电路第四章-正弦稳态分析

第四章: 正弦稳态分析

正弦稳态分析:在正弦激励下的稳态响应

4.1 正弦量

正弦量:按正弦规律变化的电压电流

顺势表达式:
$$\begin{gathered} i(t)=I_m\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i) \\ u(t)=U_m\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_u) \end{gathered}$$

正弦量三要素

振幅

$U_m(I_m)$正弦量的最大值

初相

观察点与左侧最近最高点的水平距离

相位:$\omega t+\varphi$

反应正弦量的计时起点

角频率:$\omega$

相位差

同频正弦波的初相差$\theta$
$$\begin{gathered} u(t)=U_m\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_u) \\ i(t)=I_m\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i) \\ \theta =(\omega t-{\varphi }_u)-(\omega t+{\varphi }_i)={\varphi }_u-{\varphi }_i \end{gathered}$$

$$-\pi <\theta <\pi$$

超前落后:

首先确定相位差在$-\pi ,\pi$之间

${\varphi }_1-{\varphi }_2>0$则$f_1$相位超前$f_2$

特殊相位关系:

同相,反相,正交

有效值

积分平均值

同意周期内与交流电做功相同的直流电为有效值
$$I=\sqrt{\frac{1}{T}{\int }_0^T{i}^2(t)dt}$$
对于交流电:$i=\frac{I_m}{\sqrt{2}}$

有效值:220V民用交流电

最大值(振幅):绝缘水平,耐压值

4.2相量法

向量法:用复数分析电路的方法

复数及其运算

定义复数类方便计算

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#define PI (acos(0)*2)
using namespace std;
enum {Cartesian, Rad, angle};
class Complex {
	private:
		double model, rad;
		double real()const {
			return model * cos(rad);
		}
		double image()const {
			return model * sin(rad);
		}
	public:
		Complex() {}
		void setInCartesian(const double &r, const double &i) {
			model = sqrt(1.0 * r * r + i * i);
			rad = atan(1.0 * i / r);

		}
		void setInangle(const double &m, const double &angle) {
			model = m;
			rad = angle / 180 * PI;
		}
		void setInRad(const double &m, const double &r) {
			model = m;
			rad = r;
		}
		string toString(int mod = 0) {
			if (mod == Cartesian)
				return to_string(real()) + "+" + to_string(image()) + "i" ;
			else if (mod == Rad)
				return to_string(model) + "∠" + to_string(rad) + "rad";
			else if (mod == angle)
				return to_string(model) + "∠" + to_string(rad / PI * 180) + "°";
			return "?";
		}

		friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Complex &c) {
			os << c.model << "∠" << c.rad  / PI * 180.0 << "°";
			return os;
		}

		Complex operator+(const Complex &c) {
			double r = real();
			double i = image();
			double rc = c.real();
			double ic = c.image();
			Complex newC;
			newC.setInCartesian(r + rc, i + ic);
			return newC;
		}
		Complex operator*(const Complex &c) {
			Complex newC;
			newC.setInRad(model * c.model, rad + c.rad);
			return newC;
		}
		Complex operator+(const double &lambda) {
			double r = real();
			Complex newC;
			newC.setInCartesian(r + lambda, image());
			return newC;
		}
		friend Complex operator+(const double &lambda, const Complex &c) {
			double r = c.real();
			Complex newC;
			newC.setInCartesian(r + lambda, c.image());
			return newC;
		}
		void operator+=(const Complex &c) {
			double r = real() + c.real();
			double i = image() + c.image();
			setInCartesian(r, i);
		}
		void operator+=(const double &lambda) {
			double r = real() + lambda;
			double i = image();
			setInCartesian(r, i);
		}
		Complex operator/(const Complex &c) {
			Complex newC;
			newC.setInRad(model / c.model, rad - c.rad);
			return newC;
		}
		Complex operator*(const double &lambda) {
			Complex newC(*this);
			newC.model *= (lambda );
			return newC;
		}
		friend Complex operator*(const double &lambda, const Complex &c) {
			Complex newC(c);
			newC.model *= (lambda );
			return newC;
		}
		void operator*=(const Complex &c) {
			model *= c.model;
			rad += c.rad;
		}
		void operator*=(const double &lambda) {
			model *= lambda;
		}
};

