一. 等价无穷小:
当 x → 0 x\to 0 x→0时
- x x x ~ sin x \sin x sinx ~ tan x \tan x tanx ~ arcsin x \arcsin x arcsinx ~ arctan x \arctan x arctanx ~ ln ( 1 + x ) \ln(1+x) ln(1+x) ~ e x − 1 e^x-1 ex−1
- 1 − cos x 1-\cos x 1−cosx ~ x 2 2 \frac{x^2}{2} 2x2
- 1 − cos n x 1- \cos^n x 1−cosnx ~ n 2 × x 2 \frac{n}{2}\times x^2 2n×x2
- ( 1 + x ) a − 1 (1+x)^a -1 (1+x)a−1 ~ a x ax ax
- a x − 1 a^x - 1 ax−1 ~ x ln ( a ) x\ln(a) xln(a)
- 附加两个重要公式:
lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) 1 x = e \displaystyle \lim_{x\to 0}{(1+x)^\frac{1}{x}} = e x→0lim(1+x)x1=e
二.三角函数相关
- 三角函数之间关系
sin α × csc α = 1 \sin\alpha\times \csc\alpha = 1 sinα×cscα=1
cos α × sec α = 1 \cos\alpha\times \sec\alpha = 1 cosα×secα=1
tan α × cot α = 1 \tan\alpha\times \cot\alpha = 1 tanα×cotα=1
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 \sin^2\alpha + \cos^2\alpha = 1 sin2α+cos2α=1
sec 2 α − tan 2 α = 1 \sec^2\alpha - \tan^2\alpha = 1 sec2α−tan2α=1
csc 2 α − cot 2 α = 1 \csc^2\alpha - \cot^2\alpha = 1 csc2α−cot2α=1 - 和差公式
s i n ( α ± β ) sin(\alpha\pm\beta) sin(α±β) = s i n α ⋅ c o s β ± c o s α ⋅ s i n β sin\alpha\cdot cos\beta \pm cos\alpha\cdot sin\beta sinα⋅cosβ±cosα⋅sinβ
c o s ( α ± β ) cos(\alpha\pm\beta) cos(α±β) = c o s α ⋅ c o s β ∓ s i n α ⋅ s i n β cos\alpha\cdot cos\beta\mp sin\alpha\cdot sin\beta cosα⋅cosβ∓sinα⋅sinβ
t a n ( α ± β ) tan(\alpha\pm\beta) tan(α±β) = t a n α ± t a n β 1 ∓ t a n α ⋅ t a n β \frac{tan\alpha\pm tan\beta}{1\mp tan\alpha\cdot tan\beta} 1∓tanα⋅tanβtanα±tanβ
c o t ( α ± β ) cot(\alpha\pm \beta) cot(α±β) = cot α ⋅ cot β ∓ 1 c o t β ± cot α \frac{\cot\alpha\cdot \cot\beta\mp1}{cot\beta\pm \cot\alpha} cotβ±cotαcotα⋅cotβ∓1 - 倍角公式
sin 2 α \sin2\alpha sin2α = 2 sin α ⋅ cos α 2\sin\alpha\cdot\cos\alpha 2sinα⋅cosα
cos 2 α \cos2\alpha cos2α = cos 2 α \cos^2\alpha cos2α - sin 2 α \sin^2\alpha sin2α
sin 3 α \sin3\alpha sin3α = − 4 sin 3 α + 3 sin α -4\sin^3\alpha+3\sin\alpha −4sin3α+3sinα
cos 3 α \cos3\alpha cos3α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cos α 4\cos^3\alpha-3\cos\alpha 4cos3α−3cosα
tan 2 α \tan2\alpha tan2α = 2 tan α 1 − tan 2 α \frac{2\tan\alpha}{1-\tan^2\alpha} 1−tan2α2tanα - 半角公式
可用倍角公式推导 - 万能公式
若 μ \mu μ = tan x 2 \tan\frac{x}{2} tan2x ( − π < x < π ) (-\pi<x<\pi) (−π<x<π)
则 sin x \sin x sinx = 2 μ 1 + μ 2 \frac{2\mu}{1+\mu^2} 1+μ22μ, cos x \cos x cosx = 1 − μ 2 1 + μ 2 \frac{1-\mu^2}{1+\mu^2} 1+μ2