运动学
位置矢量 位移 速度 加速度
r = r ( t ) = x ( t ) i ⃗ + y ( t ) j ⃗ r=r(t)=x(t) \vec {i} +y(t) \vec{j} r=r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j
平均速度: v ⃗ = Δ r ⃗ Δ t \vec{v}=\frac{\Delta \vec{r} }{\Delta t} v=ΔtΔr
平均速率: v ˉ = Δ s Δ t \bar{v}=\frac{\Delta s }{\Delta t} vˉ=ΔtΔs
∣ d r ⃗ ∣ = d s |d\vec{r}|=ds ∣dr∣=ds
v ⃗ = d r ⃗ d t \vec{v}=\frac{d\vec{r}}{dt} v=dtdr
a ⃗ = d v ⃗ d t = d 2 r ⃗ d t 2 \vec{a}=\frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}=\frac{d^2\vec{r}}{dt^2} a=dtdv=dt2d2r
曲线运动
v ⃗ = v τ ⃗ = d s d t τ ⃗ \vec{v}=v\vec{\tau}=\frac{ds}{dt}\vec{\tau} v=vτ=dtdsτ
a ⃗ = d v ⃗ d t = d ( v τ ⃗ ) d t = d v d t τ ⃗ + v d τ ⃗ d t \vec{a}=\frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}=\frac{d(v\vec{\tau})}{dt}=\frac{dv}{dt}\vec{\tau}+v\frac{d\vec{\tau}}{dt} a=dtdv=dtd(vτ)=dtdvτ+vdtdτ
d τ ⃗ d t = d θ d t ∣ τ ∣ n ⃗ = d s ρ d t n ⃗ = v ρ n ⃗ ( τ ⃗ 为 单 位 向 量 ) \frac{d\vec{\tau}}{dt}=\frac{d\theta}{dt} |\tau| \vec{n}=\frac{ds}{\rho dt}\vec{n}=\frac{v}{\rho}\vec{n} (\vec{\tau}为单位向量) dtdτ=dtdθ∣τ∣n=ρdtdsn=ρvn(τ为单位向量)
a τ ⃗ = d v d t τ ⃗ = d 2 s d t 2 τ ⃗ \vec{a_{\tau}}=\frac{dv}{dt}\vec{\tau}=\frac{d^2s}{dt^2}\vec{\tau} aτ=dtdvτ=dt2d2sτ
a n ⃗ = v 2 ρ n ⃗ \vec{a_n}=\frac{v^2}{\rho}\vec{n} an=ρv2n
a ⃗ = a τ ⃗ + a n ⃗ = d v d t τ ⃗ + v 2 ρ n ⃗ \vec{a}=\vec{a_{\tau}}+\vec{a_n}=\frac{dv}{dt}\vec{\tau}+\frac{v^2}{\rho}\vec{n} a=aτ+an=dtdvτ+ρv2n
a = a τ 2 + a n 2 a=\sqrt{{a_{\tau}}^2+{a_n}^2} a=aτ2+an2
圆周运动
ω ⃗ = d θ ⃗ d t \vec{\omega}=\frac{d\vec{\theta}}{dt} ω=dtdθ
β ⃗ = d ω ⃗ d t \vec{\beta}=\frac{d\vec{\omega}}{dt} β=dtdω
a τ = β R a_{\tau}=\beta R aτ=βR
a n = v τ 2 R a_n=\frac{v^2_{\tau}}{R} an=Rvτ2
简谐振动
运动学方程 x = A c o s ( ω t + φ ) x=Acos(\omega t+\varphi) x=Acos(ωt+φ)
A = x 0 2 + v 0 2 ω 2 A=\sqrt{{x_0^2}+\frac{v_0^2}{\omega^2}} A=x02+ω2v02
简谐振动能量: E = 1 2 k A 2 = 1 2 m ω 2 A 2 E=\frac{1} 2 kA^2=\frac 1 2 m\omega^2A^2 E=21kA2=21mω2A2