目录
前言
本文介绍如何利用canvas组件在网页中绘制图表
1 绘制线条
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!--
canvas
画布：
矩形区域，可以控制该区域的每一像素
画布默认尺寸300px*150px,可通过width和height设置
(不要通过css设置 因为css设置并不会增加像素点个数，只是将每一个像素点放大)
-->
<!-- 通过属性方式设置画布尺寸 -->
<canvas width="600" height="400" id="canvas"></canvas>
<script>
//获取画布元素的对象
const canvas=document.querySelector("#canvas");
//获取画布的上下文对象
context=canvas.getContext("2d");
//console.log(context);
// 设置线条的起点
context.moveTo(10,10);
//设置线条的终点
context.lineTo(510,10);
//设置线条的颜色
context.strokeStyle="red";
//设置线条的粗细
context.lineWidth=10;
//设置线条两端的样式(线帽) 可选值："butt|round|square"
context.lineCap="round"
//设置两条线相交时，拐角的类型
//绘制线条(通过描边的方式)
context.stroke();
</script>
</body>
</html>2 绘制折线
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!--
canvas
画布：
矩形区域，可以控制该区域的每一像素
画布默认尺寸300px*150px,可通过width和height设置
(不要通过css设置 因为css设置并不会增加像素点个数，只是将每一个像素点放大)
-->
<!-- 通过属性方式设置画布尺寸 -->
<canvas width="600" height="600" id="canvas"></canvas>
<script>
//获取画布元素的对象
const canvas=document.querySelector("#canvas");
//获取画布的上下文对象
context=canvas.getContext("2d");
//console.log(context);
// 设置线条的起点
context.moveTo(10,10);
//设置线条的拐点
context.lineTo(510,10);
//设置线条的终点
context.lineTo(510,260);
//设置线条的颜色
context.strokeStyle="red";
//设置线条的粗细
context.lineWidth=10;
//设置线条两端的样式(线帽) 可选值："butt|round|square",默认butt
context.lineCap="round"
//设置两条线相交时，拐角的类型 可选值："miter|bevel|round",默认miter
context.lineJoin="miter";
//绘制线条(通过描边的方式)
//设置均要在绘制之前完成
context.stroke();
</script>
</body>
</html>3 绘制矩形
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600">
<!-- 检测浏览器是否支持canvas，支持则不显示下列文字，不支持则显示下列文字 -->
您的浏览器版本过低，请升级浏览器
</canvas>
<script>
//获取画布上下文对象
const context=document.querySelector('#canvas').getContext("2d");
//绘制一个线条
//设置线条的起点
context.moveTo(10, 10);
//设置线条的终点
context.lineTo(10, 320);
//设置线条的颜色
context.strokeStyle='blue';
//设置线条的粗细
context.lineWidth="4";
//绘制线条
context.stroke();
//开启一个独立的作用域(独立的绘制路径)
context.beginPath();
//绘制第二个线条
context.moveTo(40,20);
context.lineTo(40,320);
context.strokeStyle="red";
context.stroke();
context.closePath();
//绘制矩形
//方法一
context.beginPath();
//设置起点
context.moveTo(50,50);
//设置第一个拐点
context.lineTo(250,50);
//设置第二个拐点
context.lineTo(250,150);
//设置第三个拐点
context.lineTo(50,150);
//返回原来的点
//context.lineTo(50,50);
//连接起点和终点，形成一个封闭区域
context.closePath();
//开始绘制
context.stroke();
//方法二
context.beginPath();
//设置关键信息 rect(x矩形左上角的横坐标, y矩形左上角的纵坐标, width矩形的宽度, height矩形的高度)
context.rect(400, 80, 150,100);
//设置填充色
context.fillStyle="orange";
//设置轮廓色
context.strokeStyle='green';
//绘制空心矩形
context.stroke();
//绘制实心矩形
context.fill();
//方法三
context.beginPath();
//通过描边的方式绘制空心矩形
context.strokeRect(50, 400, 180, 130);
//设置填充颜色
context.fillStyle="yellow";
//通过填充的方式绘制实心矩形
context.fillRect(400,400,100,70);
</script>
</body>
</html>4 绘制三角形
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="400">
<!-- 检测浏览器是否支持canvas，支持则不显示下列文字，不支持则显示下列文字 -->
