WPF -- 画刷（Brush）(简介)

WPF中 GDI+ 支持画刷，画刷用于填充图形，如矩形,椭圆，多边形和封闭路径。

GDI+: GDI+是Windows XP中的一个子系统，它主要负责在显示屏幕和打印设备输出有关信息，它是一组通过C++类实现的应用程序编程接口。顾名思义，GDI+是以前版本GDI的继承者，出于兼容性考虑，Windows XP仍然支持以前版本的GDI，但是在开发新应用程序的时候，开发人员为了满足图形输出需要应该使用GDI+，因为GDI+对以前的Windows版本中GDI进行了优化，并添加了许多新的功能。
　　作为图形设备接口的GDI+使得应用程序开发人员在输出屏幕和打印机信息的时候无需考虑具体显示设备的细节,他们只需调用GDI+库输出的类的一些方法即可完成图形操作,真正的绘图工作由这些方法交给特定的设备驱动程序来完成,GDI+使得图形硬件和应用程序相互隔离.从而使开发人员编写设备无关的应用程序变得非常容易。GDI+编程小结

在GDI+中，画刷分为以下几种：SolidBrush，TextureBrush，HatchBrush，LinearGradientBrush和PathGradientBrush。在层次关系上，它们都位于System.Drawing空间下，继承自System.Drawing.Brush类。

其中SolidBrush定义单色画刷;TextureBrush定义纹理画刷，HatchBrush使用预定义的50余种图案做画刷，LinearGradientBrush是线性渐变画刷，PathGradientBrush是通过渐变填充GraphicsPath对象的内部。

它们的继承关系如下图：
System.Object
　　System.MarshalByRefObject
　　　　System.Drawing.Brush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.SolidBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.TextureBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.Drawing2D.HatchBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.Drawing2D.LinearGradientBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.Drawing2D.PathGradientBrush

那么，在WPF中，是如何定义画刷的呢？它们与GDI+中的画刷相比，又有些什么独特之处呢？

首先，我们来看看WPF中有哪些画刷？

从大分类来讲，WPF中的画刷分为三大类：单色画刷SolidColorBrush，可平铺的画刷TileBrush和渐变画刷GradientBrush。

不妨先看看它们的继承关系：

它们的继承关系如下图：
System.Object
　　System.MarshalByRefObject
　　　　System.Drawing.Brush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.SolidBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.TextureBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.Drawing2D.HatchBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.Drawing2D.LinearGradientBrush
　　　　　　System.Drawing.Drawing2D.PathGradientBrush

那么，在WPF中，是如何定义画刷的呢？它们与GDI+中的画刷相比，又有些什么独特之处呢？

首先，我们来看看WPF中有哪些画刷？

从大分类来讲，WPF中的画刷分为三大类：单色画刷SolidColorBrush，可平铺的画刷TileBrush和渐变画刷GradientBrush。

不妨先看看它们的继承关系：

从上图可以看出，WPF中的画刷都位于System.Windows.Media命名空间下。
继承自TileBrush的有三种： DrawingBrush，ImageBrush，VisualBrush ; 继承自GradientBrush的有两种画刷： LinearGradientBrush 和 RadialGradientBrush 。
加上 SolidColorBrush ，WPF中实际共有六种画刷（上图中已用画“勾”的方式标明）。
其中，SolidColorBrush使用单色填充指定区域，DrawingBrush是图画绘制画刷（包括矢量图和位图），ImageBrush是使用图像做画刷，而VisualBrush是以可视化的控件作为画刷，比如：可使用矩形Rect，文本TextBlock,甚至按钮Button、动画、视频等等作为画刷;与GDI+类似，WPF中使用LinearGradientBrush作为线性渐变画刷;但WPF新增了一个镭射渐变画刷RadialGradientBrush。

让我们来看看它们都“长”成什么样子吧。还是以实例来走马观花式地看看它们。

下面是一个空的“容器”，我们将用它来“装”各种东西。

XAML代码：

<Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithNothing" Width="113.56" Height="113.56" Fill="{x:Null}" Stroke="#FF000000" />

这里的Fill填充为空。

接着我们给它填充点单一的颜色（SolidColorBrush）：

XAML代码：

<Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithSolidColorBrush" Width="113.56" Fill="#FFA21212" Stroke="#FF000000" />

