C++ thread

本文仅用来记录学习过程，学习网站：菜鸟教程

c++ 11 之后有了标准的线程库：std::thread。
编译时记得加上参数 -lpthread，如

g++ test.cpp -o a -lpthread

thread 构造函数

类型	函数
默认构造函数	thread() noexcept;
初始化构造函数	template <class Fn, class… Args>
拷贝构造函数 [deleted]	thread(const thread&) = delete;
Move 构造函数	thread(thread&& x) noexcept;

• 默认构造函数，创建一个空的 std::thread 执行对象。
• 初始化构造函数，创建一个 std::thread 对象，该 std::thread 对象可被 joinable，新产生的线程会调用 fn 函数，该函数的参数由 args 给出。
• 拷贝构造函数(被禁用)，意味着 std::thread 对象不可拷贝构造。
• Move 构造函数，move 构造函数调用成功之后 x 不代表任何 std::thread 执行对象。

std::thread 各种构造函数例子如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <atomic>

void f1(int n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        std::cout << "Thread " << n << " executing\n";
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
    }
}

void f2(int& n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        std::cout << "Thread 2 executing\n";
        ++n;
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
    }
}

int main()
{
    int n = 0;
    std::thread t1;                   // t1 is not a thread
    std::thread t2(f1, n + 1);        // pass by value
    std::thread t3(f2, std::ref(n));  // pass by reference
    std::thread t4(std::move(t3));    // t4 is now running f2(). t3 is no longer a thread
    t2.join();
    t4.join();
    std::cout << "Final value of n is " << n << '\n';
}

thread 赋值操作

类型	函数
move赋值	thread& operator=(thread&& rhs) noexcept;
拷贝赋值	thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete;

• Move 赋值操作(1)，如果当前对象不可 joinable，需要传递一个右值引用(rhs)给 move 赋值操作；如果当前对象可被 joinable，则会调用 terminate() 报错。
• 拷贝赋值操作(2)，被禁用，因此 std::thread 对象不可拷贝赋值。

举个例子，

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <chrono>    // std::chrono::seconds
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <thread>    // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for

void thread_task(int n) {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(n));
    std::cout << "hello thread " << std::this_thread::get_id()
        << " paused " << n << " seconds" << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    std::thread threads[5];
    std::cout << "Spawning 5 threads...\n";
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        threads[i] = std::thread(thread_task, (i + 1)*5);
    }
    
    std::cout << "Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join\n";
    for (auto& t: threads) {
        t.join();
    }
    std::cout << "All threads joined.\n";

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

输出结果：

Spawning 5 threads...
Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join
hello thread 140280598484736 paused 5 seconds
hello thread 140280590092032 paused 10 seconds
hello thread 140280581699328 paused 15 seconds
hello thread 140280573306624 paused 20 seconds
hello thread 140280564913920 paused 25 seconds
All threads joined.

其他成员函数

1. get_id: 获取线程 ID，返回一个类型为 std::thread::id 的对象。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>

void foo()
{
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
  std::thread t1(foo);
  std::thread::id t1_id = t1.get_id();

  std::thread t2(foo);
  std::thread::id t2_id = t2.get_id();

  std::cout << "t1's id: " << t1_id << '\n';
  std::cout << "t2's id: " << t2_id << '\n';

  t1.join();
  t2.join();
}

2. joinable: 检查线程是否可被 join。检查当前的线程对象是否表示了一个活动的执行线程，由默认构造函数创建的线程是不能被 join 的。另外，如果某个线程 已经执行完任务，但是没有被 join 的话，该线程依然会被认为是一个活动的执行线程，因此也是可以被 join 的。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>

void foo()
{
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
  std::thread t;
  std::cout << "before starting, joinable: " << t.joinable() << '\n';

  t = std::thread(foo);
  std::cout << "after starting, joinable: " << t.joinable() << '\n';

  t.join();
}

3. join: join 线程，调用该函数会阻塞当前线程，直到由 *this 所标示的线程执行完毕 join 才返回。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>

void foo()
{
  // simulate expensive operation
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

void bar()
{
  // simulate expensive operation
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
  std::cout << "starting first helper...\n";
  std::thread helper1(foo);

  std::cout << "starting second helper...\n";
  std::thread helper2(bar);

  std::cout << "waiting for helpers to finish..." << std::endl;
  helper1.join();
  helper2.join();

  std::cout << "done!\n";
}

4. detach: detach 线程。 将当前线程对象所代表的执行实例与该线程对象分离，使得线程的执行可以单独进行。一旦线程执行完毕，它所分配的资源将会被释放。
   调用 detach 函数之后：

