矩阵
矩阵乘法
A = [ a i j ] m × s A=[a_{ij}]_{m\times s} A=[aij]m×s , B = [ b i j ] s × n B=[b_{ij}]_{s\times n} B=[bij]s×n
A
B
=
C
=
[
c
i
j
]
m
×
n
AB=C=[c_{ij}]_{m\times n}
AB=C=[cij]m×n
[
c
i
j
]
m
×
n
=
a
i
1
b
1
j
+
a
i
2
b
2
j
+
…
+
a
i
s
b
s
j
=
∑
k
=
1
s
a
i
k
b
k
j
[c_{ij}]_{m\times n}=a_{i1}b_{1j}+a_{i2}b_{2j}+…+a_{is}b_{sj}=\sum\limits_{k=1}^s a_{ik}b_{kj}
[cij]m×n=ai1b1j+ai2b2j+…+aisbsj=k=1∑saikbkj
A
B
C
=
(
A
B
)
C
=
A
(
B
C
)
ABC=(AB)C=A(BC)
ABC=(AB)C=A(BC)
A
(
B
+
C
)
=
A
B
+
B
C
A(B+C)=AB+BC
A(B+C)=AB+BC
A
E
=
A
AE=A
AE=A
E
A
=
A
EA=A
EA=A
A
B
≠
B
A
AB\neq BA
AB=BA
A
B
=
0
⇏
A
=
0
或
B
=
0
AB=0\nRightarrow A=0或B=0
AB=0⇏A=0或B=0
A
B
=
A
C
且
A
≠
0
⇏
B
=
C
AB=AC且A\neq 0\nRightarrow B=C
AB=AC且A=0⇏B=C
注意矩阵数乘与行列式数乘区别
k
[
a
b
c
d
]
=
[
k
a
k
b
k
c
k
d
]
k\left[ \begin{matrix} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} ka & kb \\ kc & kd \\ \end{matrix} \right]
k[acbd]=[kakckbkd]
k ∣ a b c d ∣ = ∣ k a b k c d ∣ = ∣ k a k b c d ∣ k\left| \begin{matrix} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{matrix} \right|=\left| \begin{matrix} ka & b \\ kc & d \\ \end{matrix} \right|=\left| \begin{matrix} ka & kb \\ c & d \\ \end{matrix} \right| k∣∣∣∣acbd∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣kakcbd∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣kackbd∣∣∣∣
矩阵完全平方展开式和平方差公式
(
A
+
B
)
2
=
A
2
+
A
B
+
B
A
+
B
2
(A+B)^2=A^2+AB+BA+B^2
(A+B)2=A2+AB+BA+B2
(
A
+
B
)
(
A
+
B
)
=
A
2
−
A
B
+
B
A
−
B
2
(A+B)(A+B)=A^2-AB+BA-B^2
(A+B)(A+B)=A2−AB+BA−B2
(
A
+
E
)
2
=
A
2
+
2
A
+
E
(A+E)^2=A^2+2A+E
(A+E)2=A2+2A+E
(
A
+
E
)
(
A
−
E
)
=
(
A
−
E
)
(
A
+
E
)
=
A
2
−
E
(A+E)(A-E)=(A-E)(A+E)=A^2-E
(A+E)(A−E)=(A−E)(A+E)=A2−E
转置矩阵
设 A = [ a i j ] m × n A=[a_{ij}]_{m\times n} A=[aij]m×n将 A A A的行列互换得到 n × m n\times m n×m的矩阵 A = [ a i j ] n × m A=[a_{ij}]_{n\times m} A=[aij]n×m称为 A A A的转置矩阵,记为 A T A^T AT
(
A
+
B
)
T
=
A
T
+
B
T
(A+B)^T=A^T+B^T
(A+B)T=AT+BT
(
k
A
)
T
=
k
A
T
(kA)^T=kA^T
(kA)T=kAT
(
A
B
)
T
=
B
T
A
T
(AB)^T=B^TA^T
(AB)T=BTAT
(
A
T
)
T
=
A
(A^T)^T=A
(AT)T=A
对称矩阵和反对称矩阵
设
A
=
[
a
i
j
]
m
