How to judge whether a substance, only has London dispersion forces as its only intermolecular for

To determine whether a substance has London dispersion forces (van der Waals forces) as its only intermolecular force or not, you need to consider the molecular structure and polarity of the substance. Here are steps to help you judge:

1. **Check for Nonpolar Molecules**: London dispersion forces are the primary intermolecular forces in nonpolar molecules. Nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of electrons and no permanent dipole moment.

2. **Examine the Molecular Geometry**: Look at the arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Symmetrical molecules with identical atoms around a central atom are more likely to be nonpolar. Examples of such molecules include diatomic gases like H2, N2, O2, and noble gases (e.g., He, Ne, Ar). These molecules typically exhibit London dispersion forces as their primary intermolecular force.

3. **Consider Electron Cloud Size**: Larger molecules with more electrons tend to have stronger London dispersion forces. This is because larger electron clouds are more polarizable, leading to stronger temporary dipoles.

4. **Check for Permanent Dipoles**: If the molecule has permanent dipoles due to differences in electronegativity between atoms (i.e., polar covalent bonds), it will also have dipole-dipole interactions in addition to London dispersion forces. Examples of such molecules include HCl, H2O, and NH3.

5. **Look for Hydrogen Bonding**: Some molecules, like H2O, NH3, and HF, can form hydrogen bonds in addition to other intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonding is a stronger type of dipole-dipole interaction.

6. **Examine the Chemical Formula**: In some cases, the chemical formula itself can provide clues. For example, if the substance consists of only one type of atom (e.g., noble gases like He, Ne, Ar) or has a symmetrical structure (e.g., diatomic molecules like H2, N2, O2), it's more likely to have London dispersion forces as the primary intermolecular force.

In summary, to judge whether a substance has London dispersion forces as its only intermolecular force, you should look for nonpolar molecules with no permanent dipoles and no hydrogen bonding. If a substance exhibits these characteristics, London dispersion forces are likely the dominant intermolecular forces at play.

要确定一种物质是否具有伦敦色散力(范德华力)作为其唯一的分子间作用力，需要考虑该物质的分子结构和极性。以下是帮助你做出判断的步骤:

1. **检查非极性分子**:伦敦色散力是非极性分子中的主要分子间力。非极性分子的电子分布均匀，没有永久的偶极矩。

2. **检查分子几何**:观察分子中原子的排列。中心原子周围有相同原子的对称分子是非极性的可能性更大。这种分子的例子包括双原子气体，如H2、N2、O2和惰性气体(如He、Ne、Ar)。这些分子典型地表现出伦敦色散力作为它们主要的分子间作用力。

3.**考虑电子云大小**:拥有更多电子的大分子往往具有更强的伦敦色散力。这是因为更大的电子云更容易极化，导致更强的临时偶极子。

4. **检查永久偶极子**:如果分子由于原子之间电负性的差异而具有永久偶极子(即极性共价键)，除了伦敦色散力外，它还将具有偶极子-偶极子相互作用。这些分子的例子包括HCl, H2O和NH3。

5. **寻找氢键**:一些分子，如H2O、NH3和HF，除了其他分子间的作用力外，还能形成氢键。氢键是一种更强的偶极-偶极相互作用。

6. **检查化学式**:在某些情况下，化学式本身可以提供线索。例如，如果物质仅由一种原子组成(如He, Ne, Ar等惰性气体)或具有对称结构(如H2, N2, O2等双原子分子)，则更有可能将伦敦色散力作为主要的分子间力。

总之，要判断一种物质是否有伦敦色散力作为其唯一的分子间作用力，你应该寻找没有永久偶极子和没有氢键的非极性分子。如果一种物质表现出这些特征，那么伦敦色散力很可能是起作用的主要分子间力。

Attention:

BCl3: Boron trichloride (BCl3) is a nonpolar molecule. It has a symmetrical trigonal planar geometry, and the individual dipole moments cancel out, resulting in no net dipole moment and no dipole-dipole attraction.

	B.	BCl3
	D.	XeF4
	E.	PH3

D. XeF4: Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) is a polar molecule. It has a square planar geometry, and the individual dipole moments do not cancel out. Therefore, XeF4 exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between its molecules.

E. PH3: Phosphine (PH3) is a polar molecule. It has a pyramidal shape, and the electronegativity difference between phosphorus and hydrogen creates a permanent dipole moment. Therefore, PH3 exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between its molecules.