目录
一、基本概念
(1)分类
多态分类两类:
- 静态多态:函数重载和运算符重载属于静态多态,复用函数名
- 动态多态:派生类与虚函数实现运行时多态
两者之家的区别在于:
- 静态多态的函数地址早绑定:编译阶段就确定函数地址
- 动态多态的函数地址晚绑定:运行阶段才确定函数地址
(2) 注意事项
①动态多态的满足条件:
- 得有继承关系
- 子类要重写父类的虚函数(与重载有区别,函数返回值类型、函数名、参数列表要完全相同)
②动态多态的使用:
- 父类的指针或者引用指向在子类对象
(3)示例代码
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//多态
//动物类
class Animal
{
public:
//virtual虚函数的关键字,加上后实现地址的晚绑定
virtual void speak()
{
cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
}
};
//猫类,继承动物类
class Cat:public Animal
{
public:
void speak()
{
cout << "猫在说话" << endl;
}
};
//狗类,继承动物类
class Dog :public Animal
{
public:
void speak()
{
cout << "狗在说话" << endl;
}
};
//执行说话的函数
//地址早绑定,在编译阶段就确定了函数地址
//如果想让猫说话,那这个函数的地址就不能提前绑定,需要在运行阶段进行绑定
void doSpeak(Animal& animal) //Animal & animal = cat;
{
animal.speak();
}
void test01()
{
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);
Dog dog;
doSpeak(dog);
}
int main()
{
test01();
}
加上virtual之前,即早绑定的话:
加上virtual之后,即晚绑定的话:
二、利用多态实现一个计算机类
首先用普通的写法实现
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//分别用普通与多态的方法实现一个计算机类
class Calculator
{
public:
int getResult(string oper)
{
if (oper == "+")
{
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
else if (oper == "*")
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
void test01()
{
//创建一个计算机类对象
Calculator c;
c.m_Num1 = 10;
c.m_Num2 = 10;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "+" << c.m_Num2 << "=" << c.getResult("+") << endl;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "*" << c.m_Num2 << "=" << c.getResult("* ") << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
}
然后是多态的写法
//利用多态实现计算机类
//实现计算机抽象类
class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
virtual int getResult()
{
return 0;
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
//加法计算类
class AddCalculator:public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
};
//减法计算器类
class SubCalculator:public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
}
};
//乘法计算器类
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
};
void test02()
{
//多态使用条件
//①父类指针或者引用指向子类对象
//多态的好处
//①代码组织结构清晰
//②代码可读性强
//③便于后期扩展和维护
//加法运算
AbstractCalculator* a = new AddCalculator;
a->m_Num1 = 100;
a->m_Num2 = 100;
cout << a->m_Num1 << "+" << a->m_Num2 << "=" << a->getResult() << endl;
delete a;
//减法运算
AbstractCalculator* b = new SubCalculator;
b->m_Num1 = 100;
b->m_Num2 = 100;
cout << b->m_Num1 << "-" << b->m_Num2 << "=" << b->getResult() << endl;
delete b;
//乘法运算
AbstractCalculator* c = new MulCalculator;
c->m_Num1 = 100;
c->m_Num2 = 100;
cout << c->m_Num1 << "*" << c->m_Num2 << "=" << c->getResult() << endl;
delete c;
}
int main()
{
test02();
}
三、利用多态实现饮品类
多态就是相同的接口,根据传入参数的不同实现不同的功能。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//基类
class AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil() = 0;
//冲泡
virtual void Brew() = 0;
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup() = 0;
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething() = 0;
//制作饮品
void makeDrink()
{
Boil();
Brew();
PourInCup();
PutSomething();
}
};
//制作咖啡
class Coffee :public AbstractDrinking
{
//煮水
virtual void Boil()
{
cout << "煮水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew()
{
cout << "冲泡咖啡" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup()
{
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething()
{
cout << "加入牛奶和糖" << endl;
}
};
//制作茶
class Tea :public AbstractDrinking
{
//煮水
virtual void Boil()
{
cout << "煮水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew()
{
cout << "冲泡茶叶" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup()
{
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething()
{
cout << "加入枸杞" << endl;
}
};
void doWork(AbstractDrinking *a)
{
a->makeDrink();
delete a;
}
void test01()
{
//制作咖啡
doWork(new Coffee);
cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
//制作茶
doWork(new Tea);
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}