Gmsh的api学习

1 概述

gmsh的几何模型可以自底向上定义（点-线-面-体），也可以用构造实体方法（体通过布尔运算）定义。可以通过内建几何引擎构建，也可以通过openCascade构建（可能是软件开发过程中，更改了技术路线？）。但是网格只能是按照点-线-面-体的顺序来画网格。
model实体包括点、线、面和体。model实体可以是cad实体（通过geo内核或openCascade occ内核）创建，或者是离散实体（mesh）。
model–
|
----geometry
|
--------entity: point(dim = 0, tag:正整数), line(dim=1), surface(dim=2), volume
|
----mesh
|
--------element: ???

对于cad几何数据，其中组成单元称为实体（entity），它可以是点线面体，每个实体包含dimension和tag属性。
对于网格数据，其组成单元为单元/元素（element），它可以是点线三角形四边形四面体六面体锥形等。每个元素包含nodes和tag属性，而每个node也有tag。tag是全局唯一的。
每个几何entity包含网格的element。比如，0维的几何点包含一个元素点，同时包含一个网格的node。1维的几何线包含元素线和网格点。2维几何面包含网格三角形或四边形等，还包含网格点等等。
// A model entity of dimension 0 (a geometrical point) will contain a mesh
// element of type point, as well as a mesh node. A model curve will contain
// line elements as well as its interior nodes, while its boundary nodes
// will be stored in the bounding model points. A model surface will contain
// triangular and/or quadrangular elements and all the nodes not classified
// on its boundary or on its embedded entities. A model volume will contain
// tetrahedra, hexahedra, etc. and all the nodes not classified on its
// boundary or on its embedded entities.

2 api

操作几何模型和网格数据的函数在model命名空间，操作后处理数据的函数在view命名空间。
其他的命名空间还有：
option：各种选项
plugin:插件
graphics：绘图
fltk：gui
onelab：仿真
logger：日志

3生成网格的程序

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh C++ tutorial 1
//
//  Geometry basics, elementary entities, physical groups
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// The Gmsh C++ API is entirely defined in the `gmsh.h' header (which contains
// the full documentation of all the functions in the API):
#include <gmsh.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  // Before using any functions in the C++ API, Gmsh must be initialized:
  //首先进行初始化
  gmsh::initialize();

  // By default Gmsh will not print out any messages: in order to output
  // messages on the terminal, just set the "General.Terminal" option to 1:
  //如果需要输出中间过程信息，使用下面这个语句
  //gmsh::option::setNumber("General.Terminal", 1);

  // We now add a new model, named "t1". If gmsh::model::add() is not called, a
  // new default (unnamed) model will be created on the fly, if necessary.
  //新增模型，名为t1
  gmsh::model::add("t1");

  // The C++ API provides direct access to each supported geometry kernel. The
  // built-in kernel is used in this first tutorial: the corresponding API
  // functions live in the "gmsh::model::geo" namespace.

  // The first type of `elementary entity' in Gmsh is a `Point'. To create a
  // point with the built-in geometry kernel, the C++ API function is
  // gmsh::model::geo::addPoint():
  // - the first 3 arguments are the point coordinates (x, y, z)
  // - the next (optional) argument is the target mesh size (the "characteristic
  //   length") close to the point
  // - the last (optional) argument is the point tag (a stricly positive integer
  //   that uniquely identifies the point)
  // 新增点
  double lc = 1e-2;
  gmsh::model::geo::addPoint(0, 0, 0, lc, 1);

  // The distribution of the mesh element sizes will be obtained by
  // interpolation of these characteristic lengths throughout the
  // geometry. Another method to specify characteristic lengths is to use
  // general mesh size Fields (see `t10.cpp'). A particular case is the use of a
  // background mesh (see `t7.cpp').
  //
  // If no target mesh size of provided, a default uniform coarse size will be
  // used for the model, based on the overall model size.
  //
  // We can then define some additional points. All points should have different
  // tags:
  gmsh::model::geo::addPoint(.1, 0, 0, lc, 2);
  gmsh::model::geo::addPoint(.1, .3, 0, lc, 3);

  // If the tag is not provided explicitly, a new tag is automatically created,
  // and returned by the function:
  int p4 = gmsh::model::geo::addPoint(0, .3, 0, lc);