×
n
A=[a_{ij}]_{m\times n}
A=[aij]m×n若
A
T
=
A
A^T=A
AT=A即
a
i
j
=
a
j
i
(
∀
i
,
j
)
a_{ij}=a_{ji}(\forall i,j)
aij=aji(∀i,j)称为对称矩阵。若
A
T
=
−
A
A^T=-A
AT=−A即
a
i
j
=
−
a
j
i
(
∀
i
,
j
)
a_{ij}=-a_{ji}(\forall i,j)
aij=−aji(∀i,j)称为反对称矩阵。
A
=
α
α
T
A=\alpha \alpha^T
A=ααT
A
T
=
(
α
α
T
)
T
=
(
α
T
)
T
α
T
=
α
α
T
=
A
A^T=(\alpha \alpha^T)^T= (\alpha^T)^T\alpha^T =\alpha \alpha^T=A
AT=(ααT)T=(αT)TαT=ααT=A
行在前列在后必为数:
α
α
T
=
[
a
b
c
]
[
a
b
c
]
=
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
\alpha\alpha^T=\left[\begin{matrix} a&b&c\\ \end{matrix}\right]\left[\begin{matrix} a\\ b\\ c\\ \end{matrix}\right]=a^2+b^2+c^2
ααT=[abc]⎣⎡abc⎦⎤=a2+b2+c2
列在前行在后必为矩阵:
α
α
T
=
[
a
b
c
]
[
a
b
c
]
=
[
a
2
a
b
a
c
a
b
b
2
b
c
a
c
b
c
c
2
]
\alpha\alpha^T=\left[\begin{matrix} a\\ b\\ c\\ \end{matrix}\right]\left[\begin{matrix} a&b&c\\ \end{matrix}\right]=\left[\begin{matrix} a^2&ab&ac\\ ab&b^2&bc\\ ac&bc&c^2\\ \end{matrix}\right]
ααT=⎣⎡abc⎦⎤[abc]=⎣⎡a2abacabb2bcacbcc2⎦⎤
方阵行列式公式
∣
A
T
∣
=
∣
A
∣
|A^T|=|A|
∣AT∣=∣A∣
∣
k
A
∣
=
k
n
∣
A
∣
|kA|=k^n|A|
∣kA∣=kn∣A∣
∣
A
B
∣
=
∣
A
∣
∣
B
∣
|AB|=|A||B|
∣AB∣=∣A∣∣B∣
∣
A
n
∣
=
∣
A
∣
n
|A^n|=|A|^n
∣An∣=∣A∣n
可逆矩阵
对于 n n n阶矩阵 A A A若 ∃ n \exist n ∃n阶矩阵 B B B使 A B = B A = E AB=BA=E AB=BA=E则称矩阵 A A A是可逆的且称 B B B是 A A A的逆矩阵
A
A
−
1
=
E
AA^{-1}=E
AA−1=E
(
A
−
1
)
−
1
=
A
(A^{-1})^{-1}=A
(A−1)−1=A
(
k
A
)
−
1
=
1
k
A
−
1
(kA)^{-1}=\frac1 k A^{-1}
(kA)−1=k1A−1
(
A
B
)
−
1
=
B
−
1
A
−
1
(AB)^{-1}=B^{-1}A^{-1}
(AB)−1=B−1A−1
(
A
B
C
)
−
1
=
C
−
1
B
−
1
A
−
1
(ABC)^{-1}=C^{-1}B^{-1}A^{-1}
(ABC)−1=C−1B−1A−1
(
A
T
)
−
1
=
(
A
−
1
)
T
(A^{T})^{-1}=(A^{-1})^{T}
(AT)−1=(A−1)T
A
可
逆
⟺
∣
A
∣
≠
0
A可逆\iff|A|\neq 0
A可逆⟺∣A∣=0
A
−
1
=
A
∗
∣
A
∣
A^{-1}=\frac {A^*} {|A|}
A−1=∣A∣A∗
二阶矩阵的求逆公式
A
=
∣
a
b
c
d
∣
A=\left| \begin{matrix} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{matrix} \right|
A=∣∣∣∣acbd∣∣∣∣
A
−
1
=
1
a
d
−
b
c
∣
d
−
b
−
c
a
∣
A^{-1}=\frac 1{ad-bc}\left| \begin{matrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \\ \end{matrix} \right|
A−1=ad−bc1∣∣∣∣d−c−ba∣∣∣∣
主对角线互换,副对角线取负
求逆矩阵的两种重要方法
1.
