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⛄ 内容介绍
Diffusion MRI measurements using hyperpolarized gases are generally acquired during patient breath hold, which yields a compromise between achievable image resolution, lung coverage and number of b-values. In this work, we propose a novel method that accelerates the acquisition of MR diffusion data by undersampling in both spatial and b-value dimensions, thanks to incorporating knowledge about the signal decay into the reconstruction (SIDER). SIDER is compared to total variation (TV) reconstruction by assessing their effect on both the recovery of ventilation images and estimated mean alveolar dimensions (MAD). Both methods are assessed by retrospectively undersampling diffusion datasets of normal volunteers and COPD patients (n=8) for acceleration factors between x2 and x10. TV led to large errors and artefacts for acceleration factors equal or larger than x5. SIDER improved TV, presenting lower errors and histograms of MAD closer to those obtained from fully sampled data for accelerations factors up to x10. SIDER preserved image quality at all acceleration factors but images were slightly smoothed and some details were lost at x10. In conclusion, we have developed and validated a novel compressed sensing method for lung MRI imaging and achieved high acceleration factors, which can be used to increase the amount of data acquired during a breath-hold. This methodology is expected to improve the accuracy of estimated lung microstructure dimensions and widen the possibilities of studying lung diseases with MRI.
⛄ 部分代码
function Demo_SIDER
% function Demo_SIDER.m
%
% The proposed method incorporates the knowledge of the signal decay into
% the reconstruction (SIDER) to accelerate the acquisition of MR diffusion
% data by undersampling in both spatial and b-value dimensions.
%
% Demo for reconstructing diffusion lung MR images with spatial total
% variation (S-TV) and spatiotemporal total variation (ST-TV) using the
% Split Bregman formulation. SIDER combines total variation (TV) with a
% penalty function that promotes sparsity across the b-direction as follows
% min_u beta|grad_x,y u|_1 + gamma|M u|_1 st. ||Fu-f||^2 < delta, where the
% first term corresponds to spatial TV and M is is an operator that encodes
% the relationship between ventilation images for consecutives values of b,
% based on a stretched exponential model.
%
% The demo loads fully sampled data, undersampled data and reconstruct
% images using both TV and SIDER methods.
% Data is undersampled using a modified version of Lustig's variable
% density pdf, downloaded from (SparseMRI V0.2)
% http://web.stanford.edu/~mlustig/SparseMRI.html, see M. Lustig, D.L
% Donoho and J.M Pauly "Sparse MRI: The Application of Compressed Sensing
% for Rapid MR Imaging" Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2007 Dec;
% 58(6):1182-1195.
%
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Load complex image
load('DataControl','b','uTarget');
% Choose one slice
zSlice = 4;
uTarget = uTarget(:,:,:,zSlice);
b = b(1:5);
N = size(uTarget);
[nel_Lm,xcenters_Lm] = hist(150:20:450,30);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% MASK FOR THE LUNG to define the region where to estimate D, alpha and Lm
% maps (this estimation is a pixel-by-pixel fitting so its calculation is
% not affected by the mask). The mask is automatically computed by
% thresholding the ventilation image
se = strel('disk',3);
im = imclose(abs(uTarget(:,:,1)),se); % imdilate
[val, ind] = sort(im(:),'descend');
im = im/val(5);
mask = im>=0.3; % thresholding
se = strel('disk',1); % remove small objects
mask = (imopen(abs(mask),se))>0;
h=figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
imagesc(abs((uTarget(:,:,1))));colorbar; colormap hot; axis image;
title('b=0');
subplot(2,1,2);
imagesc(abs((mask(:,:,1))));colorbar; colormap hot; axis image;
title('Mask');
pause(2);
close(h);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% ESTIMATE D, alpha and Lm MAPS
%
% Ventilation images are filtered before the estimation (as images are very
% noisy for patient data sets, especially for large values of b)
k = fspecial('gaussian',3,1);
h=figure;
for ip = 1:N(3)
uTargetSmooth(:,:,ip) = imfilter(uTarget(:,:,ip),k);
subplot(2,1,1); imagesc(abs(uTarget(:,:,ip)));colorbar; colormap hot; axis image
title(['Original ventilation image, b ' num2str(ip)]);
subplot(2,1,2); imagesc(abs(uTargetSmooth(:,:,ip)));colorbar; colormap hot; axis image;
title('Filtered ventilation image');
pause(1);
end
close(h);
% Estimate D and alpha using a STRETCHED EXPONENTIAL MODEL
options = optimset('display','iter','Algorithm','levenberg-marquardt','Jacobian','on');
x0_D = 0.2*ones(N(1:2));
x0_D = x0_D(mask);
x0_a = 0.8*ones(N(1:2));
x0_a = x0_a(mask);
x0 = [x0_D; x0_a];
x = lsqnonlin(@objVecPotExpJac,x0,[],[],options,...