• *this 不再代表任何的线程执行实例。
• joinable() == false
• get_id() == std::thread::id()

另外，如果出错或者 joinable() == false，则会抛出 std::system_error。

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
 
void independentThread() 
{
    std::cout << "Starting concurrent thread.\n";
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
    std::cout << "Exiting concurrent thread.\n";
}
 
void threadCaller() 
{
    std::cout << "Starting thread caller.\n";
    std::thread t(independentThread);
    t.detach();
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    std::cout << "Exiting thread caller.\n";
}
 
int main() 
{
    threadCaller();
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
}

5. swap: swap 线程，交换两个线程对象所代表的底层句柄(underlying handles)。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>

void foo()
{
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

void bar()
{
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
  std::thread t1(foo);
  std::thread t2(bar);

  std::cout << "thread 1 id: " << t1.get_id() << std::endl;
  std::cout << "thread 2 id: " << t2.get_id() << std::endl;

  std::swap(t1, t2);

  std::cout << "after std::swap(t1, t2):" << std::endl;
  std::cout << "thread 1 id: " << t1.get_id() << std::endl;
  std::cout << "thread 2 id: " << t2.get_id() << std::endl;

  t1.swap(t2);

  std::cout << "after t1.swap(t2):" << std::endl;
  std::cout << "thread 1 id: " << t1.get_id() << std::endl;
  std::cout << "thread 2 id: " << t2.get_id() << std::endl;

  t1.join();
  t2.join();
}

6. native_handle: 返回 native handle（由于 std::thread 的实现和操作系统相关，因此该函数返回与 std::thread 具体实现相关的线程句柄，例如在符合 Posix 标准的平台下(如 Unix/Linux)是 Pthread 库）。

#include <thread>
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstring>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <mutex>

std::mutex iomutex;
void f(int num)
{
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));

  sched_param sch;
  int policy; 
  pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, &sch);
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(iomutex);
  std::cout << "Thread " << num << " is executing at priority "
           << sch.sched_priority << '\n';
}

int main()
{
  std::thread t1(f, 1), t2(f, 2);

  sched_param sch;
  int policy; 
  pthread_getschedparam(t1.native_handle(), &policy, &sch);
  sch.sched_priority = 20;
  if(pthread_setschedparam(t1.native_handle(), SCHED_FIFO, &sch)) {
      std::cout << "Failed to setschedparam: " << std::strerror(errno) << '\n';
  }

  t1.join();
  t2.join();
}

7. hardware_concurrency [static]: 检测硬件并发特性，返回当前平台的线程实现所支持的线程并发数目，但返回值仅仅只作为系统提示(hint)。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>

int main() {
  unsigned int n = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
  std::cout << n << " concurrent threads are supported.\n";
}

std::this_thread 命名空间中相关辅助函数介绍

1. get_id: 获取线程 ID。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <mutex>

std::mutex g_display_mutex;

void foo()
{
  std::thread::id this_id = std::this_thread::get_id();

  g_display_mutex.lock();
  std::cout << "thread " << this_id << " sleeping...\n";
  g_display_mutex.unlock();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
  std::thread t1(foo);
  std::thread t2(foo);

  t1.join();
  t2.join();
}

2. yield: 当前线程放弃执行，操作系统调度另一线程继续执行。

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>

// "busy sleep" while suggesting that other threads run 
// for a small amount of time
void little_sleep(std::chrono::microseconds us)
{
  auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
  auto end = start + us;
  do {
      std::this_thread::yield();
  } while (std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() < end);
}

int main()
{
  auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

  little_sleep(std::chrono::microseconds(100));

  auto elapsed = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start;
  std::cout << "waited for "
            << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(elapsed).count()
            << " microseconds\n";
}

3. sleep_until: 线程休眠至某个指定的时刻(time point)，该线程才被重新唤醒。

template< class Clock, class Duration >
void sleep_until( const std::chrono::time_point<Clock,Duration>& sleep_time );

4. sleep_for: 线程休眠某个指定的时间片(time span)，该线程才被重新唤醒，不过由于线程调度等原因，实际休眠时间可能比 sleep_duration 所表示的时间片更长。

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>

int main()
{
  std::cout << "Hello waiter" << std::endl;
  std::chrono::milliseconds dura( 2000 );
  std::this_thread::sleep_for( dura );
  std::cout << "Waited 2000 ms\n";
}