A
−
1
=
A
∗
∣
A
∣
A^{-1}=\frac {A^*} {|A|}
A−1=∣A∣A∗
2.初等变化
P
t
.
.
.
P
2
P
1
A
=
E
P_t...P_2P_1A=E
Pt...P2P1A=E
P
t
.
.
.
P
2
P
1
E
=
A
−
1
P_t...P_2P_1E=A^{-1}
Pt...P2P1E=A−1
上式表明
A
A
A到
E
E
E的初等行变换等价于
E
E
E到
A
−
1
A^{-1}
A−1的行变换
(
A
∣
E
)
→
.
.
.
→
(
E
∣
A
−
1
)
(A|E)\to...\to(E|A^{-1})
(A∣E)→...→(E∣A−1)
伴随矩阵
A
−
n
A-n
A−n阶矩阵,行列式
∣
A
∣
|A|
∣A∣所有的代数余子式
A
i
j
A_{ij}
Aij所构成如下矩阵:
A
∗
=
[
A
11
A
21
.
.
.
A
n
1
A
12
A
22
.
.
.
A
n
2
:
:
:
A
1
n
A
2
n
.
.
.
A
n
n
]
A^*=\left[ \begin{matrix} A_{11} & A_{21} &... & A_{n1}\\ A_{12} & A_{22 }&...& A_{n2}\\ :&:&&:\\ A_{1n}&A_{2n}&...& A_{nn} \end{matrix} \right]
A∗=⎣⎢⎢⎡A11A12:A1nA21A22:A2n.........An1An2:Ann⎦⎥⎥⎤称其为矩阵
A
A
A的伴随矩阵
A i j = ( − 1 ) i + j ∣ A i j ∣ A_{ij}=(-1)^{i+j}|A_{ij}| Aij=(−1)i+j∣Aij∣
(
k
A
)
∗
=
k
n
−
1
A
∗
(kA)^*=k^{n-1}A^*
(kA)∗=kn−1A∗
(
A
B
)
∗
=
B
∗
A
∗
(AB)^*=B^*A^*
(AB)∗=B∗A∗
(
A
T
)
∗
=
(
A
∗
)
T
(A^T)^*=(A^*)^T
(AT)∗=(A∗)T
(
A
−
1
)
∗
=
(
A
∗
)
−
1
=
A
∣
A
∣
−
1
(
A
可
逆
)
(A^{-1})^*=(A^*)^{-1}=A|A|^{-1}(A可逆)
(A−1)∗=(A∗)−1=A∣A∣−1(A可逆)
(
A
∗
)
∗
=
∣
A
∣
n
−
2
A
(
n
>
2
)
(A^*)^*=|A|^{n-2}A(n>2)
(A∗)∗=∣A∣n−2A(n>2)
若
∣
A
∣
=
0
|A|=0
∣A∣=0,则
∣
A
∗
∣
=
0
|A^*|=0
∣A∗∣=0
∣
A
∗
∣
=
∣
A
∣
n
−
1
|A^*|=|A|^{n-1}
∣A∗∣=∣A∣n−1
A
A
∗
=
A
∗
A
=
∣
A
∣
E
AA^*=A^*A=|A|E
AA∗=A∗A=∣A∣E
r
(
A
∗
)
=
{
n
,
r
(
A
)
=
n
1
,
r
(
A
)
=
n
−
1
0
,
r
(
A
)
<
n
−
1
r(A^*)=\left\{ \begin{array}{l} n, r(A)=n \\ 1,r(A)=n-1\\0,r(A)<n-1 \end{array} \right.