abs(uTargetSmooth(:,:,1)),abs(uTargetSmooth(:,:,2:end)),b(2:end),mask);
Drec0 = zeros(N(1:2));
Drec0(mask) = abs(x(1:nnz(mask)));
alpharec0 = zeros(N(1:2));
alpharec0(mask)= abs(x(nnz(mask)+1:2*nnz(mask)));
% Apply a threshold to the estimated values
Drec0(abs(Drec0)>0.9)=0; Drec0(abs(Drec0)<0.05)=0;
alpharec0(abs(alpharec0)>1.3)=0; alpharec0(abs(alpharec0)<0.3)=0;
% ESTIMATE Lm map
tmp = alpharec0;
tmp(logical(mask.*alpharec0>1)) = 0.9; % It doesnt work for values of alpha larger than 1
Lm0 = ComputeLmImage(N,Drec0,tmp);
h=figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imagesc(abs(Drec0)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('D fully sampled');caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(2,2,2); imagesc(abs(alpharec0)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('alpha');caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(2,2,3); imagesc(abs(Lm0)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('Lm');caxis([150 450]);
pause(2);
close(h);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% COMPRESSED SENSING
%
% Pseudo-random undersampling pattern for all values of b
rand('state',1);
% Select parameters for Lustig's variable density pdf: radius, sparsity and
% P. Below we provide the set of paired sparsity and P values used in the
% paper:
% sparsity [0.5 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.1 0.07]
% P [4 4 4 6 9 13]
radius = 0.017;
DN = [N(1),1];
sparsity = 0.15; % Corresponds to acceleration factor x7
P = 6;
RAll = zeros(N);
h=figure;
for ip = 1:N(3)
% Loop across of values of b
pdf = genPDF(DN,P,sparsity,2,radius,0);
temp = genSampling_LIM(pdf,20,1);
indR = temp(:,1)==1;
R = zeros(N(1:2));
R(indR,:)= 1;
R(1,:)= 1;
spy(R); title(['Undersampling b ' num2str(ip)]);
RAll(:,:,ip) = R;
data = fft2(uTarget(:,:,ip)).*R;
dataAll(:,:,ip) = data;
pause(1);
end % ip
close(h);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% ZERO-FILLING RECONSTRUCTION
u_fft = ifft2(dataAll);
% Smooth ventilation images
for ip = 1:N(3)
u_fft_s(:,:,ip) = imfilter(u_fft(:,:,ip),k);
end
% POTENTIAL MODEL
options = optimset('display','iter','Algorithm','levenberg-marquardt','Jacobian','on');
x0_D = 0.2*ones(N(1:2));
x0_D = x0_D(mask);
x0_a = 0.8*ones(N(1:2));
x0_a = x0_a(mask);
x0 = [x0_D; x0_a];
x = lsqnonlin(@objVecPotExpJac,x0,[],[],options,abs(u_fft_s(:,:,1)),abs(u_fft_s(:,:,2:end)),b(2:end),mask);
% D and A
Drecfft = zeros(N(1:2));
Drecfft(mask)= abs(x(1:nnz(mask)));
alpharecfft = zeros(N(1:2));
alpharecfft(mask)= abs(x(nnz(mask)+1:2*nnz(mask)));
Drecfft(abs(Drecfft)>0.9)=0; Drecfft(abs(Drecfft)<0.05)=0;
alpharecfft(abs(alpharecfft)>1.3)=0; alpharecfft(abs(alpharecfft)<0.3)=0;
% Lm
tmp = alpharecfft;
tmp(logical(mask.*alpharecfft>1)) = 0.9;%!!!!1 Othewise, Lms doesnt work!!!
