使用OpenGL画一个三角形（glfw）

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

//顶点着色器
const char *vertexShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
    "layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
    "void main()\n"
    "{\n"
    "gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\n"
    "}\0";
//通过layout (location = 0)设定了输入变量的位置值(Location = 0)
//vec3相当于一个结构体，里面有3个变量x，y，z
//gl_Position的值会作为顶点着色器的输出，它是4分量的
//故需要将vec3转为vec4，多加一个深度变量，默认值为1.0
//in字段指定了数据进入着色器的流向

//片段着色器
const char *fragmentShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
    "out vec4 FragColor;\n"
    "void main()\n"
    "{\n"
    "   FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.2f, 1.0f);\n"
    "}\n\0";
//用 out声明一个输出变量FragColor,该变量是用来表示颜色的，有4个颜色分量

int main()
{
    // glfw: initialize and configure
    // ------------------------------
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

    // glfw window creation
    // --------------------
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

    // glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
    // ---------------------------------------
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //创建着色器对象，create里面指定具体的对象类型
    //GLVERTEX_SHADER说明是顶点着色器对象
    unsigned int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);

    //下一步我们把这个着色器源码附加到着色器对象上，然后编译它
    //参数：着色器对象，glsl源码数量（这里只有一个），源码，NULL
    glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
    glCompileShader(vertexShader);


    // check for shader compile errors
    //出错处理
    int success;
    char infoLog[512];
    glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
    if (!success)
    {
        glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
        std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
    }
    // fragment shader
    //创建片段着色器对象，并将片段着色器源码附加到着色器对象上
    unsigned int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
    glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
    glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
    // check for shader compile errors
    //出错处理
    glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
    if (!success)
    {
        glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
        std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
    }
    // link shaders
    //创建着色器程序对象，用来合并多个着色器对象（attach附加操作）
    //将顶点着色器和片段着色器分别附加到程序对象上
    //glLinkProgram链接两个着色器对象
    unsigned int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
    glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
    // check for linking errors
    //出错处理
    glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
    if (!success) {
        glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, infoLog);
        std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
    }
    //链接完之后，删除原始着色器对象（顶点和片段）
    glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
    glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);

    // set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
    float vertices[] = {
        -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // left  
         0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // right 
         0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f  // top   
    }; 

//顶点输入
    unsigned int VBO, VAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    // opengl4.5版本为glCreateVertexArrays(数量size，顶点数组首地址)

    //glGenBuffers()生成一个缓冲ID和一个VBO缓冲对象
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    // bind the Vertex Array Object first, then bind and set vertex buffer(s), and then configure vertex attributes(s).
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);

    //使用glBindBuffer函数把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    //glBufferData是一个专门用来把用户定义的数据复制到当前绑定缓冲的函数。
    //参数：缓冲区类型，需要复制数据的大小，具体的数据，显卡如何管理数据，static表示不改变
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
//到glBufferData()为止，已经把顶点数据存放到显卡内存当中

    //手动指定输入数据对应顶点着色器的哪一个顶点属性
    //必须在渲染前指定OpenGL该如何解释顶点数据
    /*
        参数一：之前在顶点着色器中position定义的顶点位置属性值，从0开始
        参数二：每个顶点的元素数目，一个顶点有xyz三个坐标，所以这边参数写3
        参数三：数据类型，float浮点型（vec都是浮点型）
        参数四：是否标准化，false表示不标准化，如果标准化都会变成0
        参数五：步长，它告诉我们在连续的顶点属性组之间的间隔
            也就是一个顶点总的字节数，在这里只有3个坐标数据，所以是3*sizeof(float)
            如果顶点数组包含颜色信息，比如还有3个颜色分量，那么就是6*sizeof(float)
        参数六：偏移量，如果位置在开头，就填0
    */
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    //以顶点属性位置值作为参数，启用顶点属性；顶点属性默认是禁用的。
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    // note that this is allowed, the call to glVertexAttribPointer registered VBO as the vertex attribute's bound vertex buffer object so afterwards we can safely unbind
    //glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); 

    // You can unbind the VAO afterwards so other VAO calls won't accidentally modify this VAO, but this rarely happens. Modifying other
    // VAOs requires a call to glBindVertexArray anyways so we generally don't unbind VAOs (nor VBOs) when it's not directly necessary.
    //glBindVertexArray(0); 

    //glBindVertexArray()
    //如果输入的参数为0，那么opengl将不再使用之前绑定的顶点数组（解绑）
    //如果输入的参数非0，并且是前面创建的顶点数组对象，那么就会将该顶点数组对象进行激活

    // uncomment this call to draw in wireframe polygons.
    //glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);

    // render loop
    // -----------
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // input
        // -----
        processInput(window);

        // render
        // ------
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

        // draw our first triangle
        //最上面两个着色器对象的很多代码，都是为这个shaderProgram程序对象服务的
        //最终通过glUseProgram激活使用shaderProgram
        glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
        glBindVertexArray(VAO); // seeing as we only have a single VAO there's no need to bind it every time, but we'll do so to keep things a bit more organized
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
        // glBindVertexArray(0); // no need to unbind it every time 
 
        // glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
        // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    // optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //渲染完成之后，释放资源
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);

    // glfw: terminate, clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources.
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    // make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
    // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}