  // Curves are Gmsh's second type of elementery entities, and, amongst curves,
  // straight lines are the simplest. The API to create straight line segments
  // with the built-in kernel follows the same conventions: the first 2
  // arguments are point tags (the start and end points of the line), and the
  // last (optional one) is the line tag.
  //
  // In the commands below, for example, the line 1 starts at point 1 and ends
  // at point 2.
  //
  // Note that curve tags are separate from point tags - hence we can reuse tag
  // `1' for our first curve. And as a general rule, elementary entity tags in
  // Gmsh have to be unique per geometrical dimension.
  //新增线
  gmsh::model::geo::addLine(1, 2, 1);
  gmsh::model::geo::addLine(3, 2, 2);
  gmsh::model::geo::addLine(3, p4, 3);
  gmsh::model::geo::addLine(4, 1, p4);

  // The third elementary entity is the surface. In order to define a simple
  // rectangular surface from the four curves defined above, a curve loop has
  // first to be defined. A curve loop is defined by an ordered list of
  // connected curves, a sign being associated with each curve (depending on the
  // orientation of the curve to form a loop). The API function to create curve
  // loops takes a vector of integers as first argument, and the curve loop tag
  // (which must be unique amongst curve loops) as the second (optional)
  // argument:
  //增加封闭曲线
  gmsh::model::geo::addCurveLoop({4, 1, -2, 3}, 1);

  // We can then define the surface as a list of curve loops (only one here,
  // representing the external contour, since there are no holes--see `t4.cpp'
  // for an example of a surface with a hole):
  //增加表面
  gmsh::model::geo::addPlaneSurface({1}, 1);

  // At this level, Gmsh knows everything to display the rectangular surface 1
  // and to mesh it. An optional step is needed if we want to group elementary
  // geometrical entities into more meaningful groups, e.g. to define some
  // mathematical ("domain", "boundary"), functional ("left wing", "fuselage")
  // or material ("steel", "carbon") properties.
  //可以定义实体组，比如材料组，功能组等，这在gmsh中叫做物理组。
  //
  // Such groups are called "Physical Groups" in Gmsh. By default, if physical
  // groups are defined, Gmsh will export in output files only mesh elements
  // that belong to at least one physical group. (To force Gmsh to save all
  // elements, whether they belong to physical groups or not, set the
  // `Mesh.SaveAll' option to 1.) Physical groups are also identified by tags,
  // i.e. stricly positive integers, that should be unique per dimension (0D,
  // 1D, 2D or 3D). Physical groups can also be given names.
  //
  // Here we define a physical curve that groups the left, bottom and right
  // curves in a single group (with prescribed tag 5); and a physical surface
  // with name "My surface" (with an automatic tag) containing the geometrical
  // surface 1:
  gmsh::model::addPhysicalGroup(1, {1, 2, 4}, 5);
  int ps = gmsh::model::addPhysicalGroup(2, {1});
  gmsh::model::setPhysicalName(2, ps, "My surface");

  // Before it can be meshed, the internal geometrical representation must be
  // synchronized with the Gmsh model, which will create the relevant Gmsh data
  // structures. This is achieved by the gmsh::model::geo::synchronize() API
  // call for the built-in geometry kernel. Synchronizations can be called at
  // any time, but they involve a non trivial amount of processing; so while you
  // could synchronize the internal CAD data after every CAD command, it is
  // usually better to minimize the number of synchronization points.
  gmsh::model::geo::synchronize();

  // We can then generate a 2D mesh...
  gmsh::model::mesh::generate(2);

  // ... and save it to disk
  gmsh::write("t1.msh");

  // Remember that by default, if physical groups are defined, Gmsh will export
  // in the output mesh file only those elements that belong to at least one
  // physical group. To force Gmsh to save all elements, you can use
  //
  // gmsh::option::setNumber("Mesh.SaveAll", 1);

  // By default, Gmsh saves meshes in the latest version of the Gmsh mesh file
  // format (the `MSH' format). You can save meshes in other mesh formats by
  // specifying a filename with a different extension. For example
  //
  //   gmsh::write("t1.unv");
  //
  // will save the mesh in the UNV format. You can also save the mesh in older
  // versions of the MSH format: simply set
  //
  //   gmsh::option::setNumber("Mesh.MshFileVersion", x);
  //
  // for any version number `x'. As an alternative, you can also not specify
  // the format explicitly, and just choose a filename with the `.msh2' or
  // `.msh4' extension.
  //结果输出可以选择不同格式，如msh，unv等。

  // To visualize the model we could run the graphical user interface with:
  // 用gui界面可以使用如下语句
  // gmsh::fltk::run();

