C++学习1——英文环境学习

找到资源网站 C++ reference（网址：en.cppreference.com)

Language

        Basic concepts

        declaration, translation, main function, keywords, identifiers, comments, escape sequences

        objects, references, structured bindings, functions, enumerators, types, templates, template specializations, namespaces, parameter packs, statements, expressions, name lookup, non-static data members.

        Keywords

        these keywords are not available for re-definition or overloading.

        alignas, alignof, and, and_eq, asm, atomic_cancel, atomic_commit, atomic_noexcept, auto,         bitand, bitor, bool, break, case, catch, char, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t, class, compl,         concept, const, consteval, constexpr, constinit, const_cast, cotinue, co_await, co_return,         co_yield, decltype, default, delete, do, double, dynamic_cast, else, num, explicit, export,         extern, false, float, for, friend, goto, if, inline, int, long, mutable, namespace, new, noexcept,         not, not_eq, nullptr, operator, or, or_eq, private, protected, public, reflexpr, register,         reinterpret_cast, requires, return, short, signed, sizeof, static, static_assert, static_cast,         struct, switch, synchronized, template, this, thread_local, throw, true,try, typedef, typeid,         typename, union, unsigned, using, virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t, while, xor, xor_eq

        Preprocessor

        The result of preprocessing is a single file which is then passed to the actual compiler.

        format as follos:

        # character 

        preprocessing instruction ( one of define, undef, include, if, ifdef, else, elif, endif, line, error, pragma)

        line break 

#define EMPTY
EMPTY   # include<file.h> //not a preprocessing directive

        Capbilities

        conditionally  compile of parts of source file (controlled by directive #if, #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, #elif and #endif)

        replace text macros while possibly concatenating or quoting identifiers ( controlled by directives #define and #undef, and operators # and ##)

        include other files (controlled by directive  #include and checked with  has_include

        cause an error (controlled by #error)

        The following aspects of the preprocessor  can be controlled:

                implementation defined behavior (controlled by directive #pragma and operator _Pragma. In addition, some compilers support t(to varying degrees) the operator _Pragma as a non-standard extension.

                file name and line information avaliable to the preprocessor (controlled by directive #line)

        Expressions 

        An expression is a sequence of opereators and their operands, that specifies a computation. Each C++ expression is characterized by two independent properties: A type and a value category.

        value categories; order of evaluation 

        Operators; Conversions; Memory allocation; Other

        Primary expressions (Literals, Id-expressions, Lambada-expressions, Fold-expressions, Requires-expressions); Literals ( integer literals, character literals, floating-point literals, string literals, boolean literals, nullptr, user-defined literals); Unevaluated expressions;Discard expressions.

        Declarations

               Declarations introduce names into the C++ program. A declaration is one of the following:

                Function definition; Template declaration; Explicit template instantiation; Explicit template specialization; Namespace definition; Linkage specification; Attribute declaration; Empty declaration; A function declaration without a decl-specifier-seq; block declaration

        Initialization

        Initization of a variable provides its initial value at the time of construction.

        Non-local variables; ( static initialization, Dynamic initialization)

经过一番学习，感想是优点在于懂得了并深刻理解了很多词汇深层次的意思，但是缺点就是感觉没有学到除了单词之外的其他东西。当然缺点也有可能是因为目前还没有学到很多与以前不同的知识所致。