您的浏览器版本过低，请升级浏览器
</canvas>
<script>
//获取画布上下文对象
const context=document.querySelector('#canvas').getContext("2d");
//绘制三角形
context.moveTo(20, 20);
context.lineTo(20, 220);
context.lineTo(220,220);
context.closePath();
context.stroke();
</script>
</body>
</html>5 绘制圆
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//绘制圆形
//x,y表示圆心的坐标，radius 圆的半径，Math.PI/180*startAngle起始弧度 ,Math.PI/180*endAngle 终止弧度 anticlockwise:是否逆时针绘制(true表示逆时针绘制，false表示顺时针绘制)
//context.arc(x,y,radius,Math.PI/180*startAngle,Math.PI/180*endAngle,anticlockwise);
context.arc(200,200,100,Math.PI/180*0,Math.PI/180*360);//绘制圆顺时针逆时针无所谓
context.strokeStyle="red";
//绘制空心圆形
context.stroke();
context.fillStyle='orange';
//绘制实心圆形
context.fill();
</script>
</body>
</html>
6 绘制弧线
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//绘制弧线
//x,y表示圆心的坐标，radius 圆的半径，Math.PI/180*startAngle起始弧度 ,Math.PI/180*endAngle
//终止弧度 anticlockwise:是否逆时针绘制(true表示逆时针绘制，false表示顺时针绘制 默认值为false)
//context.arc(x,y,radius,Math.PI/180*startAngle,Math.PI/180*endAngle,anticlockwise);
context.arc(300,200,150,Math.PI/180*0,Math.PI/180*90,true);
context.strokeStyle="red";
//绘制弧线
context.stroke();
</script>
</body>
</html>7 绘制扇形
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//绘制扇形
//x,y表示圆心的坐标，radius 圆的半径，Math.PI/180*startAngle起始弧度 ,Math.PI/180*endAngle
//终止弧度 anticlockwise:是否逆时针绘制(true表示逆时针绘制，false表示顺时针绘制 默认值为false)
//context.arc(x,y,radius,Math.PI/180*startAngle,Math.PI/180*endAngle,anticlockwise);
//设置画笔的起点 与顺序有关
context.moveTo(300, 200);
//绘制扇形的关键参数
context.arc(300,200,150,Math.PI/180*0,Math.PI/180*90);
context.strokeStyle="red";
//自动形成一个闭合的区域
context.closePath();
//绘制扇形
context.stroke();
context.fillStyle="green";
context.fill();
</script>
</body>
</html>8 绘制椭圆
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//绘制椭圆
//x,y表示圆心的坐标，radiusX 水平方向的半径， radiusY竖直方向的半径,rotation 旋转弧度 Math.PI/180*startAngle起始弧度 ,Math.PI/180*endAngle
//终止弧度 anticlockwise:是否逆时针绘制(true表示逆时针绘制，false表示顺时针绘制 默认值为false)
//context.ellipse(x,y,radiusX,radiusY,rotation,Math.PI/180*startAngle,Math.PI/180*endAngle,anticlockwise);
//绘制椭圆的关键参数
context.ellipse(300,200,200, 100,Math.PI/2,Math.PI/180*0,Math.PI/180*360);
context.strokeStyle="red";
//绘制空心椭圆
context.stroke();
context.fillStyle="orange";
//绘制实心椭圆
context.fill();
</script>
</body>
</html>9 绘制文本
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas"></canvas>
<script>
//获取画布的dom对象
const canvas=document.querySelector("#canvas");
canvas.width=600;
canvas.height=600;
//获取画布的上下文对象
const context=canvas.getContext('2d');
//绘制文字
//context.strokeText(文字内容,x,y,maxWidth);会自动绘制
//x,y指的是文字绘制的矩形区域左下角的坐标
//设置字体大小
context.font="30px Microsoft Yahei";
//设置文字在水平方向的对齐方式 'start|left|center|right|end'
//left center right参考的是绘制坐标x
//center将文字劈成两半，以绘制坐标x为轴对称分布
//left将文字矩形的左边界与绘制坐标x对齐
//right将文字矩形的右边界与绘制坐标x对齐
//start和left效果相同 right和end效果相同
context.textAlign='center';
//绘制描边文字