Lmfft = ComputeLmImage(N,Drecfft,tmp);
Lmfft(isnan(Lmfft)) = 0;
h=figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imagesc(abs(Drecfft)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('D IFFT');caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(2,2,2); imagesc(abs(alpharecfft)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('alpha');caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(2,2,3); imagesc(abs(Lmfft)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('Lm');caxis([150 450]);
pause(2);
close(h);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% STATIC Spatial Total Variation reconstruction using Split Bregman
% Code download from
% http://www.ece.rice.edu/~tag7/Tom_Goldstein/Split_Bregman.html
%
% Goldstein's spatial TV using the Split Bregman formulation
% u_tv = mrics(RAll(:,:,1),data(:,:,1), mu, lambda, gamma, nInner, nBreg);
%
% SpatialTVSB.m: same as mrics.m but it computes the solution error
% norm
mu = 1;
lambda = 1;
gamma = 0.01;
nInner = 1;
nBreg = 800;
% Loop across all values of b to reconstruct ventilation images
for ip = 1:N(3)
% The figure displayed shows (at several iteration numbers) the
% reconstructed image (u), the dummy variable x that outputs the
% shrinkage (for the gradient along x-direction) indicating the
% sparsity as the number of nonzero coefficients, and the solution
% error norm for all ventilation images
[uThis,errThis] = SpatialTVSB(RAll(:,:,ip),dataAll(:,:,ip), mu, lambda, gamma, nInner, nBreg,uTargetSmooth(:,:,ip),mask);
u_tv(:,:,ip) = uThis;
err_tv(:,ip) = errThis;
end % ip
% Smooth ventilation images
for ip = 1:N(3)
u_tv_s(:,:,ip) = imfilter(u_tv(:,:,ip),k);
end
% POTENTIAL MODEL
options = optimset('display','iter','Algorithm','levenberg-marquardt','Jacobian','on');
x0_D = 0.2*ones(N(1:2));
x0_D = x0_D(mask);
x0_a = 0.8*ones(N(1:2));
x0_a = x0_a(mask);
x0 = [x0_D; x0_a];
x = lsqnonlin(@objVecPotExpJac,x0,[],[],options,abs(u_tv_s(:,:,1)),abs(u_tv_s(:,:,2:end)),b(2:end),mask);
% D and A
Drectv = zeros(N(1:2));
Drectv(mask)= abs(x(1:nnz(mask)));
alpharectv = zeros(N(1:2));
alpharectv(mask)= abs(x(nnz(mask)+1:2*nnz(mask)));
Drectv(abs(Drectv)>0.9)=0; Drectv(abs(Drectv)<0.05)=0;
alpharectv(abs(alpharectv)>1.3)=0; alpharectv(abs(alpharectv)<0.3)=0;
% Lm
tmp = alpharectv;
tmp(logical(mask.*alpharectv>1)) = 0.9;
Lmtv = ComputeLmImage(N,Drectv,tmp);
Lmtv(isnan(Lmtv)) = 0;
h=figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imagesc(abs(Drectv)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('D TV');caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(2,2,2); imagesc(abs(alpharectv)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('alpha');caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(2,2,3); imagesc(abs(Lmtv)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('Lm');caxis([150 450]);
pause(2);
close(h);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% SIDER
%
% Get mean estimated values of D and alpha for the model
Dest = mean(Drectv(Drectv>0));
Alphaest = mean(alpharectv(alpharectv>0));
mu = 1;
lambda = 1;
gamma = 1e-2;
nBreg = 800;
alpha = 0.2;
beta = 0.2;
% The figure displayed shows (at several iteration numbers) the
% reconstructed image (u), the dummy variable x that outputs the