r(A∗)=⎩⎨⎧n,r(A)=n1,r(A)=n−10,r(A)<n−1
对角矩阵
[
a
1
0
0
0
a
2
0
0
0
a
3
]
\left[ \begin{matrix} a_1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & a_2&0 \\ 0&0&a_3\\ \end{matrix} \right]
⎣⎡a1000a2000a3⎦⎤
[
b
1
0
0
0
b
2
0
0
0
b
3
]
=
[
a
1
b
1
0
0
0
a
2
b
2
0
0
0
a
3
b
3
]
\left[ \begin{matrix} b_1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & b_2&0 \\ 0&0&b_3\\ \end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} a_1b_1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & a_2b_2&0 \\ 0&0&a_3b_3\\ \end{matrix} \right]
⎣⎡b1000b2000b3⎦⎤=⎣⎡a1b1000a2b2000a3b3⎦⎤
(1)两个对角矩阵乘法可以交换次序:
Λ
1
Λ
2
=
Λ
2
Λ
1
\Lambda_1\Lambda_2=\Lambda_2\Lambda_1
Λ1Λ2=Λ2Λ1
(2) [ a 1 0 0 0 a 2 0 0 0 a 3 ] n = [ a 1 n 0 0 0 a 2 n 0 0 0 a 3 n ] {\left[ \begin{matrix} a_1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & a_2&0 \\ 0&0&a_3\\ \end{matrix} \right]}^n=\left[ \begin{matrix} a_1^n & 0&0 \\ 0 & a_2^n&0 \\ 0&0&a_3^n\\ \end{matrix} \right] ⎣⎡a1000a2000a3⎦⎤n=⎣⎡a1n000a2n000a3n⎦⎤
(3) [ a 1 0 0 0 a 2 0 0 0 a 3 ] [ 1 a 1 0 0 0 1 a 2 0 0 0 1 a 3 ] = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ] ⇒ [ a 1 0 0 0 a 2 0 0 0 a 3 ] − 1 = [ 1 a 1 0 0 0 1 a 2 0 0 0 1 a 3 ] \left[ \begin{matrix} a_1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & a_2&0 \\ 0&0&a_3\\ \end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix} \frac 1 {a_1} & 0&0 \\ 0 & \frac 1 {a_2}&0 \\ 0&0& \frac 1 {a_3}\\ \end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & 1&0 \\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix} \right]\Rightarrow{\left[ \begin{matrix} a_1 & 0&0 \\ 0 & a_2&0 \\ 0&0&a_3\\ \end{matrix} \right]}^{-1}=\left[ \begin{matrix} \frac 1 {a_1} & 0&0 \\ 0 & \frac 1 {a_2}&0 \\ 0&0& \frac 1 {a_3}\\ \end{matrix} \right] ⎣⎡a1000a2000a3⎦⎤⎣⎡a11000a21000a31⎦⎤=⎣⎡100010001⎦⎤⇒⎣⎡a1000a2000a3⎦⎤−1=⎣⎡a11000a21000a31⎦⎤
分块矩阵
[ A B C D ] [ X Y Z W ] = [ A X + B Z A Y + B W C X + D Z C Y + D W ] {\left[ \begin{matrix} A& B \\ C & D \\ \end{matrix} \right]}{\left[ \begin{matrix} X& Y \\ Z & W \\ \end{matrix} \right]}={\left[ \begin{matrix} AX+BZ& AY+BW \\ CX+DZ & CY+DW \\ \end{matrix} \right]} [ACBD][XZYW]=[AX+BZCX+DZAY+BWCY+DW]
[ A B C D ] T = [ A T C T B T D T ] {\left[ \begin{matrix} A& B \\ C & D \\ \end{matrix} \right]}^T=\left[ \begin{matrix} A^T& C^T \\ B^T & D^T \\ \end{matrix} \right] [ACBD]T=[ATBTCTDT]
[ A 0 0 B ] n = [ A n 0 0 B n ] {\left[ \begin{matrix} A& 0 \\ 0 & B \\ \end{matrix} \right]}^{n}=\left[ \begin{matrix} A^n& 0 \\ 0 & B^n \\ \end{matrix} \right] [A00B]n=[An00Bn]
[ A 0 0 B ] − 1 = [ A − 1 0 0 B − 1 ] {\left[ \begin{matrix} A& 0 \\ 0 & B \\ \end{matrix} \right]}^{-1}=\left[ \begin{matrix} A^{-1}& 0 \\ 0 & B^{-1} \\ \end{matrix} \right] [A00B]−1=[A−100B−1]
[ 0 A B 0 ] − 1 = [ 0 B − 1 A − 1 0 ] {\left[ \begin{matrix} 0& A \\ B & 0 \\ \end{matrix} \right]}^{-1}=\left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & B^{-1} \\ A^{-1}& 0 \\ \end{matrix} \right] [0BA0]−1=[0A−1B−10]