//context.strokeText("你好，中国",100,100,300);
context.strokeText("你好，中国",0,100,300);
//绘制实心文字
context.font="25px 宋体";
context.fillText("hello world", 300, 300, 200);
</script>
</body>
</html>10 绘制网格图
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//绘制网格
//坐标系的尺寸
const width=600;
const height=600;
//网格的尺寸
const gridWidth=20;
const gridHeight=20;
//绘制一组水平线
for(let i=0;i<=height/gridHeight;i++)
{
//开启独立的绘制路径
context.beginPath();
//设置水平线起点坐标
//0,0 0,20 0,40
context.moveTo(0, i*gridHeight);
//设置水平线终点坐标
//600,0 600,20 600,40
context.lineTo(600,i*gridHeight);
context.strokeStyle="blue";
//开始绘制
context.stroke();
}
//绘制一组垂直线
for(let i=0;i<=width/gridWidth;i++)
{
//开启独立的绘制路径
context.beginPath();
//设置垂直线起点坐标
//0,0 20,0 40,0
context.moveTo(i*gridWidth,0);
//设置垂直线终点坐标
//0,600 20,600 40,600
context.lineTo(i*gridWidth,600);
context.strokeStyle="orange";
//开始绘制
context.stroke();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>11 绘制折线图
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//绘制网格
//坐标系的尺寸
const width=600;
const height=600;
//网格的尺寸
const gridWidth=20;
const gridHeight=20;
//绘制一组水平线
for(let i=0;i<=height/gridHeight;i++)
{
//开启独立的绘制路径
context.beginPath();
//设置水平线起点坐标
//0,0 0,20 0,40
context.moveTo(0, i*gridHeight);
//设置水平线终点坐标
//600,0 600,20 600,40
context.lineTo(600,i*gridHeight);
context.strokeStyle="gray";
//开始绘制
context.stroke();
}
//绘制一组垂直线
for(let i=0;i<=width/gridWidth;i++)
{
//开启独立的绘制路径
context.beginPath();
//设置垂直线起点坐标
//0,0 20,0 40,0
context.moveTo(i*gridWidth,0);
//设置垂直线终点坐标
//0,600 20,600 40,600
context.lineTo(i*gridWidth,600);
context.strokeStyle="gray";
//开始绘制
context.stroke();
}
//绘制直角坐标系
//开启独立的绘制路径
context.beginPath();
//设置起点
context.moveTo(20,20);
//设置拐点
context.lineTo(20,580);
//设置终点
context.lineTo(580,580);
//context.strokeStyle="black";
//开始绘制
context.stroke();
//绘制x轴的箭头
//开启独立绘制路径
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(570,575);
context.lineTo(580,580);
context.lineTo(570,585);
context.fill();
//绘制y轴的箭头
//开启独立绘制路径
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(15,30);
context.lineTo(20,20);
context.lineTo(25,30);
context.fill();
//绘制折线
/*
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(20,580);
context.lineTo(120,100);
context.lineTo(320,80);
context.lineTo(420,180);
context.lineTo(480,280);
context.lineWidth=2;
context.strokeStyle="red";
context.stroke();
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(20,80);
context.lineTo(120,120);
context.lineTo(220,150);
context.lineTo(320,220);
context.lineTo(520,380);
context.lineWidth=2;
context.strokeStyle="orange";
context.stroke();
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(20,80);
context.lineTo(120,150);
context.lineTo(220,180);
context.lineTo(320,210);
context.lineTo(360,380);
context.lineWidth=2;
context.strokeStyle="purple";
context.stroke();
*/
//数组方式绘制
const pionts=[
[
