每天一个设计模式之状态模式（State Pattern）

状态模式适用于行为随状态改变而改变的场景，可以替换掉一个系统中依据内部状态而添加的条件、分支语句。

一、UML类图

二、状态转换图

对应的UML类图

三、代码示例

状态抽象类

public abstract class State {
    // 投币
    public abstract void insertQuarter();

    // 退币
    public abstract void ejectQuarter();

    // 转动出糖曲轴
    public abstract void turnCrank();

    // 出糖
    public abstract void dispense();

    // 退还硬币
    public void returnQuarter() {
        System.out.println("give back your quarter");
    }
}

状态具体类 - HasQuarterState

public class HasQuarterState extends State {
    CandyMachine candyMachine;

    public HasQuarterState(CandyMachine candyMachine) {
        this.candyMachine = candyMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Do not drop quarter repeat");
        returnQuarter();
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        returnQuarter();
        candyMachine.setState(candyMachine.noQuarterState);
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Turning crank, ready to pop out candy");
        candyMachine.setState(candyMachine.soldQuarterState);
    }

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("this operation is not supported");
    }
}

状态具体类 - NoQuarterState

public class NoQuarterState extends State {
    CandyMachine candyMachine;

    public NoQuarterState(CandyMachine candyMachine) {
        this.candyMachine = candyMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You put a quarter in");
        candyMachine.setState(candyMachine.hasQuarterState);
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("No quarters, cannot pop out quarter");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Please put quarter");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No quarters, cannot pop out candy");
    }
}

状态具体类 - SoldQuarterState

public class SoldQuarterState extends State {
    CandyMachine candyMachine;

    public SoldQuarterState(CandyMachine candyMachine) {
        this.candyMachine = candyMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("A quarter has already dropped in, waiting for candy");
        returnQuarter();
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("About to pop out candy, so cannot eject quarter");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Crank has been turned, please wait.");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        int candyCount = candyMachine.getCandyCount();
        if(candyCount > 0){
            System.out.println("pop out a candy");
            candyCount--;
            candyMachine.setCandyCount(candyCount);
            if(candyCount > 0){
                candyMachine.setState(candyMachine.noQuarterState);
                return;
            }
        }

        System.out.println("sorry, candy has been sold out");
        candyMachine.setState(candyMachine.soldOutQuarterState);
    }
}

状态具体类 - SoldOutQuarterState

public class SoldOutQuarterState extends State {
    CandyMachine candyMachine;

    public SoldOutQuarterState(CandyMachine candyMachine) {
        this.candyMachine = candyMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("candy has been sold out.");
        returnQuarter();
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("No quarters, cannot pop out quarter");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("candy has been sold out.");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("candy has been sold out.");
    }
}

客户类

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CandyMachine candyMachine = new CandyMachine(10);
        candyMachine.insertQuarter();
        candyMachine.turnCrank();
        candyMachine.dispense();
    }
}

// 运行结果
You put a quarter in
Turning crank, ready to pop out candy
pop out a candy

Process finished with exit code 0

四、参考

1. https://www.runoob.com/design-pattern/state-pattern.html
2. https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/state-vs-strategy.html
3. https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns/state
4. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/state-design-pattern/

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设计模式系列博文导航

一、创建型 - 5种

原型模式（Prototype Pattern）
抽象工厂模式（Abstract Factory Pattern）
建造者模式（Builder Pattern）
工厂模式（Factory Pattern）
单例模式（Singleton Pattern）

助记语：原抽建工单

二、结构型 - 8种

享元模式（Flyweight Pattern）
代理模式（Proxy Pattern）
适配器模式（Adapter Pattern）
外观模式（Facade Pattern）

过滤器模式（Filter/Criteria Pattern）
桥接模式（Bridge Pattern）
组合模式（Composite Pattern）
装饰器模式（Decorator Pattern）

助记语：想呆室外，过桥组装

三、行为型 - 11种

责任链模式（Chain of Responsibility Pattern）
命令模式（Command Pattern）
解释器模式（Interpreter Pattern）
中介者模式（Mediator Pattern）
迭代器模式（Iterator Pattern）

观察者模式（Observer Pattern）
策略模式（Strategy Pattern）
状态模式（State Pattern）

备忘录模式（Memento Pattern）
模板方法模式（Template Pattern）
访问者模式（Visitor Pattern）

助记语：责令解中谍，观测状被模仿