% shrinkage (for the gradient along x-direction) and the dummy variable p
% (for the operator along b-direction), and the solution error norm for all
% ventilation images
[u_t,err_t] = SIDER(Dest,Alphaest,b,dataAll,RAll,N(1:3),mu,lambda,gamma,alpha,beta,nBreg,mask,uTargetSmooth);
% Smooth ventilation images
for ip = 1:N(3)
u_t_s(:,:,ip) = imfilter(u_t(:,:,ip),k);
end
% POTENTIAL MODEL
options = optimset('display','iter','Algorithm','levenberg-marquardt','Jacobian','on','TolFun',1e-06);
x0_D = Dest*ones(N(1:2));
x0_D = x0_D(mask);
x0_a = 0.8*ones(N(1:2));
x0_a = x0_a(mask);
x0 = [x0_D; x0_a];
x = lsqnonlin(@objVecPotExpJac,x0,[],[],options,abs(u_t_s(:,:,1)),abs(u_t_s(:,:,2:end)),b(2:end),mask);
% D and A
Drect = zeros(N(1:2));
Drect(mask)= abs(x(1:nnz(mask)));
alpharect = zeros(N(1:2));
alpharect(mask)= abs(x(nnz(mask)+1:2*nnz(mask)));
Drect(abs(Drect)>0.9)=0; Drect(abs(Drect)<0.05)=0;
alpharect(abs(alpharect)>1.3)=0; alpharect(abs(alpharect)<0.3)=0;
% Lm
tmp = alpharect;
tmp(logical(mask.*alpharect>1)) = 0.9;
Lmt = ComputeLmImage(N,Drect,tmp);
Lmt(isnan(Lmt)) = 0;
h=figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imagesc(abs(Drect)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('D SIDER'); caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(2,2,2); imagesc(abs(alpharect)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('alpha'); caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(2,2,3); imagesc(abs(Lmt)); colormap hot; axis image; colorbar; title('Lm'); caxis([150 450]);
pause(2);
close(h);
% --------------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot solution error norm
figure; plot(mean(err_tv,2)); hold on; plot(mean(err_t,2),'r--');
xlabel('Iteration number'); ylabel('Solution error norm'); legend('TV','SIDER');
title('Solution error vs. iteration number (mean of ventilation images)');
% Ventilation images
figure;
subplot(3,2,1);
imagesc(abs(uTargetSmooth(:,:,1))); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('u(b=0) fully sampled');
subplot(3,2,2);
imagesc(abs(uTargetSmooth(:,:,5))); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('u(b=6.4) fully sampled');
subplot(3,2,3);
imagesc(abs(u_tv(:,:,1))); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('u(b=0) TV');
subplot(3,2,4);
imagesc(abs(u_tv(:,:,5))); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('u(b=6.4) TV');
subplot(3,2,5);
imagesc(abs(u_t(:,:,1))); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('u(b=0) SIDER');
subplot(3,2,6);
imagesc(abs(u_t(:,:,5))); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('u(b=6.4) SIDER');
figure;
subplot(3,3,1); imagesc(abs(Drec0)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('D fully sampled'); caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(3,3,2); imagesc(abs(alpharec0)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('\alpha fully sampled'); caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(3,3,3); imagesc(abs(Lm0)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('Lm fully sampled'); caxis([150 450]);