初等矩阵
单位矩阵经一次初等变换所得到的矩阵称为初等矩阵
初等变换:行列互换,倍加,某行乘除
k
k
k
初等矩阵
P
P
P左乘矩阵
A
A
A其乘积
P
A
PA
PA就是矩阵
A
A
A做一次与
P
P
P相同的行变换
初等矩阵
P
P
P右乘矩阵
A
A
A其乘积
A
P
AP
AP就是矩阵
A
A
A做一次与
P
P
P相同的列变换
A
=
P
1
P
2
=
[
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
]
[
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
]
=
[
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
]
A=P_1P_2=\left[\begin{matrix} 0&1&0\\ 1&0&0\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right]\left[\begin{matrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&1\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right]=\left[\begin{matrix} 0&1&1\\ 1&0&0\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right]
A=P1P2=⎣⎡010100001⎦⎤⎣⎡100010011⎦⎤=⎣⎡010100101⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 k 1 ] − 1 = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 − k 1 ] \left[\begin{matrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&k&1\\ \end{matrix}\right]^{-1}=\left[\begin{matrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&-k&1\\ \end{matrix}\right] ⎣⎡10001k001⎦⎤−1=⎣⎡10001−k001⎦⎤
[ 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ] − 1 = [ 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ] \left[\begin{matrix} 0&1&0\\ 1&0&0\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right]^{-1}=\left[\begin{matrix} 0&1&0\\ 1&0&0\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right] ⎣⎡010100001⎦⎤−1=⎣⎡010100001⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 0 k 0 0 0 1 ] − 1 = [ 1 0 0 0 1 k 0 0 0 1 ] \left[\begin{matrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&k&0\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right]^{-1}=\left[\begin{matrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&\frac{1} k&0\\ 0&0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right] ⎣⎡1000k0001⎦⎤−1=⎣⎡1000k10001⎦⎤
由初等变换求方程的解
A
X
=
B
AX=B
AX=B
若
A
A
A可逆,
X
=
A
−
1
B
X=A^{-1}B
X=A−1B
设
P
A
=
E
PA=E
PA=E(
P
P
P为
A
A
A的逆矩阵)
P
B
=
A
−
1
B
=
X
PB=A^{-1}B=X
PB=A−1B=X
有
P
(
A
∣
B
)
=
(
E
∣
X
)
P(A|B)=(E|X)
P(A∣B)=(E∣X)
矩阵等价
矩阵
A
A
A经有限次初等变换成矩阵
B
B
B就称矩阵
A
A
A与
B
B
B等价记为
A
≅
B
A \cong B
A≅B
A
≅
B
⟺
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
B
)
⇏
∣
A
∣
=
∣
B
∣
或
∣
A
∣
≠
∣
B
∣
A \cong B\iff r(A)=r(B)\nRightarrow|A|=|B|或|A|\neq|B|
A≅B⟺r(A)=r(B)⇏∣A∣=∣B∣或∣A∣=∣B∣
行阶梯矩阵
设
A
−
m
×
n
A-m\times n
A−m×n阶矩阵,若满足:
(1)矩阵如有零行则零行都在矩阵底部
(2)每个非零行的主元(即该行最左边的第1个非0元素)所在列的下面元素都是0则称
A
A
A为行阶梯矩阵
行最简矩阵
设
A
−
m
×
n
A-m\times n
A−m×n阶矩阵,若
A
A
A为行阶梯矩阵且满足:
非零行的主元都是1且主元所在列的其它元素都是0则称
A
A
A为行最简矩阵
矩阵的秩
在
m
×
n
m\times n
m×n矩阵
A
A
A中,任取
k
k
k行与
k
k
k列
(
k
⩽
m
,
k
⩽
n
)
(k\leqslant m,k\leqslant n)
(k⩽m,k⩽n)位于这些行与列的交叉点上的
k
2
k^2
k2个元素按其在原来矩阵
A
A
A的次序可构成一个
k
k
k阶行列式称其为矩阵
A
A
A的一个
k
k
k阶子式
A
−
m
×
n
A-m\times n
A−m×n,
k
k
k阶子式
C
m
k
C
n
k
C_m^kC_n^k
CmkCnk
若矩阵
A
A
A中存在
r
r
r阶子式不为0,
r
+
1
r+1
r+1阶(若存在)子式全为0则称矩阵
A
A
A的秩为
r
r
r,记成
r
(
A
)
=
r
r(A)=r
r(A)=r,零矩阵的秩规定为0
秩的性质
1.经初等变换和转置后矩阵的秩不变
2.