注意这里的Fill属性，由于XAML最终被转化为.Net代码，这里的Fill也将转换为颜色为“#FFA21212”的SolidColorBrush。

如你对于WPF颜色方面有疑问，你可以参见我的这篇文章：GDI+与WPF中的颜色简析

接下来我们改用线性渐变颜色填充它：（使用LinearGradientBrush）

XAML代码：

 <Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithLinearGradientBrush" Height="113.56" Stroke="#FF000000" Width="113.56">
   <Ellipse.Fill>
    <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.851,0.838" StartPoint="0.115,0.169">
     <GradientStop Color="#FFA21212" Offset="0"/>
     <GradientStop Color="#FFF8C906" Offset="1"/>
    </LinearGradientBrush>
   </Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

注意：这里使用了GradientStop来定义渐变颜色的关键色及对应的位置参数设置）

变多点花样，我们就可以做成一个带立体感的圆形按钮了：

XAML代码：

<Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithLinearGradientBrushButtonOuter" Stroke="#FF000000" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="130.015,156.959,0,175.481" Width="113.559">
   <Ellipse.Fill>
    <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.851,0.838" StartPoint="0.115,0.169">
     <GradientStop Color="#FFA21212" Offset="0"/>
     <GradientStop Color="#FFF8C906" Offset="1"/>
    </LinearGradientBrush>
   </Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>
  <Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithLinearGradientBrushButtonInner" Stroke="#FF000000" Width="89.006" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="142.264,169.263,0,187.731">
   <Ellipse.Fill>
    <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.129,0.129" StartPoint="0.879,0.845">
     <GradientStop Color="#FFA21212" Offset="0"/>
     <GradientStop Color="#FFF8C906" Offset="1"/>
    </LinearGradientBrush>
   </Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

（注：这里只是将起始颜色的起始、终止点进行了反向，这样就产生了立体的效果）

接着，我们使用RadialGradientBrush:

XAML代码：

 <Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithRadialGradientBrush" Height="113.56" Stroke="#FF000000">
   <Ellipse.Fill>
    <RadialGradientBrush>
     <GradientStop Color="#FFA21212" Offset="1"/>
     <GradientStop Color="#FFF8C906" Offset="0"/>
    </RadialGradientBrush>
   </Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

再变变花样，将中心点移一移，看看是什么样子的:

XAML代码:

 <Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithRadialGradientBrushCenterOffset" Stroke="#FF000000">
   <Ellipse.Fill>
    <RadialGradientBrush GradientOrigin="0.399,0.149">
     <GradientStop Color="#FFA21212" Offset="1"/>
     <GradientStop Color="#FFF8C906" Offset="0"/>
    </RadialGradientBrush>
   </Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

下面来看看使用 ImageBrush 填充的效果

XAML代码：

<Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithImageBrush" Stroke="#FF000000" Width="113" Height="113">
   <Ellipse.Fill>
    <ImageBrush ImageSource="xian.png"/>
   </Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

再来看看使用VisualBrush填充的效果：

XAML代码：

<Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithVisualBrush" Width="113" Stroke="#FF000000" Height="113">
  <Ellipse.Fill>
<VisualBrush>
      <VisualBrush.Visual>
        <StackPanel Background="White">
          <Rectangle Width="25" Height="25" Fill="Orange" Margin="6" />
          <TextBlock FontSize="10pt" Margin="2">BrawDraw</TextBlock>
          <Button Margin="10">Button</Button>
        </StackPanel>
      </VisualBrush.Visual>
    </VisualBrush>
</Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

看到没？这里使用了Rectangle,TextBlock,Button几种可视化的控件作为画刷，填充到了Ellipse中。

轮到DrawingBrush出场了：

XAML代码：

<Ellipse x:Name="ellipseWithDrawingBrush" Stroke="#FF000000" Width="113" Height="113">
  <Ellipse.Fill>
  <DrawingBrush Viewport="0,0,0.5,0.5" TileMode="Tile">
          <DrawingBrush.Drawing>
            <GeometryDrawing Brush="Red">
              <GeometryDrawing.Geometry>
                <GeometryGroup>
                  <EllipseGeometry RadiusX="20" RadiusY="45" Center="50,50" />
                  <EllipseGeometry RadiusX="45" RadiusY="20" Center="50,50" />
                </GeometryGroup>
              </GeometryDrawing.Geometry>
              <GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                <Pen Thickness="10">
                  <Pen.Brush>
                    <LinearGradientBrush>
                      <GradientStop Offset="0.0" Color="Black" />
                      <GradientStop Offset="1.0" Color="Gray" />
                    </LinearGradientBrush>
                  </Pen.Brush>
                </Pen>
              </GeometryDrawing.Pen>
            </GeometryDrawing>
          </DrawingBrush.Drawing>
        </DrawingBrush>
</Ellipse.Fill>
  </Ellipse>

