考研数学公式
等价无穷小
- x ∼ sin x ∼ tan x ∼ arcsin x ∼ arctan ∼ ln ( 1 + x ) ∼ e x − 1 { x \sim \sin x \sim \tan x \sim \arcsin x \sim \arctan \sim \ln ( 1 + x ) \sim e ^ { x } - 1 } x∼sinx∼tanx∼arcsinx∼arctan∼ln(1+x)∼ex−1
- ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ∼ a x { ( 1 + x ) ^ { a } - 1 \sim a x } (1+x)a−1∼ax
- ( 1 + a ( x ) ) b ( x ) − 1 ∼ a ( x ) b ( x ) { ( 1 + a(x) ) ^ { b(x) } - 1 \sim a(x)b(x) } (1+a(x))b(x)−1∼a(x)b(x)
- a x − 1 ∼ x ln a { a ^ { x } - 1 \sim x \ln a } ax−1∼xlna
- x − ln ( 1 + x ) ∼ 1 2 x 2 {x - \ln ( 1 + x ) \sim \frac { 1 } { 2 } x ^ { 2 } } x−ln(1+x)∼21x2
- 1 − cos x ∼ 1 2 x 2 { 1 - \cos x \sim \frac { 1 } { 2 } x ^ { 2 } } 1−cosx∼21x2
- x − sin x ∼ 1 6 x 2 { x - \sin x \sim \frac { 1 } { 6 } x ^ { 2 } } x−sinx∼61x2
泰勒公式
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e x = 1 + x + x 2 2 ! + ⋯ + x n n ! + o ( x n ) e ^ { x } = 1 + x + \frac { x ^ { 2 } } { 2 ! } + \cdots + \frac { x ^ { n } } { n ! } + o ( x ^ { n } ) ex=1+x+2!x2+⋯+n!xn+o(xn)
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sin x = x − x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n + 1 ) ! x 2 n + 1 + o ( x 2 n + 1 ) \sin x = x - \frac { x ^ { 3 } } { 3 ! } + \frac { x ^ { 5 } } { 5 ! } - \cdots + \frac { ( - 1 ) ^ { n } } { ( 2 n + 1 ) ! } x ^ { 2 n + 1 } + o ( x ^ { 2 n + 1 } ) sinx=x−3!x3+5!x5−⋯+(2n+1)!(−1)nx2n+1+o(x2n+1)
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cos x = 1 − x 2 2 ! + x 4 4 ! − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) ! x 2 n + o ( x 2 n ) \cos x = 1 - \frac { x ^ { 2 } } { 2 ! } + \frac { x ^ { 4 } } { 4 ! } - \cdots + \frac { ( - 1 ) ^ { n } } { ( 2 n ) ! } x ^ { 2 n } + o ( x ^ { 2 n } ) cosx=1−2!x2+4!x4−⋯+(2n)!(−1)nx2n+o(x2n)
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1 1 − x = 1 + x + x 2 + ⋯ + x n + o ( x n ) \frac { 1 } { 1 - x } = 1 + x + x ^ { 2 } + \cdots + x ^ { n } + o ( x ^ { n } ) 1−x1=1+x+x2+⋯+xn+o(xn)
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1 1 + x = 1 − x + x 2 − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n x n + o ( x n ) \frac { 1 } { 1 + x } = 1 - x + x ^ { 2 } - \cdots + ( - 1 ) ^ { n } x ^ { n } + o ( x ^ { n } ) 1+x1=1−x+x2−⋯+(−1)nxn+o(xn)
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ln ( 1 + x ) = x − x 2 2 + x 3 3 − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n − 1 n x n + o ( x n ) \ln ( 1 + x ) = x - \frac { x ^ { 2 } } { 2 } + \frac { x ^ { 3 } } { 3 } - \cdots + \frac { ( - 1 ) ^ { n - 1 } } { n } x ^ { n } + o ( x ^ { n } ) ln(1+x)=x−2x2+3x3−⋯+n(−1)n−1xn+o(xn)
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( 1 + x ) a = 1 + a x + a ( a − 1 ) 2 ! x 2 + a ( a − 1 ) ( a − 2 ) 3 ! x 3 + ⋯ + o ( x n ) ( 1 + x ) ^ { a } = 1 + a x + \frac { a ( a - 1 ) } { 2 ! } x ^ { 2 } + \frac { a ( a - 1 ) ( a - 2 ) } { 3 ! } x ^ { 3 } + \cdots + o ( x ^ { n } ) (1+x)a=1+ax+2!a(a−1)x2+3!a(a−1)(a−2)x3+⋯+o(xn)
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arctan x {\arctan x} arctanx
导数公式
高阶导数