  // Note that starting with Gmsh 3.0, models can be built using other geometry
  // kernels than the default "built-in" kernel. To use the OpenCASCADE geometry
  // kernel instead of the built-in kernel, you should use the functions in the
  // "gmsh::model::occ" namespace.
  //
  // Different geometry kernels have different features. With OpenCASCADE,
  // instead of defining the surface by successively defining 4 points, 4 curves
  // and 1 curve loop, one can define the rectangular surface directly with
  //
  // gmsh::model::occ::addRectangle(.2, 0, 0, .1, .3);
  //
  // After synchronization with the Gmsh model with
  //
  // gmsh::model::occ::synchronize();
  //
  // the underlying curves and points could be accessed with
  // gmsh::model::getBoundary().
  //
  // See e.g `t16.cpp', `t18.cpp', `t19.cpp' or `t20.cpp' for complete examples
  // based on OpenCASCADE, and `demos/api' for more.
  //从3.0开始，可以使用openCascade内核进行几何模型定义。这种方法相比内建的内核定义方法更简单。

  // This should be called when you are done using the Gmsh C++ API:
  //退出时需要调用
  gmsh::finalize();

  return 0;
}

总的来说，程序结构如下：
gmsh::initialize();
gmsh::write(“t1.msh”);
gmsh::finalize();

4 读取网格的程序

#include <iostream>
#include <gmsh.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  if(argc < 2) {
    std::cout << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " file.msh" << std::endl;
    return 0;
  }

  gmsh::initialize();
  gmsh::option::setNumber("General.Terminal", 1);
  gmsh::open(argv[1]);

  // get all elementary entities in the model
  //获取几何模型的entity, 包含<dim, tag>属性
  std::vector<std::pair<int, int> > entities;
  gmsh::model::getEntities(entities);

  for(unsigned int i = 0; i < entities.size(); i++) {
    // get the mesh nodes for each elementary entity
    std::vector<std::size_t> nodeTags;
    std::vector<double> nodeCoords, nodeParams;
    int dim = entities[i].first, tag = entities[i].second;
    //nodecoords为节点的xyz坐标，nodeparams为节点的参数坐标(u1,v1,u2,v2）
    gmsh::model::mesh::getNodes(nodeTags, nodeCoords, nodeParams, dim, tag);

    // get the mesh elements for each elementary entity
    std::vector<int> elemTypes;
    std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > elemTags, elemNodeTags;
    //比如dim=2, tag=13,这个表面有90个单元，那么elemTags[0]是90元素的向量，elemTags[0][0]为第一个三角面元的编号，而elemNodeTags[0][0]-[0][2]是第一个三角面元三顶点的编号。
    gmsh::model::mesh::getElements(elemTypes, elemTags, elemNodeTags, dim, tag);

    // report some statistics
    int numElem = 0;
    for(unsigned int j = 0; j < elemTags.size(); j++)
      numElem += elemTags[j].size();
    std::string type;
    gmsh::model::getType(dim, tag, type);
    std::cout << nodeTags.size() << " mesh nodes and " << numElem
              << " mesh elements on entity (" << dim << "," << tag
              << ") of type " << type << "\n";
    std::vector<int> partitions;
    gmsh::model::getPartitions(dim, tag, partitions);
    if(partitions.size()) {
      std::cout << " - Partition tag(s):";
      for(unsigned int j = 0; j < partitions.size(); j++)
        std::cout << " " << partitions[j];
      int parentDim, parentTag;
      gmsh::model::getParent(dim, tag, parentDim, parentTag);
      std::cout << " - parent entity (" << parentDim << "," << parentTag
                << ")\n";
    }
    for(unsigned int j = 0; j < elemTypes.size(); j++) {
      std::string name;
      int d, order, numv, numpv;
      std::vector<double> param;
      gmsh::model::mesh::getElementProperties(elemTypes[j], name, d, order,
                                              numv, param, numpv);
      std::cout << " - Element type: " << name << ", order " << order << "\n";
      std::cout << "   with " << numv << " nodes in param coord: (";
      for(unsigned int k = 0; k < param.size(); k++)
        std::cout << param[k] << " ";
      std::cout << ")\n";
    }
  }

  gmsh::finalize();
  return 0;
}

5 文件格式

文件由section（节/段）组成。第一个section必须是
$MeshFormat // same as MSH version 2
4.1 //网格文件版本号
0 //文件类型，0为文本格式，1为二进制格式
111111 //文件大小
$EndMeshFormat