这里使用了 GeometryDrawing 作为内部填充的图案，还使用了作为 LinearGradientBrush 画笔来绘制内部图案的。

在看一个使用 DrawingBrush的例子：

XAML代码：

 <Ellipse Margin="118.5,82.5,45.833,94.5">
        <Ellipse.Effect>
            <DropShadowEffect Color="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ControlLightLightColorKey}}"/>
        </Ellipse.Effect>
        <Ellipse.Fill>
            <DrawingBrush Stretch="Uniform">
                <DrawingBrush.Drawing>
                    <DrawingGroup>
                        <GeometryDrawing Geometry="F1M314,22.1249C432.672,22.1249 528.875,118.328 528.875,237 528.875,355.672 432.672,451.875 314,451.875 195.328,451.875 99.1248,355.672 99.1248,237 99.1248,118.328 195.328,22.1249 314,22.1249z M314,51.0359C211.295,51.0359 128.036,134.295 128.036,237 128.036,339.705 211.295,422.964 314,422.964 416.705,422.964 499.964,339.705 499.964,237 499.964,134.295 416.705,51.0359 314,51.0359z">
                            <GeometryDrawing.Brush>
                                <RadialGradientBrush RadiusX="0.5" RadiusY="0.5" GradientOrigin="0.5,0.5" Center="0.5,0.5">
                                    <RadialGradientBrush.RelativeTransform>
                                        <TransformGroup />
                                    </RadialGradientBrush.RelativeTransform>
                                    <GradientStop Color="#C0FFAA00" Offset="0" />
                                    <GradientStop Color="#C0FF7B00" Offset="0.52968"/>
                                    <GradientStop Color="#C0C33600" Offset="1"/>
                                </RadialGradientBrush>
                            </GeometryDrawing.Brush>
                            <GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                                <Pen Brush="#27000000" LineJoin="Round" Thickness="7" />
                            </GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                        </GeometryDrawing>
                        <GeometryDrawing Geometry="F1M314,75.2265C403.345,75.2265 475.773,147.655 475.773,237 475.773,326.345 403.345,398.773 314,398.773 224.655,398.773 152.226,326.345 152.226,237 152.226,147.655 224.655,75.2265 314,75.2265z">
                            <GeometryDrawing.Brush>
                                <RadialGradientBrush RadiusX="0.613236" RadiusY="0.613236" GradientOrigin="0.349879,0.320823" Center="0.349879,0.320823">
                                    <RadialGradientBrush.RelativeTransform>
                                        <TransformGroup/>
                                    </RadialGradientBrush.RelativeTransform>
                                    <GradientStop Color="#FFFFAA00" Offset="0" />
                                    <GradientStop Color="#FFFF7B00" Offset="0.52968"/>
                                    <GradientStop Color="#FFC33600" Offset="1"/>
                                </RadialGradientBrush>
                            </GeometryDrawing.Brush>
                            <GeometryDrawing.Pen >
                                <Pen Brush="#40000000" LineJoin="Round" Thickness="7" />
                            </GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                        </GeometryDrawing>
                        <GeometryDrawing Brush="#4DFFFFFF" Geometry="F1M157.841,265.533C142.319,179.133 199.776,96.5089 286.175,80.9863 372.575,65.4637 455.199,122.921 470.722,209.321 478.801,254.288 467.111,298.233 441.861,332.227 463.016,301.118 472.481,262.027 465.303,222.074 450.748,141.06 373.274,87.1843 292.26,101.739 211.246,116.294 157.37,193.768 171.925,274.782 182.834,335.504 229.091,380.98 285.691,393.823 222.386,382.241 169.892,332.609 157.841,265.533z"/>
                        <GeometryDrawing Brush="#FF7D2500" Geometry="F1M159.711,201.088C157.087,201.784 154.011,202.391 150.484,202.911 146.958,203.431 142.101,204.247 135.913,205.36 132.212,205.939 128.786,207.234 125.634,209.247 122.483,211.259 121.171,214.356 121.698,218.535 122.983,223.02 125.175,225.092 128.274,224.752 131.372,224.412 133.686,227.139 135.215,232.934 136.424,240.111 137.31,250.716 137.873,264.748 138.435,278.781 138.127,289.269 136.946,296.211 135.849,299.806 133.934,302.056 131.204,302.962 128.474,303.868 127.314,306.26 127.724,310.137 128.364,314.5 131.276,317.005 136.463,317.651 141.649,318.297 150.21,317.462 162.146,315.146 166.995,314.526 173.157,312.979 180.631,310.506 188.105,308.033 191.723,303.905 191.487,298.123 190.41,294.828 188.268,293.298 185.06,293.533 181.851,293.768 179.622,291.772 178.372,287.546 176.32,276.163 175.665,269.193 176.406,266.637 177.148,264.081 178.341,262.917 179.984,263.144 183.631,263.169 185.679,265.6 186.129,270.438 186.579,275.275 189.303,277.58 194.3,277.354 200.028,275.484 202.986,270.56 203.175,262.582 203.365,254.605 202.872,248.021 201.696,242.829 201.163,239.458 199.914,236.045 197.949,232.59 195.984,229.135 193.105,227.599 