FPN(Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection)，混叠效应解读

解释的非常好，分享给大家

论文讲解 ：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33948796/article/details/89513416
原理 ：https://blog.csdn.net/kk123k/article/details/86566954

混叠效应：

在统计、信号处理和相关领域中，混叠是指取样信号被还原成连续信号时产生彼此交叠而失真的现象。当混叠发生时，原始信号无法从取样信号还原。而混叠可能发生在时域上，称做时间混叠，或是发生在频域上，被称作空间混叠。在视觉影像的模拟数字转换或音乐信号领域，混叠都是相当重要的议题。因为在做模拟-数字转换时若取样频率选取不当将造成高频信号和低频信号混叠在一起，因此无法完美地重建出原始的信号。为了避免此情形发生，取样前必须先做滤波的操作。

在视频信号处理过程中，有两种方法可以消除混叠现象：

直接提高采样频率，但是采样频率不能无限提高；
在采样频率固定的情况下，可通过低通滤波器消除大于尼奎斯特频率的高频信号，从而消除混叠现象；

所以这边使用一个额外的3∗3卷积核来卷积特征图来产生最后的参考特征图。

代码

class FPN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, block, layers):
        super(FPN, self).__init__()
        self.inplanes = 64

        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3, bias=False)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)

        self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
        self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
        # Bottom-up layers
        self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block,  64, layers[0])
        self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=2)
        self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2)
        self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=2)

        # Top layer
        self.toplayer = nn.Conv2d(2048, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)  # Reduce channels

        # Smooth layers
        self.smooth1 = nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
        self.smooth2 = nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
        self.smooth3 = nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)

        # Lateral layers
        self.latlayer1 = nn.Conv2d(1024, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.latlayer2 = nn.Conv2d( 512, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.latlayer3 = nn.Conv2d( 256, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
        
        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
                n = m.kernel_size[0] * m.kernel_size[1] * m.out_channels
                m.weight.data.normal_(0, math.sqrt(2. / n))
            elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
                m.weight.data.fill_(1)
                m.bias.data.zero_()

    def _make_layer(self, block, planes, blocks, stride=1):
        downsample  = None
        if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != block.expansion * planes:
            downsample  = nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv2d(self.inplanes, block.expansion * planes, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(block.expansion * planes)
            )
        layers = []
        layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample))
        self.inplanes = planes * block.expansion
        for i in range(1, blocks):
            layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes))

        return nn.Sequential(*layers)


    def _upsample_add(self, x, y):
        _,_,H,W = y.size()
        return F.upsample(x, size=(H,W), mode='bilinear') + y

    def forward(self, x):
        # Bottom-up
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = self.bn1(x)
        x = self.relu(x)
        c1 = self.maxpool(x)
        
        c2 = self.layer1(c1)
        c3 = self.layer2(c2)
        c4 = self.layer3(c3)
        c5 = self.layer4(c4)
        # Top-down
        p5 = self.toplayer(c5)
        p4 = self._upsample_add(p5, self.latlayer1(c4))
        p3 = self._upsample_add(p4, self.latlayer2(c3))
        p2 = self._upsample_add(p3, self.latlayer3(c2))
        # Smooth
        p4 = self.smooth1(p4)
        p3 = self.smooth2(p3)
        p2 = self.smooth3(p2)
        return p2, p3, p4, p5