P1 求导
导数的四则运算
加法法则
( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) ′ = f ′ ( x ) + g ′ ( x ) (f(x)+g(x))'=f'(x)+g'(x) (f(x)+g(x))′=f′(x)+g′(x)
证明:
( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) ′ = lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) + g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) − g ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x + g ( x + Δ x ) − g ( x ) Δ x = f ′ ( x ) + g ′ ( x ) \begin{aligned} (f(x)+g(x))' &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)+g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}+\frac{g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=f'(x)+g'(x) \end{aligned} (f(x)+g(x))′=Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)+g(x+Δx)−f(x)−g(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)+Δxg(x+Δx)−g(x)=f′(x)+g′(x)
证毕.
减法法则
( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) ′ = f ′ ( x ) − g ′ ( x ) (f(x)-g(x))'=f'(x)-g'(x) (f(x)−g(x))′=f′(x)−g′(x)
与加法证法相似.
证:
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\begin{aligned} (f(x)-g(x))' &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)+g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}-\frac{g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=f'(x)-g'(x) \end{aligned}
(f(x)−g(x))′=Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−g(x+Δx)−f(x)+g(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)−Δxg(x+Δx)−g(x)=f′(x)−g′(x)
证毕.
乘法法则
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ′ = f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) (f(x)g(x))'=f(x)g'(x)+f'(x)g(x) (f(x)g(x))′=f(x)g′(x)+f′(x)g(x)
证:
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ′ = lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x + Δ x ) + f ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x g ( x + Δ x ) + lim Δ x → 0 g ( x + Δ x ) − g ( x ) Δ x f ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) + g ′ ( x ) f ( x ) \begin{aligned} (f(x)g(x))' &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta{y}}{\Delta{x}}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)g(x+\Delta x)+f(x)g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}g(x+\Delta x)+\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}f(x)\\ &=f'(x)g(x)+g'(x)f(x) \end{aligned} (f(x)g(x))′=Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)g(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)g(x+Δx)+f(x)g(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x+Δx)+Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)−g(x)f(x)=f′(x)g(x)+g′(x)f(x)
证毕.
除法法则
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ′ = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) g 2 ( x ) (\frac{f(x)}{g(x)})'=\frac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)} (g(x)f(x))′=g2(x)f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)
证明:
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ′ = ( f ( x ) 1 g ( x ) ) ′ = f ( x ) ′ g ( x ) + f ( x ) ( 1 g ( x ) ) ′ \begin{aligned} (\frac{f(x)}{g(x)})' &=(f(x)\frac{1}{g(x)})'\\ &=\frac{f(x)'}{g(x)}+f(x)(\frac{1}{g(x)})' \end{aligned} (g(x)f(x))′=(f(x)g(x)1)′=g(x)f(x)′+f(x)(g(x)1)′
又因为:
( 1 g ( x ) ) ′ = lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 1 g ( x + Δ x ) − 1 g ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 g ( x ) − g ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 g ( x ) − g ( x + Δ x ) Δ x lim Δ x → 0 1 g ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) = − g ′ ( x ) 1 g 2 ( x ) = − g ′ ( x ) g 2 ( x ) \begin{aligned} (\frac{1}{g(x)})' &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\frac{1}{g(x+\Delta x)}-\frac{1}{g(x)}}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\frac{g(x)-g(x+\Delta x)}{g(x)g(x+\Delta x)}}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{g(x)-g(x+\Delta x)}{\Delta x}\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{1}{g(x)g(x+\Delta x)}\\ &=-g'(x)\frac{1}{g^2(x)}\\ &=-\frac{g'(x)}{g^2(x)} \end{aligned} (g(x)1)′=Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)1−g(x)1=Δx→0limΔxg(x)g(x+Δx)g(x)−g(x+Δx)=Δx→0limΔxg(x)−g(x+Δx)Δx→0limg(x)g(x+Δx)1=−g′(x)g2(x)1=−g2(x)g′(x)
代入得:
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\begin{aligned} (\frac{f(x)}{g(x)})' &=\frac{f(x)'}{g(x)}+f(x)(\frac{1}{g(x)})'\\ &=\frac{f(x)'}{g(x)}-f(x)\frac{g'(x)}{g^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{f(x)'g(x)}{g^2(x)}-\frac{g'(x)f(x)}{g^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)} \end{aligned}
(g(x)f(x))′=g(x)f(x)′+f(x)(g(x)1)′=g(x)f(x)′−f(x)g2(x)g′(x)=g2(x)f(x)′g(x)−g2(x)g′(x)f(x)=g2(x)f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)
证毕.