$Entities //几何模型，可选
$EndEntities

$Nodes //网格节点

$EndNodes

$Elements
$EndElements

示例文件

$MeshFormat
4.1 0 8          MSH4.1, ASCII
$EndMeshFormat
$Nodes
1 6 1 6          1 entity bloc, 6 nodes total, min/max node tags: 1 and 6
2 1 0 6          2D entity (surface) 1, no parametric coordinates, 6 nodes
1                  node tag #1
2                  node tag #2
3                  etc.
4
5
6
0. 0. 0.           node #1 coordinates (0., 0., 0.)
1. 0. 0.           node #2 coordinates (1., 0., 0.)
1. 1. 0.           etc.
0. 1. 0.
2. 0. 0.
2. 1. 0.
$EndNodes
$Elements
1 2 1 2          1 entity bloc, 2 elements total, min/max element tags: 1 and 2
2 1 3 2          2D entity (surface) 1, element type 3 (4-node quad), 2 elements
1 1 2 3 4          quad tag #1, nodes 1 2 3 4
2 2 5 6 3          quad tag #2, nodes 2 5 6 3
$EndElements
$NodeData
1                1 string tag:
"A scalar view"    the name of the view ("A scalar view")
1                1 real tag:
0.0                the time value (0.0)
3                3 integer tags:
0                  the time step (0; time steps always start at 0)
1                  1-component (scalar) field
6                  6 associated nodal values
1 0.0            value associated with node #1 (0.0)
2 0.1            value associated with node #2 (0.1)
3 0.2            etc.
4 0.0
5 0.2
6 0.4
$EndNodeData