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( sin x ) ( n ) = sin ( x + n ⋅ π 2 ) ( \sin x ) ^ { ( n ) } = \sin ( x + n \cdot \frac { \pi } { 2 } ) (sinx)(n)=sin(x+n⋅2π)
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( cos x ) ( n ) = cos ( x + n ⋅ π 2 ) ( \cos x ) ^ { ( n ) } = \cos ( x + n \cdot \frac { \pi } { 2 } ) (cosx)(n)=cos(x+n⋅2π)
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( u v ) ( n ) = ∑ k = 0 n C n k u ( k ) v ( n − k ) ( u v ) ^ { ( n ) } = \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { n } C _ { n } ^ { k } u ^ { ( k ) } v ^ { ( n - k ) } (uv)(n)=∑k=0nCnku(k)v(n−k)
积分公式
- ∫ k d x = k x + C {\int _{ }^{ }k \text{d} x=kx+C} ∫kdx=kx+C
- ∫ x a d x = x a + 1 a + 1 + C , ( μ ≠ − 1 ) {\int _{ }^{ }\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{a}} \text{d} x=\frac{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{a+1}}}}{{a+1}}+C,{ \left( { \mu \neq -1} \right) }} ∫xadx=a+1xa+1+C,(μ=−1)
- ∫ 1 x d x = ln ∣ x ∣ + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{x}} \text{d} x= \text{ln} { \left| {x} \right| }+C} ∫x1dx=ln∣x∣+C
- ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x = arctan x + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{1+\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}}} \text{d} x= \text{arctan} x+C} ∫1+x21dx=arctanx+C
- ∫ 1 1 − x 2 d x = arcsin x + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{\sqrt{{1-\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}}}}} \text{d} x= \text{arcsin} x+C} ∫1−x21dx=arcsinx+C
- ∫ 1 x 2 + a 2 d x = 1 a arctan x a + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}+\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}}} \text{d} x=\frac{{1}}{{a}} \text{arctan} \frac{{x}}{{a}}+C} ∫x2+a21dx=a1arctanax+C
- ∫ 1 x 2 − a 2 d x = 1 2 a ln ∣ x − a x + a ∣ + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}-\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}}} \text{d} x=\frac{{1}}{{2a}} \text{ln} { \left| {\frac{{x-a}}{{x+a}}} \right| }+C} ∫x2−a21dx=2a1ln∣∣x+ax−a∣∣+C
- ∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = arcsin x a + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{\sqrt{{\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}-\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}}}}} \text{d} x= \text{arcsin} \frac{{x}}{{a}}+C} ∫a2−x21dx=arcsinax+C
- ∫ 1 x 2 + a 2 d x = ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{\sqrt{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}+\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}}}}} \text{d} x= \text{ln} { \left( {x+\sqrt{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}+\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}}}} \right) }+C} ∫x2+a21dx=ln(x+x2+a2)+C
- ∫ 1 x 2 − a 2 d x = ln ( x + x 2 − a 2 ) + C {\int _{ }^{ }\frac{{1}}{{\sqrt{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}-\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}}}}} \text{d} x= \text{ln} { \left( {x+\sqrt{{\mathop{{x}}\nolimits^{{2}}-\mathop{{a}}\nolimits^{{2}}}}} \right) }+C} ∫x2−a21dx=ln(x+x2−a2)+C
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