2.2.7类模板成员函数分文件编写
类模板成员函数创建是在调试阶段,导致分文件编写时链接不到。
解决方案:
- 直接包含.cpp源文件(很少这样做)
- 将声明和实现写在同一个文件中,并更改后缀名为.hpp,.hpp时约定的名称,不是强制
person.hpp
#pragma once
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person
{
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age);
void showPerson();
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
template<class T1, class T2>
Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
template<class T1, class T2>
void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson()
{
cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << "年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
.cpp 主函数
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//第一种解决方式,直接包含.cpp源文件
//#include "person.cpp"
//第二种解决方式,将.h和.cpp中的内容写到一起,将后缀名为.hpp文件
#include "person.hpp"
//template<class T1, class T2>
//class Person
//{
//public:
// Person(T1 name, T2 age);
//
// void showPerson();
//
// T1 m_Name;
// T2 m_Age;
//};
//构造函数类外实现
//template<class T1, class T2>
//Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age)
//{
// this->m_Age = age;
// this->m_Name = name;
//}
//
//template<class T1, class T2>
//void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson()
//{
// cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << "年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
//}
void test01()
{
Person<string, int> p("Tom", 100);
p.showPerson();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
2.2.8类模板与友元
全局函数类内实现:直接在内类声明友元即可
全局函数类外实现:需要提前让编译器知道全局函数的存在
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//提前让编译器知道Person类的存在
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person;
//类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
void printPeson2(Person<T1, T2> p)
{
cout << "类外实现---姓名:" << p.m_Name << "年龄:" << p.m_Age << endl;
}
//通过全局函数 打印person信息
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person
{
//全局函数类内实现
friend void printPeson(Person<T1,T2> p)
{
cout << "姓名:" << p.m_Name << "年龄:" <<p.m_Age << endl;
}
//全局函数在类外实现
//加一个空模板函数列表
//全局函数 类外实现 需要提前让编译器知道全局函数的存在
friend void printPeson2<>(Person<T1, T2> p);
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
private:
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//1.全局函数在类内实现
void test01()
{
Person<string, int> p("Tom", 100);
printPeson(p);
}
//1.全局函数在类外实现
void test02()
{
Person<string, int> p("Terry", 200);
printPeson2(p);
}
int main()
{
//test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
2.2.9类模板案例
1.可以对内置数据类型以及自定义数据类型的数据进行存储
2.将数组中的数据存储到堆区
3.构造函数中可以传入数组的容量
4.提供对应的拷贝构造函数以及operator=防止浅拷贝问题
5.提供尾插法和尾删法对数组中的数据进行增加和删除
6.可以通过下标的方式访问数组中函数
7.可以获取数组中当前元素的个数和数组的容量
MyArray.hpp
//自己实现的通用数组
#pragma once
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class MyArray
{
public:
//有参构造 参数 容量
MyArray(int capacity)
{
//cout << "MyArray的有参构造调用" << endl;
this->m_Capacity = capacity;
this->m_Size = 0;
this->pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
}
//拷贝构造 (自己写) 防止浅拷贝的问题
MyArray(const MyArray& arr)
{
//cout << "MyArray的拷贝构造调用" << endl;
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
//this->pAddress = arr.pAddress; 不可以直接赋值,防止浅拷贝,重复释放内存空间
//深拷贝
this->pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
//将arr中的数据都拷贝过来
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++)
{
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
}
//operator=防止浅拷贝的问题 a=b=c 等号做返回操作,要用引用的方式返回自身
MyArray& operator=(const MyArray&arr)
{
//cout << "MyArray的operator=调用" << endl;
//先判断原来堆区是否有数据,如果有先释放
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
delete[]this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
this->m_Capacity = 0;
this->m_Size = 0;
}
//深拷贝
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->pAddress=new T[this->m_Capacity];
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++)
{
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
return *this;
}
//尾插法
void Push_Back(const T & val)
{
//判断容量是否更与大小
if (this->m_Capacity == this->m_Size)
{
return;
}
this->pAddress[this->m_Size] = val;//在数组的末尾插入数据
this->m_Size++;//更新数组的大小
}
//尾删法
void Pop_Back()
{
//让用户访问不到最后一个元素 ,即为尾删
if (this->m_Size ==0)
{
return;
}
this->m_Size--;
}
//通过下标的方式访问数组的的元素 arr[0]=100 左值存在,引用的方式返回
T& operator[](int index)
{
return this->pAddress[index];
}
//返回数组容量
int getCapacity()
{
return this->m_Capacity;
}
// 返回数组大小
int getSize()
{
return this->m_Size;
}
//析构函数
~MyArray()
{
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
//cout << "MyArray的析构函数调用" << endl;
delete[]this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
}
}
private:
T * pAddress;//指针指向堆区开辟的真实数组
int m_Capacity;//数组的容量
int m_Size;//数组的大小
};
.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include "MyArray.hpp"
using namespace std;
void printIntArray(MyArray<int>& arr)
{
for(int i=0;i<arr.getSize();i++)
{
cout << arr[i] << endl;
}
}
void test01()
{
MyArray<int> arr1(5);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
arr1.Push_Back(i);
}
cout << "arr1的打印输出为:" << endl;
printIntArray(arr1);
cout << "arr1的容量为:" << arr1.getCapacity()<<endl;
cout << "arr1的大小为:" <<arr1.getSize()<< endl;
MyArray<int> arr2(arr1);
cout << "arr2的打印输出为:" << endl;
printIntArray(arr2);
//尾删
arr2.Pop_Back();
cout << "arr2尾删后" << endl;
cout << "arr2的容量为:" << arr2.getCapacity() << endl;
cout << "arr2的大小为:" << arr2.getSize() << endl;
/*MyArray<int> arr3(100);
arr3 = arr1;*/
}
//测试自定义数据类型
class Person
{
public:
Person() {};
Person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
//打印数组函数
void printPersonArray(MyArray<Person>&arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); i++)
{
cout <<"姓名:"<< arr[i].m_Name << "年龄:"<< arr[i].m_Age<<endl;
}
}
void test02()
{
MyArray<Person> arr(10);
Person P1("孙悟空", 999);
Person P2("韩信", 30);
Person P3("赵云",20);
Person P4("妲己", 25);
Person P5("安其拉", 27);
//将数据插入到数组中
arr.Push_Back(P1);
arr.Push_Back(P2);
arr.Push_Back(P3);
arr.Push_Back(P4);
arr.Push_Back(P5);
//打印数组
printPersonArray(arr);
//输出容量
cout << "arr容量:" << arr.getCapacity() << endl;
//输出大小
cout << "arr大小:" << arr.getSize() << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}