//示例文件2

$MeshFormat
4.1 0 8
$EndMeshFormat
$Entities //几何实体列表
8 12 6 1 //8个点，12条线，6个表面，1个体
17 0.5 0.2 1.8 0 //点tag，x-y-z坐标，物理tag
18 0.5 0.2 0.8 0 
19 0.5 1.2 1.8 0 
20 0.5 1.2 0.8 0 
21 1.5 0.2 1.8 0 
22 1.5 0.2 0.8 0 
23 1.5 1.2 1.8 0 
24 1.5 1.2 0.8 0 
25 0.4999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 0.5000000999999999 0.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 18 -17 //线tag...
26 0.4999999 0.1999999 1.7999999 0.5000000999999999 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 17 -19 
27 0.4999999 1.1999999 0.7999999000000001 0.5000000999999999 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 20 -19 
28 0.4999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 0.5000000999999999 1.2000001 0.8000001 0 2 18 -20 
29 1.4999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 0.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 22 -21 
30 1.4999999 0.1999999 1.7999999 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 21 -23 
31 1.4999999 1.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 24 -23 
32 1.4999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 0.8000001 0 2 22 -24 
33 0.4999998999999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 0.2000001 0.8000001 0 2 18 -22 
34 0.4999998999999999 0.1999999 1.7999999 1.5000001 0.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 17 -21 
35 0.4999998999999999 1.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 0.8000001 0 2 20 -24 
36 0.4999998999999999 1.1999999 1.7999999 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 2 19 -23 
13 0.4999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 0.5000000999999999 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 4 25 26 -27 -28 //面信息
14 1.4999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 4 29 30 -31 -32 
15 0.4999998999999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 0.2000001 1.8000001 0 4 33 29 -34 -25 
16 0.4999998999999999 1.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 4 35 31 -36 -27 
17 0.4999998999999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 0.8000001 0 4 28 35 -32 -33 
18 0.4999998999999999 0.1999999 1.7999999 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 4 26 36 -30 -34 
3 0.4999998999999999 0.1999999 0.7999999000000001 1.5000001 1.2000001 1.8000001 0 6 13 14 15 16 17 18 
$EndEntities
$Nodes //节点信息
27 272 1 272
0 17 0 1
1
0.5 0.2 1.8
0 18 0 1
2
0.5 0.2 0.8
0 19 0 1
3
0.5 1.2 1.8
0 20 0 1
4
0.5 1.2 0.8
0 21 0 1
5
1.5 0.2 1.8
0 22 0 1
6
1.5 0.2 0.8
0 23 0 1
7
1.5 1.2 1.8
0 24 0 1
8
1.5 1.2 0.8
1 25 0 5
9
10
11
12
13
0.5 0.2 0.9666666666666662
0.5 0.2 1.133333333333332
0.5 0.2 1.299999999999998
0.5 0.2 1.466666666666665
0.5 0.2 1.633333333333332
1 26 0 5
14
15
16
17
18
0.5 0.3666666666666663 1.8
0.5 0.5333333333333323 1.8
0.5 0.6999999999999986 1.8
0.5 0.8666666666666647 1.8
0.5 1.033333333333332 1.8
1 27 0 5
19
20
21
22
23
0.5 1.2 0.9666666666666662
0.5 1.2 1.133333333333332
0.5 1.2 1.299999999999998
0.5 1.2 1.466666666666665
0.5 1.2 1.633333333333332
1 28 0 5
24
25
26
27
28
0.5 0.3666666666666663 0.8
0.5 0.5333333333333323 0.8
0.5 0.6999999999999986 0.8
0.5 0.8666666666666647 0.8
0.5 1.033333333333332 0.8
1 29 0 5
29
30
31
32
33
1.5 0.2 0.9666666666666662
1.5 0.2 1.133333333333332
1.5 0.2 1.299999999999998
1.5 0.2 1.466666666666665
1.5 0.2 1.633333333333332
1 30 0 5
34
35
36
37
38
1.5 0.3666666666666663 1.8
1.5 0.5333333333333323 1.8
1.5 0.6999999999999986 1.8
1.5 0.8666666666666647 1.8
1.5 1.033333333333332 1.8
1 31 0 5
39
40
41
42
43
1.5 1.2 0.9666666666666662
1.5 1.2 1.133333333333332
1.5 1.2 1.299999999999998
1.5 1.2 1.466666666666665
1.5 1.2 1.633333333333332
1 32 0 5
44
45
46
47
48
1.5 0.3666666666666663 0.8
1.5 0.5333333333333323 0.8
1.5 0.6999999999999986 0.8
1.5 0.8666666666666647 0.8
1.5 1.033333333333332 0.8
1 33 0 5
49
50
51
52
53
0.6666666666666662 0.2 0.8
0.8333333333333324 0.2 0.8
0.9999999999999986 0.2 0.8
1.166666666666665 0.2 0.8
1.333333333333332 0.2 0.8
1 34 0 5
54
55
56
57
58
0.6666666666666662 0.2 1.8
0.8333333333333324 0.2 1.8
0.9999999999999986 0.2 1.8
1.166666666666665 0.2 1.8
1.333333333333332 0.2 1.8
1 35 0 5
59
60
61
62
63
0.6666666666666662 1.2 0.8
0.8333333333333324 1.2 0.8
0.9999999999999986 1.2 0.8
1.166666666666665 1.2 0.8
1.333333333333332 1.2 0.8
1 36 0 5
64
65
66
67
68
0.6666666666666662 1.2 1.8
0.8333333333333324 1.2 1.8
0.9999999999999986 1.2 1.8
1.166666666666665 1.2 1.8
1.333333333333332 1.2 1.8
//有删节
2 16 0 34
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
0.6508426476087525 1.2 1.381510956834052
1.097787609117762 1.2 0.9493826874925712
1.355662432702594 1.2 1.383333333333332
1.097787609117763 1.2 1.650617312507428
0.745879829473358 1.2 0.9356302602983095
0.7477062749977592 1.2 1.661162021202656
1.358871325824028 1.2 1.050706228213479
1.358871325824028 1.2 1.549293771786519
1.197528712446488 1.2 1.492564646662274
1.209025506578738 1.2 1.304316329999267
1.066987298107782 1.2 1.383333333333332
1.063812934215549 1.2 1.222220446824229
0.925063584221011 1.2 1.30092563002626
0.922649730810376 1.2 1.466666666666665
0.9213699392000604 1.2 1.140090540338241
0.7835712984850783 1.2 1.240465917555634
1.196746752058104 1.2 1.108845369074414
0.9203907139583827 1.2 0.9687852027634299
0.9209213154057616 1.2 1.631801208463608
1.353384336193911 1.2 1.213422432325637
1.251495706808269 1.2 1.661354996061843
0.6369493419813703 1.2 1.552883104482442
1.251402616285843 1.2 0.9388128629544283
0.6313072671406489 1.2 1.041807230776599
0.8153718094250966 1.2 1.382547596179446
0.6351634612227937 1.2 1.205995239691189
0.7833193598962169 1.2 1.083207576000983
0.7824068533715194 1.2 1.512761925638145
1.050240473580838 1.2 1.52099364905389
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//网格信息
//对应几何的点线面体，这里给出网格的点线面体的信息
//比如，几何的线包含多个网格节点，这种对应关系在这里描述
//网格的点线面体称为entity，单独设置tag
$Elements //网格信息
26 620 1 620 //26个entiti block，620个网格,网格编号从1到620
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$EndElements