简单的光线追踪教程（三）

简单的光线追踪教程（三）

6. 表面法线和多个物体

6.1. 表面法线阴影

首先，我们先设计一个表面法线，这样我们就可以将球面遮住。我们将法线设计为单位长度，则这样方便计算与移植。

球面法线：

double hit_sphere(const point3& center, double radius, const ray& r) {
    vec3 oc = r.origin() - center;
    auto a = dot(r.direction(), r.direction());
    auto b = 2.0 * dot(oc, r.direction());
    auto c = dot(oc, oc) - radius*radius;
    auto discriminant = b*b - 4*a*c;
    if (discriminant < 0) {
        return -1.0;
    } else {
        return (-b - sqrt(discriminant) ) / (2.0*a);
    }
}

color ray_color(const ray& r) {
    auto t = hit_sphere(point3(0,0,-1), 0.5, r);
    if (t > 0.0) {
        vec3 N = unit_vector(r.at(t) - vec3(0,0,-1));
        return 0.5*color(N.x()+1, N.y()+1, N.z()+1);
    }
    vec3 unit_direction = unit_vector(r.direction());
    t = 0.5*(unit_direction.y() + 1.0);
    return (1.0-t)*color(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + t*color(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
}

java实现：

double hitSphere(Vec3 center, double radius, Ray r){
   
    Vec3 oc = Vec3.minus(r.getOrigin(), center);
    double a = r.getDirection().lengthSquared();
    double halfB = Vec3.dot(oc, r.getDirection());
    double c = oc.lengthSquared() - radius * radius;
    double discriminant = halfB * halfB - a * c;
    if(discriminant < 0){
   
        return -1.0;
    }
    else{
   
        return (-halfB - Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / a;
    }
}

Vec3 rayColor(Ray r, Hittable world, int depth){
   
    HitRecord rec = new HitRecord();
    if(depth <= 0){
   
        return new Vec3(0, 0, 0);
    }

    if(world.hit(r, 0, Data.infinity, rec)){
   
        Vec3 target = Vec3.add(Vec3.add(rec.getP(), rec.getNormal()), Vec3.randomInUnitSphere());
        Vec3 v1 = rayColor(new Ray(rec.getP(), Vec3.minus(target, rec.getP())), world, depth - 1);
        return Vec3.mulConstant(v1, 0.5);
    }

    Vec3 unitDirection = Vec3.unitVector(r.getDirection());
    double t = 0.5 * (unitDirection.getY() + 1.0);
    Vec3 v1 = new Vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
    Vec3 v2 = new Vec3(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
    return Vec3.add(Vec3.mulConstant(v1, (1.0 - t)), Vec3.mulConstant(v2, t));
}

我们就可以得到一个按法向量着色的球体

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-rsPgFsc6-1625488104125)(https://raytracing.github.io/images/img-1.04-normals-sphere.png)]

6.2. 简化射线交球的代码

我们回顾一下我们的射线交球方程：

double hit_sphere(const point3& center, double radius, const ray& r) {
    vec3 oc = r.origin() - center;
    auto a = dot(r.direction(), r.direction());
    auto b = 2.0 * dot(oc, r.direction());
    auto c = dot(oc, oc) - radius*radius;
    auto discriminant = b*b - 4*a*c;

    if (discriminant < 0) {
        return -1.0;
    } else {
        return (-b - sqrt(discriminant) ) / (2.0*a);
    }
}

我们可得优化之后的代码为：

double hit_sphere(const point3& center, double radius, const ray& r) {
    vec3 oc = r.origin() - center;
    auto a = r.direction().length_squared();
    auto half_b = dot(oc, r.direction());
    auto c = oc.length_squared() - radius*radius;
    auto discriminant = half_b*half_b - a*c;

    if (discriminant < 0) {
        return -1.0;
    } else {
        return (-half_b - sqrt(discriminant) ) / a;
    }
}

java实现：

double hitSphere(Vec3 center, double radius, Ray r){
   
        Vec3 oc = Vec3.minus(r.getOrigin(), center);
        double a = r.getDirection().lengthSquared();
        double halfB = Vec3.dot(oc, r.getDirection());
        double c = oc.lengthSquared() - radius * radius;
        double discriminant = halfB * halfB - a * c;
        if(discriminant < 0){
   
            return -1.0;
        }
        else{
   
            return (-halfB - Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / a;
        }
    }

6.3. 抽象类：可命中对象Hittable

我们用一个抽象类Hittable来表示一个接收射线命中的函数类。

C++实现：

#ifndef HITTABLE_H
#define HITTABLE_H

#include "ray.h"

struct hit_record {
    point3 p;
    vec3 normal;
    double t;
};

class hittable {
    public:
        virtual bool hit(const ray& r, double t_min, double t_max, hit_record& rec) const = 0;
};

java实现：

public interface Hittable {
   
    boolean hit(Ray r, double tMin, double tMax, HitRecord rec);
}

对于球体需要实现可命中类的接口，来完成接收射线的击中，画出图形的功能

#ifndef SPHERE_H
#define SPHERE_H

#include "hittable.h"
#include "vec3.h"

class sphere : public hittable {
    public:
        sphere() {}
        sphere(point3 cen, double r) : center(cen), radius(r) {};

        virtual bool hit(
            const ray& r, double t_min, double t_max, hit_record& rec) const override;

    public:
        point3 center;
        double radius;
};

bool sphere::hit(const ray& r, double t_min, double t_max, hit_record& rec) const {
    vec3 oc = r.origin() - center;
    auto a = r.dire