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文章大部分内容摘抄至B站的韦东山老师的深入了解FreeRTOS操作系统教程,若有不理解的地方,可点击链接学习韦老师的视频。
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上一章已经了解了CPU内部的结构,也了解了一部分的汇编代码,这一章要开始学习一下操作系统的任务。如果有错误的地方,请批评指正,不胜感激!!
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前言
任务的创建大概都已经会使用了,可以使用静态和动态创建,使用静态创建需要自己定义栈空间大小,还需要设定相对应的宏。本章全程使用动态创建,不需要自定义栈空间大小。
一、创建任务的核心
总共有三个核心,一是任务需要执行的函数,其中运行过程中的局部变量存储在哪里?在切换瞬间保存在哪里?都保存在他自己的栈空间里面。二是怎么来表示这个任务,这就是任务的任务结构体。我们先从创建任务的函数来说明。
二、任务函数
1.内部参数
BaseType_t xTaskCreate( TaskFunction_t pxTaskCode,
const char * const pcName, /*lint !e971 Unqualified char types are allowed for strings and single characters only. */
const configSTACK_DEPTH_TYPE usStackDepth,
void * const pvParameters,
UBaseType_t uxPriority,
TaskHandle_t * const pxCreatedTask )
内部使用的是malloc函数来申请堆空间来作为任务的栈,可以发现参数有6个,第一个是函数任务入口,第二个是名称,第三个是栈的头部位置,第四个是传递的参数,第五个是优先级,第六个是指向的任务结构体控制块。
2.任务TCB
代码如下(示例):
typedef struct tskTaskControlBlock /* The old naming convention is used to prevent breaking kernel aware debuggers. */
{
volatile StackType_t * pxTopOfStack; /*< Points to the location of the last item placed on the tasks stack. THIS MUST BE THE FIRST MEMBER OF THE TCB STRUCT. */
#if ( portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS == 1 )
xMPU_SETTINGS xMPUSettings; /*< The MPU settings are defined as part of the port layer. THIS MUST BE THE SECOND MEMBER OF THE TCB STRUCT. */
#endif
ListItem_t xStateListItem; /*< The list that the state list item of a task is reference from denotes the state of that task (Ready, Blocked, Suspended ). */
ListItem_t xEventListItem; /*< Used to reference a task from an event list. */
UBaseType_t uxPriority; /*< The priority of the task. 0 is the lowest priority. */
StackType_t * pxStack; /*< Points to the start of the stack. */
char pcTaskName[ configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN ]; /*< Descriptive name given to the task when created. Facilitates debugging only. */ /*lint !e971 Unqualified char types are allowed for strings and single characters only. */
#if ( ( portSTACK_GROWTH > 0 ) || ( configRECORD_STACK_HIGH_ADDRESS == 1 ) )
StackType_t * pxEndOfStack; /*< Points to the highest valid address for the stack. */
#endif
#if ( portCRITICAL_NESTING_IN_TCB == 1 )
UBaseType_t uxCriticalNesting; /*< Holds the critical section nesting depth for ports that do not maintain their own count in the port layer. */
#endif
#if ( configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY == 1 )
UBaseType_t uxTCBNumber; /*< Stores a number that increments each time a TCB is created. It allows debuggers to determine when a task has been deleted and then recreated. */
UBaseType_t uxTaskNumber; /*< Stores a number specifically for use by third party trace code. */
#endif
#if ( configUSE_MUTEXES == 1 )
UBaseType_t uxBasePriority; /*< The priority last assigned to the task - used by the priority inheritance mechanism. */
UBaseType_t uxMutexesHeld;
#endif
#if ( configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG == 1 )
TaskHookFunction_t pxTaskTag;
#endif
#if ( configNUM_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_POINTERS > 0 )
void * pvThreadLocalStoragePointers[ configNUM_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_POINTERS ];
#endif
#if ( configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS == 1 )
uint32_t ulRunTimeCounter; /*< Stores the amount of time the task has spent in the Running state. */
#endif
#if ( configUSE_NEWLIB_REENTRANT == 1 )
/* Allocate a Newlib reent structure that is specific to this task.
* Note Newlib support has been included by popular demand, but is not
* used by the FreeRTOS maintainers themselves. FreeRTOS is not
* responsible for resulting newlib operation. User must be familiar with
* newlib and must provide system-wide implementations of the necessary
* stubs. Be warned that (at the time of writing) the current newlib design
* implements a system-wide malloc() that must be provided with locks.
*
* See the third party link http://www.nadler.com/embedded/newlibAndFreeRTOS.html
* for additional information. */
struct _reent xNewLib_reent;
#endif
#if ( configUSE_TASK_NOTIFICATIONS == 1 )
volatile uint32_t ulNotifiedValue[ configTASK_NOTIFICATION_ARRAY_ENTRIES ];
volatile uint8_t ucNotifyState[ configTASK_NOTIFICATION_ARRAY_ENTRIES ];
#endif
/* See the comments in FreeRTOS.h with the definition of
* tskSTATIC_AND_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION_POSSIBLE. */
#if ( tskSTATIC_AND_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION_POSSIBLE != 0 ) /*lint !e731 !e9029 Macro has been consolidated for readability reasons. */
uint8_t ucStaticallyAllocated; /*< Set to pdTRUE if the task is a statically allocated to ensure no attempt is made to free the memory. */
#endif
#if ( INCLUDE_xTaskAbortDelay == 1 )
uint8_t ucDelayAborted;
#endif
#if ( configUSE_POSIX_ERRNO == 1 )
int iTaskErrno;
#endif
} tskTCB;
可以看出任务控制块中有五个具体参数:第一个指向栈顶,第二个是状态链表,第三个是事件链表,第四个是优先级,第五个是指向的栈,第六个是名称。不难发现其实和任务创建的参数相似,但是任务创建所需要的函数入口地址却在TCB中没有发现,那么TCB中要怎么知道运行哪个任务函数呢??之后我们便能知晓了,现在先了解一下,任务创建中的栈空间究竟是存储在哪里的,其大小是如何确定。
3.任务中的栈空间
在任务函数中添加了一个容量为100的数组,查看反汇编代码:
可以看出创建了数组之后,sp=sp-0x194,100*int占四个字节=400–>0x190
加上0x04就是整个的局部变量,可以看出栈空间的大小具体是由局部变量来
确定的,当然如果在这个任务中调用了另一个函数,也能决定栈空间的大小,准确来说,应该是取决于局部变量和调用深度,调用的任务中局部变量也存储在任务的栈空间中。而任务占用的栈空间是从哪里分配的呢?在代码中可以看出,在heap2.c中可以看出,其实是创建了一个大容量的数组,任务创建就会向这个堆空间申请出一份内存用作栈空间。这个数组的容量和自定义。
4.任务入口函数
任务创建中,我们发现TCB中没有可存储任务函数的变量,那么任务函数是怎么跑起来的呢?实际在FreeRTOS中,在创建时候传递的函数地址,要想运行这个任务函数,只需要将PC寄存器的值=函数的地址就可以了,这就让CPU来运行这个函数了。
这张图就充分展示了TCB每一个变量是怎么存储在所存储的栈空间的。
总结
这章主要是讲了一下任务在内存中是怎么样的,下一期主要是写一下任务的调度原理,这就会用上TCB中的两个状态链表了,这需要去了解一下数据结构了。