189.313,227.983 184.573,229.47 182.392,232.295 182.772,236.459 183.151,240.623 181.194,243.406 176.899,244.81 176.019,245.023 175.246,245.108 174.58,245.062 173.914,245.017 173.478,244.52 173.271,243.569 172.924,241.392 172.699,238.405 172.596,234.609 172.494,230.813 172.457,227.75 172.486,225.421 172.075,222.597 172.584,220.466 174.014,219.029 175.444,217.593 179.436,216.287 185.989,215.112 193.137,214.479 197.742,216.408 199.803,220.899 201.865,225.389 205.519,227.495 210.766,227.216 214.542,226.401 217.034,224.612 218.242,221.848 219.451,219.084 219.713,215.959 219.028,212.473 218.189,208.142 215.983,203.528 212.41,198.631 208.836,193.733 204.642,191.477 199.826,191.862 199.345,192.031 197.891,192.623 195.464,193.637 193.048,194.514 188.857,195.562 182.891,196.779L159.711,201.088z">
                            <GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                                <Pen Brush="#FF7D2500" LineJoin="Round" Thickness="8" />
                            </GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                        </GeometryDrawing>
                        <GeometryDrawing Brush="#FF7D2500" Geometry="F1M317.536,217.552C317.431,216.434 317.334,215.089 317.244,213.517 317.155,211.945 317.019,210.607 316.837,209.503 316.273,206.881 315.048,205.241 313.161,204.582 311.273,203.923 309.108,203.849 306.664,204.357 303.574,204.915 300.001,206.022 295.944,207.68 291.887,209.338 288.842,211.37 286.811,213.776 284.356,217.671 283.601,223.653 284.545,231.722 285.49,239.791 285.269,248.004 283.882,256.363 283.376,258.611 282.434,261.022 281.055,263.596 279.676,266.17 277.715,267.789 275.171,268.453 271.933,268.424 270.107,265.976 269.694,261.107 269.281,256.239 269.154,252.943 269.311,251.22 269.305,246.592 269.297,241.225 269.286,235.121 269.276,229.016 269.004,224.245 268.473,220.808 267.965,217.857 266.948,215.728 265.422,214.423 263.897,213.117 261.637,212.738 258.643,213.284 254.345,214.127 250.127,215.561 245.987,217.585 241.847,219.608 237.995,221.917 234.431,224.511 232.012,226.122 229.487,228.328 226.856,231.128 224.225,233.927 223.072,236.945 223.397,240.179 223.845,242.153 224.79,243.317 226.231,243.672 227.672,244.026 229.221,244.093 230.879,243.874 233.392,243.79 234.877,244.512 235.334,246.04 235.792,247.568 236.026,249.425 236.039,251.61 236.326,257.364 236.432,263.229 236.357,269.207 236.282,275.185 236.649,280.276 237.457,284.482 239.77,294.667 245.437,299.168 254.46,297.985 262.762,296.119 269.537,292.513 274.785,287.17 280.033,281.826 283.556,278.664 285.355,277.682 287.744,277.844 289.437,279.957 290.432,284.018 291.427,288.08 294.238,289.984 298.865,289.731 304.405,288.591 311.071,285.404 318.864,280.171 326.656,274.938 330.439,269.275 330.213,263.18 329.861,261.311 329.19,260.27 328.201,260.06 327.212,259.849 325.828,259.918 324.047,260.268 320.959,261.034 319.083,259.77 318.418,256.476 318.043,254.03 317.898,251.541 317.983,249.01L317.536,217.552z" >
                            <GeometryDrawing.Pen >
                                <Pen Brush="#FF7D2500" LineJoin="Round" Thickness="8" />
                            </GeometryDrawing.Pen>
                        </GeometryDrawing>
                        <GeometryDrawing Brush="#FF7D2500" Geometry="F1M392.063,233.962C392.137,238.293 392.142,242.893 392.076,247.762 392.011,252.631 392.316,257.134 392.993,261.272 393.692,264.82 395.188,267.289 397.48,268.679 399.772,270.07 402.634,270.444 406.064,269.803 411.242,268.796 417.403,265.981 424.547,261.357 431.692,256.733 435.119,251.441 434.83,245.479 434.023,242.879 432.511,241.708 430.294,241.967 428.077,242.225 426.558,241.015 425.736,238.336 424.998,233.097 424.719,226.519 424.899,218.601 425.079,210.684 424.765,203.922 423.959,198.315 422.863,193.4 420.337,189.967 416.383,188.017 412.428,186.068 408.125,185.516 403.474,186.361 396.708,188.225 390.955,191.721 386.216,196.849 381.476,201.977 378.1,205.031 376.087,206.012 374.029,205.788 372.486,203.648 371.455,199.593 370.425,195.538 367.708,193.616 363.305,193.828 359.267,194.699 354.586,196.569 349.261,199.437 343.936,202.306 339.675,205.132 336.478,207.915 334.82,209.224 333.296,210.814 331.904,212.685 330.513,214.556 329.949,216.527 330.213,218.598 330.667,221.62 332.414,222.898 335.456,222.433L337.02,222.142C340.132,221.626 341.894,222.978 342.304,226.198 343.607,233.627 344.087,242.12 343.743,251.676 343.4,261.231 343.49,268.283 344.015,272.831 344.772,276.214 346.395,278.27 348.883,279 351.372,279.73 354.064,279.707 356.96,278.931 366.674,276.774 372.875,273.829 375.562,270.095 378.248,266.362 379.039,260.209 377.935,251.639 377.186,245.96 377.006,238.938 377.394,230.573 377.781,222.209 380.663,217.112 386.039,215.285 387.507,215.046 388.683,215.332 389.568,216.143 390.453,216.954 391.03,218.087 391.297,219.544L392.063,233.962z">
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这里使用 矢量图和位图来填充。

