C#数据结构-有限状态机

有限状态机FSM的要点是：

1.     拥有一组状态，并且可以在这组状态之间进行切换。
2.     状态机同时只能在一个状态。
3.     一连串的输入或事件被发送给机器。
4.     每个状态都有一系列的转换，转换与输入和另一状态相关。当输入进来，如果它与当前状态的某个转换匹配，机器转为转换所指的状态。

    
目前而言，游戏编程中状态机的实现方式，有两种可以选择：

1.     用枚举配合switch case语句。
2.     实现多态（也就是状态模式）。

状态模式的经典定义：允许对象在当内部状态改变时改变其行为，就好像此对象改变了自己的类一样
状态模式的实现要点，主要有三点：

1.     为状态定义一个接口。
2.     为每个状态定义一个类。
3.     恰当地进行状态委托。

注：下面的代码在unity中用C#实现，不过只是借用了unity的输入操作，对于理解有限状态机，没有阻碍。

•       初始化是站立状态；
•       按下向上的方向键，可以跳跃；在跳跃的状态，按向下的方向键，可以下斩，按向上的方向键，不做处理；
•       按下向下的方向键，可以下蹲；在下蹲的状态，按向下的方向键，不做处理，按向上的方向键，恢复站立状态；

代码来自于这里超链接

状态接口实现：

public interface HeroineBaseState
{
    void HandleInput();
}

站立状态实现：

using UnityEngine;

public class StandingState : HeroineBaseState
{
    private Heroine _heroine;
    public StandingState(Heroine heroine)
    {
        _heroine = heroine;
        Debug.Log("进入站立状态！");
    }

    public void HandleInput()
    {
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.UpArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("get KeyCode.UpArrow!");
            _heroine.SetHeroineState(new JumpingState(_heroine));
        }
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.DownArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("get KeyCode.DownArrow!");
            _heroine.SetHeroineState(new DuckingState(_heroine));
        }
    }
}

跳跃状态实现：

using UnityEngine;

public class JumpingState : HeroineBaseState
{

    private Heroine _heroine;
    public JumpingState(Heroine heroine)
    {
        _heroine = heroine;
        Debug.Log("进入跳跃状态！");
    }

    public void HandleInput()
    {
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.UpArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("已经在跳跃状态中！");
            return;
        }
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.DownArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("get KeyCode.DownArrow!");
            _heroine.SetHeroineState(new DrivingState(_heroine));
        }
    }
}

下蹲状态实现：

using UnityEngine;

public class DuckingState : HeroineBaseState
{
    private Heroine _heroine;
    public DuckingState(Heroine heroine)
    {
        _heroine = heroine;
        Debug.Log("进入下蹲躲避状态！");
    }

    public void HandleInput()
    {
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.DownArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("已经在下蹲躲避状态中！");
            return;
        }
        if (Input.GetKeyUp(KeyCode.UpArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("get GetKeyUp.UpArrow!");
            _heroine.SetHeroineState(new StandingState(_heroine));
        }
    }
}

下斩状态实现：

using UnityEngine;

public class DrivingState : HeroineBaseState
{
    private Heroine _heroine;
    public DrivingState(Heroine heroine)
    {
        _heroine = heroine;
        Debug.Log("进入下斩状态！");
    }

    public void HandleInput()
    {
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.UpArrow))
        {
            Debug.Log("get KeyCode.UpArrow!");
            _heroine.SetHeroineState(new StandingState(_heroine));
        }
    }
}

女主角实现：

public class Heroine
{
    HeroineBaseState _state;

    public Heroine()
    {
        _state = new StandingState(this);
    }

    public void SetHeroineState(HeroineBaseState newState)
    {
        _state = newState;
    }

    public void Update()
    {
        _state.HandleInput();
    }

}

测试代码，在Unity里要挂在一个GameObject上执行。

using UnityEngine;

public class TestHeroine : MonoBehaviour
{
    private Heroine _heroine;

    // 初始化调用，先执行
    void Start()
    {
        _heroine = new Heroine();
    }

    // 每帧调用一次
    void Update()
    {
        _heroine.Update();
    }
}

上面用的接口，还可以用虚函数或者抽象函数来实现多态。下面模拟了银行存款取款，账户的状态的变化。

C#代码实现：

using System;

namespace StructScript
{

    public class StateScript
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Account account = new Account();
            account.Add(500);
            account.Add(3000);
            account.Remove(1000);
            account.Remove(10000);

            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

    public class Account
    {
        private State state;

        public Account()
        {
            state = new RedState(0.0, this);
        }

        public State State
        {
            get { return state; }
            set { state = value; }
        }

        public void Add(int amount)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Add " + amount);
            state.Add(amount);
            Console.WriteLine("Balance: " + state.Balance);
            Console.WriteLine("State: " + state.GetType().Name);
        }

        public void Remove(int amount)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Remove " + amount);
            state.Remove(amount);
            Console.WriteLine("Balance: " + state.Balance);
            Console.WriteLine("State: " + state.GetType().Name);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 状态基类
    /// </summary>
    public abstract class State
    {
        protected Account account;
        protected double balance;
        protected double lowerLimit;
        protected double upperLimit;

        public Account Account
        {
            get { return account; }
            set { account = value; }
        }

        public double Balance
        {
            get { return balance; }
            set { balance = value; }
        }

        public abstract void Add(int amount);
        public abstract void Remove(int amount);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 红色账户状态
    /// </summary>
    public class RedState : State
    {
        public RedState(State state) : this(state.Balance, state.Account) { }

        public RedState(double balance, Account account)
        {
            this.balance = balance;
            this.account = account;
            lowerLimit = -100.0;
            upperLimit = 0.0;
        }

        public override void Add(int amount)
        {
            balance += amount;
            StateChangeCheck();
        }

        public override void Remove(int amount)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("余额不足");
        }

        private void StateChangeCheck()
        {
            if (balance > upperLimit)
            {
                account.State = new SilverState(this);
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 银色账户状态
    /// </summary>
    public class SilverState : State
    {
        public SilverState(State state) : this(state.Balance, state.Account) { }

        public SilverState(double balance, Account account)
        {
            this.balance = balance;
            this.account = account;
            lowerLimit = 0.0;
            upperLimit = 1000.0;
        }

        public override void Add(int amount)
        {
            balance += amount;
            StateChangeCheck();
        }

        public override void Remove(int amount)
        {
            double remain = balance - amount;
            if (remain < -100)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("余额不足");
            }
            else
            {
                balance = remain;
                StateChangeCheck();
            }
        }

        private void StateChangeCheck()
        {
            if (balance < lowerLimit)
            {
                account.State = new RedState(this);
            }
            else if (balance > upperLimit)
            {
                account.State = new GoldState(this);
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 金色账户状态
    /// </summary>
    public class GoldState : State
    {
        public GoldState(State state) : this(state.Balance, state.Account) { }

        public GoldState(double balance, Account account)
        {
            this.balance = balance;
            this.account = account;
            lowerLimit = 1000.0;
            upperLimit = 10000000.0;
        }

        public override void Add(int amount)
        {
            balance += amount;
            StateChangeCheck();
        }

        public override void Remove(int amount)
        {
            double remain = balance - amount;
            if (remain < -100)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("余额不足");
            }
            else
            {
                balance = remain;
                StateChangeCheck();
            }
        }

        private void StateChangeCheck()
        {
            if (balance < 0.0)
            {
                account.State = new RedState(this);
            }
            else if (balance < lowerLimit)
            {
                account.State = new SilverState(this);
            }
        }
    }
}