状态方程-层裂相关

体模量

$U-u$ Hugoniot 线
$$U=a_0+su$$
Euler形式的冲击突跃条件：
$$\begin{gathered} [u]=-{\rho }^{+}U[V] \\ [p]={\rho }^{+}U{u}^{-} \end{gathered}$$
代入：
$$[p]=-{{\rho }^{+}}^2{U}^2[V]$$$$[p]=-{{\rho }^{+}}^2(a_0+su{)}^2[V]$$

$u,V$ 关系：
$$u=-{\rho }^{+}(a_0+su)[V]$$$$\frac{u}{a_0+su}=-{\rho }^{+}[V]$$$$1-\frac{a_0}{a_0+su}=-s{\rho }^{+}[V]$$$$1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]=\frac{a_0}{a_0+su}$$$$\frac{1}{1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]}=1+\frac{s}{a_0}u$$$$\frac{-a_0{\rho }^{+}[V]}{1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]}=u$$
代入：
$$[p]=-{{\rho }^{+}}^2(a_0+s\frac{-a_0{\rho }^{+}[V]}{1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]}{)}^2[V]$$$$[p]=-{{\rho }^{+}}^2{a_0}^2(\frac{1}{1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]}{)}^2[V]$$$$[p]=\frac{{-{\rho }^{+}}^2{a_0}^2[V]}{1+2s{\rho }^{+}[V]+(s{\rho }^{+}[V]{)}^2}$$
求导：
$$\frac{d[p]}{d[V]}=\frac{-{{\rho }^{+}}^2{a}_0^2(1-s{\rho }^{+}[V])}{(1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]{)}^3}$$
铜： $a_0=3.94km\cdot s^{-1},s=1.489,{\rho }_0=8.93g\cdot c{m}^{-3}$
不锈钢：$a_0=4.569km\cdot s^{-1},s=1.490,{\rho }_0=7.896g\cdot c{m}^{-3}$

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# EOS
rho0=8.93
s=1.489
a0=3.94
V0=1/rho0
V = np.arange(0.85*V0, 1.1*V0, 0.001)
p=-((rho0*a0)**2)*(V-V0)/(1+s*rho0*(V-V0))**2
K=V*((rho0*a0)**2)*(1-s*rho0*(V-V0))/(1+s*rho0*(V-V0))**3
fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax1.plot(p,V)
ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax2.plot(p, K,"r")

比较：

冲击波温升

(摘取自《材料的动力学行为》MA Meyers》)
用Grüneisen状态方程和热力学关系计算出$T_1$和$T_2$:

首先 $0\to 1$，冲击加载：
热力学第一定律（内能=热能-外力功）：
$$dE=dQ-dW$$$$dW=PdV且\frac{dQ}{T}=ds$$
热力学表达式：
$$S=f(T,V)$$$$dS={\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)}_{V}dT+{\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)}_{T}dV$$$$TdS=T{\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)}_{V}dT+T{\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)}_{T}dV$$
其中：
$$C_v={\left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial T}\right)}_V=T{\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)}_V$$
麦克斯韦关系：
$$dA=-PdV-SdT$$
可导出：$${\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)}_T={\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}\right)}_V={\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial E}\right)}_V{\left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial T}\right)}_V=\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_v$$
上面用到了Grüneisen方程：$${\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial E}\right)}_V=\frac{\gamma }{V}$$
由上面推导可知：$$dE=C_{v}dT+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_{v}dV-PdV$$
Hugoniot冲击线可知：$$\Delta E=\frac{1}{2}(P_1+P_0)(V_0-V_1)$$
沿Hugoniot线计算内能随体积的变化：
$${\left(\frac{dE}{dV}\right)}_H=C_v{\left(\frac{dT}{dV}\right)}_H+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_v-P$$$${\left(\frac{dE}{dV}\right)}_H=\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{dP}{dV}\right)}_H\left(V_0-V\right)-\frac{P}{2}$$
求解：$$C_v{\left(\frac{dT}{dV}\right)}_H+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_v=\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{dP}{dV}\right)}_H\left(V_0-V\right)+\frac{P}{2}$$$$C_v{\left(\frac{dT}{dV}\right)}_H+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_v=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{{{\rho }^{+}}^2{a}_0^2(1-s{\rho }^{+}[V])}{(1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]{)}^3}\left(V-V_0\right)-\frac{{{\rho }^{+}}^2{a_0}^2[V]}{1+2s{\rho }^{+}[V]+(s{\rho }^{+}[V]{)}^2}\right)$$$$C_v{\left(\frac{dT}{dV}\right)}_H+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_v=\frac{{{\rho }^{+}}^2{a}_0^2}{2(1+s{\rho }^{+}[V]{)}^3}\left((1-s{\rho }^{+}[V])\left(V-V_0\right)-(1+s{\rho }^{+}[V])\left(V-V_0\right)\right)$$$$C_v{\left(\frac{dT}{dV}\right)}_H+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_v=\frac{-s{{\rho }^{+}}^3{a}_0^2(V-V_0{)}^2}{(1+s{\rho }^{+}(V-V_0){)}^3}$$
将$T$视为$y$，$V$视为$x$，一阶微分方程：$$y^{\prime }+\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}y=\frac{-s{{\rho }^{+}}^3{a}_0^2(V-V_0{)}^2}{C_v(1+s{\rho }^{+}(V-V_0){)}^3}$$
先求通解：$$y^{\prime }+\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}y=0$$$$y=A\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}x\right)$$
变系数法求特解：$$y=A(x)\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}x\right)$$$$A^{\prime }(x)\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}x\right)=\frac{-s{{\rho }^{+}}^3{a}_0^2(V-V_0{)}^2}{C_v(1+s{\rho }^{+}(V-V_0){)}^3}$$$$A(V)={\int }_{V_0}^V\frac{-s{{\rho }^{+}}^3{a}_0^2(V-V_0{)}^2}{C_v(1+s{\rho }^{+}(V-V_0){)}^3}\exp \left(\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}V\right)dV$$
由此可得：
$$T=A\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}V\right)+{\int }_{V_0}^V\frac{-s{{\rho }^{+}}^3{a}_0^2(V-V_0{)}^2}{C_v(1+s{\rho }^{+}(V-V_0){)}^3}\exp \left(\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}V\right)dV$$
当$V=V_0$时，$T=T_0$：
$$T=T_0\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}(V-V_0)\right)+{\int }_{V_0}^V\frac{-s{{\rho }^{+}}^3{a}_0^2(V-V_0{)}^2}{C_v(1+s{\rho }^{+}(V-V_0){)}^3}\exp \left(\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}V\right)dV$$

$1\to 2$，等熵卸载：
$$TdS=C_{v}dT+T\frac{\gamma }{V}{C}_{v}dV=0$$ $$\frac{dT}{T}=-\frac{\gamma }{V}dV$$ $$T=A\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}V\right)$$ $$T=T_1\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}(V-V_1)\right)$$卸载的终点应为：$P_2=0$，等熵过程：
$$dE=-PdV$$Grüneisen本构：
$$dP=\frac{\gamma }{V}dE=-\frac{\gamma }{V}PdV$$$$P=P_1\exp \left(-\frac{{\gamma }_0}{V_0}(V-V_1)\right)$$
求出：
$$\frac{P_1}{P_2}=\frac{T_1}{T_2}$$
$P_2$ 如果取标准大气压，$T_2$ 极小（约为0K）与实际相差较远。Meyers书上取$V_2=V_0$ 计算的$T_2$