subplot(3,3,4); imagesc(abs(Drectv)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('D TV'); caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(3,3,5); imagesc(abs(alpharectv)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('\alpha TV'); caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(3,3,6); imagesc(abs(Lmtv)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('Lm TV');caxis([150 450]);
subplot(3,3,7); imagesc(abs(Drect)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('D SIDER');caxis([0 0.9]);
subplot(3,3,8); imagesc(abs(alpharect)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('\alpha SIDER');caxis([0 1.3]);
subplot(3,3,9); imagesc(abs(Lmt)); colormap hot; axis image; axis off; colorbar; title('Lm SIDER');caxis([150 450]);
pause(1);
end
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [obj,JacThis] = objVecPotExpJac(x,A0,A,b,mask)
% Fit vntilation images to a stretch exponential model to get maps
% of diffusion (D) and heterogeneity index (alpha)
obj = objVecPotExp(x,A0,A,b,mask);
JacThis = objVecPotJac(x,A0,A,b,mask);
% end
end
function obj = objVecPotExp(x,A0,A,b,mask)
% Cost function for nonlinear LS
n = size(A);
nm = nnz(mask);
Dval = x(1:nm);
alphaval = x(nm+1:2*nm);
DThis = zeros(n(1:2));
DThis(mask) = Dval;
alphaThis = zeros(n(1:2));
alphaThis(mask) = alphaval;
obj = [];
for iq = 1:size(A,3)
tmp = A0.*exp( -( (b(iq)*DThis).^alphaThis) ) - A(:,:,iq);
obj = [obj; (tmp(mask))];
end
end
function JacThis = objVecPotJac(x,A0,A,b,mask)
% Jacobian for nonlinear LS
nm = nnz(mask);
Dval = x(1:nm);
alphaval = x(nm+1:2*nm);
JacThis = [];
for ig = 1:size(A,3)
% Derivative wrt D
A0e = A0(mask).*exp(-((b(ig)*Dval).^alphaval));
ba = b(ig).^alphaval;
Da = Dval.^(alphaval-1);
JacThisD = -alphaval.*ba.*Da.*A0e;
% Derivative wrt a
logbD = log(b(ig)*Dval);
bDa = (b(ig)*Dval).^alphaval;
JacThisA = -bDa.*logbD.*A0e;
tmp = [spdiags(JacThisD,0,nm,nm) spdiags(JacThisA,0,nm,nm)];
JacThis = [JacThis; tmp];
end
end
function [Lm,Lstd] = ComputeLmImage(N,Drec0,alpharec0)
% Compute maps of mean alveolar length (Lm) given maps of diffusion
% (D) and heterogeneity index (alpha)
%
Lm = zeros(N(1:2));
Lstd = zeros(N(1:2));
indThis = find( (Drec0 > 0).*(alpharec0 > 0) );
for ia = 1:length(indThis)
[Lm_val,Lstd_val] = Lmdiststretchedexp(Drec0(indThis(ia)),alpharec0(indThis(ia)));
Lm(indThis(ia)) = Lm_val;
Lstd(indThis(ia)) = Lstd_val;
end % ia
end
function [Lm,Lmstd,Hk,ldd]=Lmdiststretchedexp(DDC,alpha,diftime, Do)
if nargin==3,
Do=0.9;
end
if nargin==2,
Do=0.88;
diftime=1.6e-3;
end
D=0.01:0.001:Do;
beta=alpha;
b=0:0.5:10;
t0=1./DDC;
k=D;
betavect=[0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9];
betai=0.01:0.01:1;
B=[0.145 0.197 0.243 0.285 0.382 0.306 0.360 0.435 0.7];
C=[0.89 0.50 0.35 0.25 0 0.13 0.22 0.4015 0.33];
Bi=interp1(betavect,B,betai,'cubic');
Ci=interp1(betavect,C,betai,'cubic');
delta=beta.*(beta-0.5)./(1-beta);
fk=1+Ci(round(beta.*100)).*(k.*t0).^delta;
Hk=(t0.*Bi(round(beta.*100))./(k*t0).^((1-beta/2)/(1-beta))).*exp(-((1-beta).*beta.^(beta./(1-beta)))./(k.*t0).^(beta./(1-beta))).*fk;
Hk=Hk/sum(Hk);
ldd=1e4*sqrt(2*D*diftime);
Lm=sum(Hk.*ldd);
Lmstd=sqrt(sum(((ldd-Lm).^2).*Hk));
end
%
⛄ 运行结果
⛄ 参考文献
[1] Abascal J , Desco M , Parra-Robles J . Incorporation of prior knowledge of the signal behavior into the reconstruction to accelerate the acquisition of MR diffusion data[J]. arXiv e-prints, 2017.
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