cpp——隐式转换——类类型

概述

#pragma pack(4)

class CAnimal
{
public:
    char name[3];
    short age;
    int color;
    char gender;
};

class CDog : public CAnimal
{
public:
    int hurt;
};

void mem_offset()
{
    CAnimal animal;
    CDog dog;
    
    cout << "-----animal-----" << endl;
    cout << "sizeof(animal) = " << sizeof(animal) << endl;
    cout << "name offset = " << (char*)animal.name - (char*)&animal << endl;
    cout << "age offset = " << (char*)&animal.age - (char*)&animal << endl;
    cout << "color offset = " << (char*)&animal.color - (char*)&animal << endl;
    cout << "gender offset = " << (char*)&animal.gender - (char*)&animal << endl;
    
    cout << "-----dog-----" << endl;
    cout << "sizeof(dog) = " << sizeof(dog) << endl;
    cout << "name offset = " << (char*)dog.name - (char*)&dog << endl;
    cout << "age offset = " << (char*)&dog.age - (char*)&dog << endl;
    cout << "color offset = " << (char*)&dog.color - (char*)&dog << endl;
    cout << "gender offset = " << (char*)&dog.gender - (char*)&dog << endl;
    cout << "hurt offset = " << (char*)&dog.hurt - (char*)&dog << endl;
}

output：

-----animal-----
sizeof(animal) = 16
name offset = 0
age offset = 4
color offset = 8
gender offset = 12
-----dog-----
sizeof(dog) = 20
name offset = 0
age offset = 4
color offset = 8
gender offset = 12
hurt offset = 16

分析：

• 每个类会生成对应的c struct，c struct中的数据成员在内存中布局顺序与数据成员在类定义中的顺序一致
• 子类的c struct在父类的c struct末尾添加自身的数据成员

类的这种内存布局确保了子类不会改变父类数据成员相对于父类struct首地址的offset，因此把子类指针赋值给父类指针是安全的，因为父类指针通过数据成员的offset能寻址到正确的内存空间

类隐式转换

子类指针隐式转换为父类指针是安全的，引用的本质是const对象，因此子类赋值给父类引用也是安全的

class CAnimal
{
public:
    CAnimal()
    {
        cout << "CAnimal()" << endl;
    }
    
    CAnimal(const CAnimal &other)
    {
        cout << "CAnimal(const CAnimal &other)" << endl;
    }
    
public:
    CAnimal& operator=(const CAnimal &other)
    {
        cout << "CAnimal operator=" << endl;
        return *this;
    }
    
public:
    void info()
    {
        cout << "CAnimal info()" << endl;
    }
};

class CDog : public CAnimal
{
public:
    CDog()
    {
        cout << "CDog()" << endl;
    }
    
    CDog(const CDog &other) : CAnimal(other)
    {
        cout << "CDog(const CDog &other)" << endl;
    }
    
public:
    CDog& operator=(const CDog &other)
    {
        CAnimal::operator=(other);
        cout << "CDog operator=" << endl;
        return *this;
    }
};

void class_convert()
{
    CDog dog;
    
    CAnimal* pAnimal = &dog;
    CAnimal* rAnimal = &dog;
    
    pAnimal->info();
    rAnimal->info();
    
    CAnimal animal = dog;
    animal = dog;
}

output：

CAnimal()
CDog()
CAnimal info()
CAnimal info()
CAnimal(const CAnimal &other)
CAnimal operator=

结论：

• 子类对象初始化父类对象的本质是调用父类的复制构造函数
• 子类对象赋值给父类对象的本质是调用父类的赋值操作符函数