手动学数据分析=Task2

2 第二章：数据清洗及特征处理

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd#加载所需的库numpy、pandas包和数据
#加载数据train.csv
df = pd.read_csv('train.csv')
df.head(3)

PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S
数据清洗简述
我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的，所谓的不干净，就是数据中有缺失值，有一些异常点等，需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模，所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗，本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作，将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的样子。

2.1 缺失值观察与处理

我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值，比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN，那其他列还有没有缺失值，这些缺失值要怎么处理呢

2.1.1 任务一：缺失值观察

(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据 以上方式都有多种方式，所以建议大家学习的时候多多益善

#方法一
df.info()
#方法二
df.isnull().sum()

<class ‘pandas.core.frame.DataFrame’>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
PassengerId 891 non-null int64
Survived 891 non-null int64
Pclass 891 non-null int64
Name 891 non-null object
Sex 891 non-null object
Age 714 non-null float64
SibSp 891 non-null int64
Parch 891 non-null int64
Ticket 891 non-null object
Fare 891 non-null float64
Cabin 204 non-null object
Embarked 889 non-null object
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.6+ KB

PassengerId 0
Survived 0
Pclass 0
Name 0
Sex 0
Age 177
SibSp 0
Parch 0
Ticket 0
Fare 0
Cabin 687
Embarked 2
dtype: int64

df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head(3)

Age Cabin Embarked
0 22.0 NaN S
1 38.0 C85 C
2 26.0 NaN S

2.1.2 任务二：对缺失值进行处理

(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路

(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理

(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理

以下是举例：

df[df[‘Age’]==None]=0
df.head(3)
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S
df[df[‘Age’].isnull()] = 0 # 还好
df.head(3)
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S
df[df[‘Age’] == np.nan] = 0
df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S
【思考】检索空缺值用np.nan要比用None好，这是为什么？

【回答】数值列读取数据后，空缺值的数据类型为float64所以用None一般索引不到，比较的时候最好用np.nan

df.dropna().head(3)
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S
6 7 0 1 McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J male 54.0 0 0 17463 51.8625 E46 S
df.fillna(0).head(3)
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 0 S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 0 S
【思考】dropna和fillna有哪些参数，分别如何使用呢?

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html

2.2 重复值观察与处理
由于这样那样的原因，数据中会不会存在重复值呢，如果存在要怎样处理呢

2.2.1 任务一：请查看数据中的重复值
df[df.duplicated()]
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
2.2.2 任务二：对重复值进行处理
(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢？

(2)处理我们数据的重复值

方法多多益善

以下是对整个行有缺失值的清理的方法举例：

df.drop_duplicates().head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S
2.2.3 任务三：将前面清洗的数据保存为csv格式
df.to_csv(‘test_clear.csv’)
2.3 特征观察与处理
我们对特征进行一下观察，可以把特征大概分为两大类：
数值型特征：Survived ，Pclass， Age ，SibSp， Parch， Fare，其中Survived， Pclass为离散型数值特征，Age，SibSp， Parch， Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征：Name， Sex， Cabin，Embarked， Ticket，其中Sex， Cabin， Embarked， Ticket为类别型文本特征。

数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练，但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。

2.3.1 任务一：对年龄进行分箱（离散化）处理
(1) 分箱操作是什么？

(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示

(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存，保存为csv格式

#将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示
df[‘AgeBand’] = pd.cut(df[‘Age’], 5,labels = [‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’])
df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 3
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S 2
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S 3
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S 3
df.to_csv(‘test_ave.csv’)
#将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示
df[‘AgeBand’] = pd.cut(df[‘Age’],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels = [‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’])
df.head(3)
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 3
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 4
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S 3
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S 4
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S 4
df.to_csv(‘test_cut.csv’)
#将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示
df[‘AgeBand’] = pd.qcut(df[‘Age’],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9],labels = [‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’])
df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 5
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S 3
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S 4
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S 4
df.to_csv(‘test_pr.csv’)
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html

2.3.2 任务二：对文本变量进行转换
(1) 查看文本变量名及种类
(2) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin ，Embarked用数值变量12345表示
(3) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin， Embarked用one-hot编码表示

方法多多益善

#查看类别文本变量名及种类

#方法一: value_counts
df[‘Sex’].value_counts()
male 577
female 314
Name: Sex, dtype: int64
df[‘Cabin’].value_counts()
G6 4
B96 B98 4
C23 C25 C27 4
F33 3
D 3
…
A36 1
C62 C64 1
A20 1
C148 1
C111 1
Name: Cabin, Length: 147, dtype: int64
df[‘Embarked’].value_counts()
S 644
C 168
Q 77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64
#方法二: unique
df[‘Sex’].unique()
array([‘male’, ‘female’], dtype=object)
df[‘Sex’].nunique()
2
#将类别文本转换为12345

#方法一: replace
df[‘Sex_num’] = df[‘Sex’].replace([‘male’,‘female’],[1,2])
df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand Sex_num
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2 1
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 5 2
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S 3 2
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S 4 2
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S 4 1
#方法二: map
df[‘Sex_num’] = df[‘Sex’].map({‘male’: 1, ‘female’: 2})
df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand Sex_num
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2 1
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 5 2
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S 3 2
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S 4 2
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S 4 1
#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for feat in [‘Cabin’, ‘Ticket’]:
lbl = LabelEncoder()
label_dict = dict(zip(df[feat].unique(), range(df[feat].nunique())))
df[feat + “_labelEncode”] = df[feat].map(label_dict)
df[feat + “_labelEncode”] = lbl.fit_transform(df[feat].astype(str))

df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand Sex_num Cabin_labelEncode Ticket_labelEncode
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2 1 147 523
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 5 2 81 596
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 NaN S 3 2 147 669
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 C123 S 4 2 55 49
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 NaN S 4 1 147 472
#将类别文本转换为one-hot编码

#方法一: OneHotEncoder
for feat in [“Age”, “Embarked”]:

x = pd.get_dummies(df[“Age”] // 6)

x = pd.get_dummies(pd.cut(df[‘Age’],5))

x = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
df = pd.concat([df, x], axis=1)
#df[feat] = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)

df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare … Age_65.0 Age_66.0 Age_70.0 Age_70.5 Age_71.0 Age_74.0 Age_80.0 Embarked_C Embarked_Q Embarked_S
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
5 rows × 107 columns

2.3.3 任务三（附加）：从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征(所谓的Titles就是Mr,Miss,Mrs等)
df[‘Title’] = df.Name.str.extract(’([A-Za-z]+).’, expand=False)
df.head()
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare … Age_66.0 Age_70.0 Age_70.5 Age_71.0 Age_74.0 Age_80.0 Embarked_C Embarked_Q Embarked_S Title
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mr
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Mrs
2 3 1 3 Heikkinen, Miss. Laina female 26.0 0 0 STON/O2. 3101282 7.9250 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Miss
3 4 1 1 Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) female 35.0 1 0 113803 53.1000 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mrs
4 5 0 3 Allen, Mr. William Henry male 35.0 0 0 373450 8.0500 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mr
5 rows × 108 columns

保存上面的为最终结论

df.to_csv(‘test_fin.csv’)