0
⩽
r
(
A
m
×
n
)
⩽
m
i
n
(
m
,
n
)
0\leqslant r(A_{m\times n})\leqslant min(m,n)
0⩽r(Am×n)⩽min(m,n)
3.
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
A
T
)
=
r
(
A
T
A
)
=
r
(
A
A
T
)
r(A)=r(A^T)=r(A^TA)=r(AA^T)
r(A)=r(AT)=r(ATA)=r(AAT)
4.
r
(
A
+
B
)
⩽
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
r(A+B)\leqslant r(A)+r(B)
r(A+B)⩽r(A)+r(B)
r
(
A
B
)
⩽
r
(
A
)
r(AB)\leqslant r(A)
r(AB)⩽r(A)
r
(
A
B
)
⩽
r
(
B
)
r(AB)\leqslant r(B)
r(AB)⩽r(B)
5.
r
(
k
A
)
=
r
(
A
)
(
k
≠
0
)
r(kA)=r(A) (k\neq 0)
r(kA)=r(A)(k=0)
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
−
A
)
r(A)=r(-A)
r(A)=r(−A)
r
(
A
−
E
)
=
r
(
E
−
A
)
r(A-E)=r(E-A)
r(A−E)=r(E−A)
6.若
P
,
Q
P,Q
P,Q可逆则
r
(
P
A
Q
)
=
r
(
A
)
r
(
P
A
)
=
r
(
A
)
r
(
A
Q
)
=
r
(
A
)
r(PAQ)=r(A)\\ r(PA)=r(A)\\ r(AQ)=r(A)\\
r(PAQ)=r(A)r(PA)=r(A)r(AQ)=r(A)
7.
r
[
A
0
0
B
]
=
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
r{\left[ \begin{matrix} A& 0 \\ 0 & B \\ \end{matrix} \right]}=r(A)+r(B)
r[A00B]=r(A)+r(B)
8.
r
(
A
B
)
⩽
m
a
x
(
r
(
A
)
,
r
(
B
)
)
⩽
r
(
A
,
B
)
⩽
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
r(AB)\leqslant max(r(A),r(B))\leqslant r(A,B)\leqslant r(A)+r(B)
r(AB)⩽max(r(A),r(B))⩽r(A,B)⩽r(A)+r(B)
9.若
A
B
=
O
AB=O
AB=O,则
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
⩽
n
r(A)+r(B) \leqslant n
r(A)+r(B)⩽n
正交矩阵
定义 设
A
A
A是
n
n
n阶矩阵,满足
A
A
T
=
A
T
A
=
E
AA^T=A^TA=E
AAT=ATA=E称
A
A
A为正交矩阵
性质
(1)
A
A
A是正交矩阵
⟺
A
T
=
A
−
1
\iff A^T=A^{-1}
⟺AT=A−1
(2)
A
=
(
α
1
α
2
α
3
)
A=(\alpha_1\alpha_2\alpha_3)
A=(α1α2α3)是正交矩阵
⟺
α
1
α
2
α
3
\iff\alpha_1\alpha_2\alpha_3
⟺α1α2α3都是单位向量且两两正交(
A
A
A的列向量和行向量都是单位向量且两两正交)
(3)若
A
A
A是正交矩阵则
∣
A
∣
=
1
或
−
1
|A|=1或-1
∣A∣=1或−1
(4)若
A
,
B
A,B
A,B都是正交矩阵,则
A
B
AB
AB也是正交矩阵
定义 设
e
1
,
e
2
,
.
.
.
,
e
n
e_1,e_2,...,e_n
e1,e2,...,en是向量空间的一个基
若
(
e
i
,
e
j
)
=
{
1
(
i
=
j
)
0
(
i
≠
j
)
(e_i,e_j)=\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 1(i=j) \\ 0(i\neq j) \end{array} \right.
(ei,ej)={1(i=j)0(i=j)则称
e
1
,
e
2
,
.
.
.
,
e
n
e_1,e_2,...,e_n
e1,e2,...,en为标准(规范)正交基