设线性方程组为
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\begin{cases} a_{11}x_1+a_{11}x_2+\cdots+a_{1n}x_n=b_1\\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+\cdots+a_{2n}x_n=b_2\\ ......\\ a_{n1}x_1+a_{n2}x_2+\cdots+a_{nn}x_n=b_n\\ \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧a11x1+a11x2+⋯+a1nxn=b1a21x1+a22x2+⋯+a2nxn=b2......an1x1+an2x2+⋯+annxn=bn
其系数行列式为
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D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n} \\ a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n} \\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn} \end{vmatrix} \not=0
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21⋮an1a12a22⋮an2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=0
则该线性方程组有且仅有唯一解:
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x_1=\frac{D_1}{D},x_2=\frac{D_2}{D},\cdots,x_n=\frac{D_n}{D}
x1=DD1,x2=DD2,⋯,xn=DDn
其中
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D_j(j=1,2,\ldots,n)
Dj(j=1,2,…,n)是把系数行列式
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D中的第
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b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_n
b1,b2,…,bn代替后得到的
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n阶行列式,即
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D_j = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11}&\cdots&a_{1,j-1}&b_1&a_{1,j+1}&\cdots&a_{1n} \\ a_{21}&\cdots&a_{2,j-1}&b_1&a_{1,j+1}&\cdots&a_{2n} \\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots\\ a_{n1}&\cdots&a_{n,j-1}&b_1&a_{1,j+1}&\cdots&a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}
Dj=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21⋮an1⋯⋯⋮⋯a1,j−1a2,j−1⋮an,j−1b1b1⋮b1a1,j+1a1,j+1a1,j+1⋯⋯⋯a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
举例
{ 2 x 1 + 3 x 2 − 5 x 3 = 3 x 1 − 2 x 2 + x 3 = 0 3 x 1 + x 2 + 3 x 3 = 7 \begin{cases} 2x_1+3x_2-5x_3=3\\ x_1-2x_2+x_3=0\\ 3x_1+x_2+3x_3=7\\ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧2x1+3x2−5x3=3x1−2x2+x3=03x1+x2+3x3=7
解:
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D= \begin{vmatrix} 2&3&-5\\ 1 & -2 & 1\\ 3 & 1 &3\\ \end{vmatrix}= \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 7 & -7\\ 1 & 0 & 0\\ 3 & 7 & 0\\ \end{vmatrix}=- \begin{vmatrix} 7&-7\\ 7 &0\\ \end{vmatrix}=-49\not=0
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣2133−21−513∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣213707−700∣∣∣∣∣∣=−∣∣∣∣77−70∣∣∣∣=−49=0
D 1 = ∣ 3 3 − 5 0 − 2 1 7 1 3 ∣ = ∣ 2 7 − 7 1 0 0 3 7 0 ∣ = − ∣ 3 − 7 7 7 ∣ = − 70 D_1= \begin{vmatrix} 3&3&-5\\ 0 & -2 & 1\\ 7 & 1 &3\\ \end{vmatrix}= \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 7 & -7\\ 1 & 0 & 0\\ 3 & 7 & 0\\ \end{vmatrix}=- \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -7\\ 7 & 7\\ \end{vmatrix}=-70 D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣3073−21−513∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣213707−700∣∣∣∣∣∣=−∣∣∣∣37−77∣∣∣∣=−70
x 1 = D 1 D = − 70 − 49 = 10 7 x_1=\frac{D_1}{D}=\frac{-70}{-49}=\frac{10}{7} x1=DD1=−49−70=710
其余两个解同理。