cu102
(pytorch_1.7.1_cu102) PS C:\Users\chenxuqi\Desktop\News4cxq\test_visualization\pytorch-grad-cam-master> & 'D:\Anaconda3\envs\pytorch_1.7.1_cu102\python.exe' 'c:\Users\chenxuqi\.vscode\extensions\ms-python.python-2021.1.502429796\pythonFiles\lib\python\debugpy\launcher' '53451' '--' 'c:\Users\chenxuqi\Desktop\News4cxq\test_visualization\pytorch-grad-cam-master\gradcam.py'
Using CPU for computation
调整前: 计数: 0 模块的名字是: conv1 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.conv.Conv2d'>
调整前: 计数: 1 模块的名字是: bn1 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.batchnorm.BatchNorm2d'>
调整前: 计数: 2 模块的名字是: relu 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.activation.ReLU'>
调整前: 计数: 3 模块的名字是: maxpool 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.pooling.MaxPool2d'>
调整前: 计数: 4 模块的名字是: layer1 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整前: 计数: 5 模块的名字是: layer2 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整前: 计数: 6 模块的名字是: layer3 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整前: 计数: 7 模块的名字是: layer4 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整前: 计数: 8 模块的名字是: avgpool 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.pooling.AdaptiveAvgPool2d'>
调整前: 计数: 9 模块的名字是: fc 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Linear'>
----------------------------------------------网络结构修改之后----------------------------------------------
调整后: 计数: 0 模块的名字是: conv1 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.conv.Conv2d'>
调整后: 计数: 1 模块的名字是: bn1 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.batchnorm.BatchNorm2d'>
调整后: 计数: 2 模块的名字是: relu 模块本身是: <class 'builtin_function_or_method'>
调整后: 计数: 3 模块的名字是: maxpool 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.pooling.MaxPool2d'>
调整后: 计数: 4 模块的名字是: layer1 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整后: 计数: 5 模块的名字是: layer2 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整后: 计数: 6 模块的名字是: layer3 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整后: 计数: 7 模块的名字是: layer4 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.container.Sequential'>
调整后: 计数: 8 模块的名字是: avgpool 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.pooling.AdaptiveAvgPool2d'>
调整后: 计数: 9 模块的名字是: fc 模块本身是: <class 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Linear'>
(pytorch_1.7.1_cu102) PS C:\Users\chenxuqi\Desktop\News4cxq\test_visualization\pytorch-grad-cam-master>
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