{x:20,y:580},{x:120,y:100},{x:320,y:80},{x:420,y:180},{x:480,y:280},
],
[
{x:20,y:80},{x:120,y:120},{x:220,y:150},{x:320,y:220},{x:520,y:380},
],
[
{x:20,y:80},{x:120,y:150},{x:220,y:180},{x:320,y:210},{x:360,y:380},
]
]
pionts.forEach(item=>{
context.beginPath();
//将起点取出来
const startPoint=item.shift();
console.log(item);
//设置起点
context.moveTo(startPoint.x,startPoint.y);
item.forEach(val=>{
//设置拐点
context.lineTo(val.x,val.y);
})
context.strokeStyle="orange";
//绘制折线
context.stroke();
})
</script>
</body>
</html>12 绘制贝塞尔曲线
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
//绘制二次贝塞尔曲线
const context = document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
context.strokeStyle = "#1572b5";
context.lineWidth = 2;
context.beginPath();
//设置起点
context.moveTo(137, 400);
//设置控制点和终点
//context.quadraticCurveTo(cpx, cpy, x, y);绘制二次贝塞尔曲线 cpx,cpy为控制点，x,y为结束点
context.quadraticCurveTo(299, -4, 428, 399);
context.stroke();
//绘制三次贝赛尔曲线
canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
ctx = canvas.getContext("2d")
ctx.strokeStyle = "#1572b5";
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(180, 50);
//ctx.bezierCurveTo(cpx1, cpy1, cpx2,cpy2,x,y);绘制二次贝塞尔曲线 cpx,cpy为控制点，x,y为结束点
ctx.bezierCurveTo(150,130,201, 83, 450, 250);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.closePath();
</script>
</body>
</html>13 绘制线性渐变
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//创建线性渐变对象
//context.createLinearGradient(x1, y1, x2, y2);x1,y1:起始位置,x2,y2:结束位置
//水平
//const lg=context.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 200, 0);
//垂直
//const lg=context.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 0, 100);
//对角线
const lg=context.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 100, 100);
//往渐变读写中添加渐变色
//addColorStop(0, 'red');线性范围：0-1 color：颜色
lg.addColorStop(0, 'red');
lg.addColorStop(0.3, 'orange');
lg.addColorStop(0.6, 'yellow');
lg.addColorStop(1, 'green');
//调用渐变色
context.fillStyle=lg;
//绘制实心矩形
context.fillRect(10,20,200,100);
</script>
</body>
</html>14 绘制放射性渐变
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
canvas{
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const context=document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext('2d');
//创建放射性渐变对象
//createRadialGradient(x1, y1,r1, x2, y2,r2);x1,y1:内圆圆心，r1:内圆半径,x2,y2:外圆圆心,r2:外圆半径
//水平
//const rg=context.createRadialGradient(0, 0, 200, 0);
//垂直
//const rg=context.createRadialGradient(0, 0, 0, 100);
//对角线
const rg=context.createRadialGradient(200,200,20,200,200,120);
//往渐变对象中添加渐变色
//addColorStop(0, 'red');线性范围：0-1 color：颜色
rg.addColorStop(0, 'red');
rg.addColorStop(0.3, 'orange');
rg.addColorStop(0.6, 'yellow');
rg.addColorStop(1, 'green');
//调用渐变色
context.fillStyle=rg;
//绘制圆形
context.arc(200,200,150,0,Math.PI/180*360);
context.fill();
</script>
</body>
</html>总结
学习了如何利用canvas组件在网页中绘制图形图表。
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