多项式求导
给出 n n n 次多项式函数 f ( x ) = a n x n + a n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + a 1 x + a 0 f(x)=a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x+a_0 f(x)=anxn+an−1xn−1+⋯+a1x+a0 ,求其导数 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x) .
给出公式:
f ′ ( x ) = ∑ k = 1 n k a k x k − 1 f'(x)=\sum_{k=1}^nka_kx^{k-1} f′(x)=k=1∑nkakxk−1
证:
设 F ( x ) = a n x n F(x)=a_nx^n F(x)=anxn,那么:
F ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 F ( x + Δ x ) − F ( x ) Δ x = a lim Δ x → 0 ( x + Δ x ) n − x n Δ x = a lim Δ x → 0 ∑ k = 0 n ( C n k x k Δ x n − k ) − x n Δ x = a lim Δ x → 0 ∑ k = 0 n − 1 ( C n k x k Δ x n − k ) Δ x = a lim Δ x → 0 ∑ k = 0 n − 2 ( C n k x k Δ x n − k ) + n x n − 1 Δ x Δ x = a lim Δ x → 0 ∑ k = 0 n − 2 ( C n k x k Δ x n − k − 1 ) + n x n − 1 = n a x n − 1 \begin{aligned} F'(x) &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{F(x+\Delta x)-F(x)}{\Delta x}\\ &=a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+\Delta x)^n-x^n}{\Delta x}\\ &=a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\sum_{k=0}^n(C_n^kx^k{\Delta x}^{n-k})-x^n}{\Delta x}\\ &=a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(C_n^kx^k{\Delta x}^{n-k})}{\Delta x}\\ &=a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\sum_{k=0}^{n-2}(C_n^kx^k{\Delta x}^{n-k})+nx^{n-1}\Delta x}{\Delta x}\\ &=a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} {\sum_{k=0}^{n-2}(C_n^kx^k{\Delta x}^{n-k-1})+nx^{n-1}}\\ &=nax^{n-1} \end{aligned} F′(x)=Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxF(x+Δx)−F(x)=aΔx→0limΔx(x+Δx)n−xn=aΔx→0limΔx∑k=0n(CnkxkΔxn−k)−xn=aΔx→0limΔx∑k=0n−1(CnkxkΔxn−k)=aΔx→0limΔx∑k=0n−2(CnkxkΔxn−k)+nxn−1Δx=aΔx→0limk=0∑n−2(CnkxkΔxn−k−1)+nxn−1=naxn−1
所以:
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f(x)'=(a_nx^n)'+(a_{n-1}x^{n-1})'+\cdots+(a_1x)'=\sum_{k=1}^nka_kx^{k-1}
f(x)′=(anxn)′+(an−1xn−1)′+⋯+(a1x)′=k=1∑nkakxk−1
证毕.
反比例函数求导
设 f ( x ) = a x f(x)=\frac{a}{x} f(x)=xa,求其导数 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x).
给出公式:
f ′ ( x ) = − a x 2 f'(x)=-\frac{a}{x^2} f′(x)=−x2a
注:反比例函数即为多项式求导中 n n n 取 − 1 -1 −1 的情况,但我们还是单独证明一下。
证:
f ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 a x + Δ x − a x Δ x = a lim Δ x → 0 − Δ x ( x + Δ x ) x Δ x = − a lim Δ x → 0 1 ( x + Δ x ) x = − a x 2 \begin{aligned} f'(x) &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}\\ &=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\frac{a}{x+\Delta x}-\frac{a}{x}}{\Delta x}\\ &=a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\frac{-\Delta x}{(x+\Delta x)x}}{\Delta x}\\ &=-a\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{1}{(x+\Delta x)x}\\ &=-\frac{a}{x^2} \end{aligned} f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxx+Δxa−xa=aΔx→0limΔx(x+Δx)x−Δx=−aΔx→0lim(x+Δx)x1=−x2a
证毕.