总结一下：
WPF的画刷与GDI+中的画刷相比，有很大的进步，功能更强大了。WPF新增了DrawingBrush图画绘制画刷（包括矢量图和位图），而VisualBrush是以可视化的控件作为画刷，WPF新增了一个镭射渐变画刷RadialGradientBrush。需要指出的是，WPF中多数显示效果都使用硬件（显示）的运算能力而不是软件来展现，这都得益于DirectX 9/10的相关技术。

GDI与DirectX

GDI 属于硬件和系统之间的抽象层，既保护了存储系统也方便了开发者，防止程序员直接操作显存引致错误（比如蓝屏），在DOS时代，程序员是可以直接操纵内存、显存等一系列硬件。。。GDI带来的问题就是效率！程序员间接调用gdi32.dll中的接口进行窗口的绘制，数据从显存到内存这之间的一系列数据交换带来的是效率的下降。。。

 

directx 是微软开发的，多媒体编程套件，他既做到了GDI的设备无关性也在效率上超过了OpenGL，还提供了更多的功能。用来对抗OpenGL以及拉拢游戏开发商，并推广自己的xbox产品 。。。至于他为什么比opengl做的更好，我也没有深入了解，但是可以肯定的是，他的绘图效率绝对比GDI高多了，我想大概的原因，就是微软做了折中处理，既是直接操作显存，同时还提供程序员抽象的编程模型。