表示:

记$j(或者i)=\sqrt{-1}$表示虚数单位

则复数的表示为:

直角坐标:$Z=a+jb$

极坐标:$A=|A|e^{j\theta }=|A|\angle \theta$

$$Z=r_1{e}^{i\theta }=r_1\cos {\theta }_1+r_1\sin {\theta }_{1}i=r_1\angle \theta$$

复数的运算

加减

极坐标形势下的加减法

加减用直角坐标表示时比较容易计算
$$A_1+A_2=(a_1+a_2)+(b_1+b_2)j$$

乘除

$$\{\begin{array}{l}{A}_1=|A_1|\angle {\theta }_1\\ A_2=|A_2|\angle {\theta }_2\end{array}$$

$$A_1\times A_2=|A_1|e^{j{\theta }_1}\times |A_2|e^{j{\theta }_2}=|A_1||A_2|e^{({\theta }_1+{\theta }_2)j}=|A_1||A_2|\angle ({\theta }_1+{\theta }_2)$$

$$\frac{A_1}{A_2}=\frac{|A_1|\angle {\theta }_1}{|A_2|\angle {\theta }_2}=\frac{|A_1|}{|A_2|}{e}^{({\theta }_1-{\theta }_2)j}=\frac{|A_1|}{|A_2|}\angle ({\theta }_1-{\theta }_2)$$

正弦量和相量

任意一个正弦量都可以找到唯一一个与之对应的复指数函数:

比如对于$i(t)=\sqrt{2}I\cos (\omega t+\varphi )$

其对应的复指数函数为:$A(t)=\sqrt{2}I{e}^{j(\omega t+\varphi )}=\sqrt{2}I\cos (\omega t+\varphi )+\sqrt{2}I\sin (\omega t+\varphi )j$

定义复常数$\dot{I}=I{e}^{j\varphi }=I\angle \varphi$为有效值相量

$I_m=\sqrt{2}\dot{I}$为振幅相量

则$\dot{I}=I\angle {\varphi }_i$为正弦量$i(t)$对应向量

相量运算

同频率相量加减

$u_1(t)=\sqrt{2}{U}_1\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_1)=Re(\sqrt{2}{\dot{U}}_1{e}^{j\omega t})$

$u_2(t)=\sqrt{2}{U}_2\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_2)=Re(\sqrt{2}{\dot{U}}_2{e}^{j\omega t})$

$u(t)=u_1(t)+u_2(t)=Re(\sqrt{2}({\dot{U}}_1+{\dot{U}}_2)e^{j\omega t})$

$$\begin{gathered} u_1(t)=\sqrt{2}\times 6\cos (100\pi t+\frac{\pi }{6})=Re(\sqrt{2}{\dot{U}}_1{e}^{j\times 100\pi t}) \\ {u}_2(t)=\sqrt{2}\times 4\cos (100\pi t+\frac{\pi }{3})=Re(\sqrt{2}{\dot{U}}_2{e}^{j\times 100\pi t}) \end{gathered}$$
其中
$$\begin{gathered} {\dot{U}}_1=6e^{j\frac{\pi }{6}}=6\angle \frac{\pi }{6} \\ {\dot{U}}_2=4e^{j\frac{\pi }{4}}=4\angle \frac{\pi }{4} \end{gathered}$$

$$u_1(t)+u_2(t)=Re(\sqrt{2}({\dot{U}}_1+{\dot{U}}_2)e^{j\times 100\pi t})$$

$$\begin{gathered} \dot{U}={\dot{U}}_1+{\dot{U}}_2=6\angle \frac{\pi }{6}+4\angle \frac{\pi }{4} \\ =6\times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+6\times \frac{1}{2}j+4\times \frac{1}{2}+4\times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}j=(3\sqrt{3}+2)+(3+2\sqrt{3})j \\ =7.20+6.46j \end{gathered}$$

故$\dot{U}$相量的实部为7.20,虚部为6.46,故相量$\dot{U}$的角度制极坐标表示为:
$$\begin{gathered} \dot{U}=\sqrt{rea{l}^2+imag{e}^2}\arctan \frac{image}{real}=\sqrt{7.20^2+6.46^2}\angle \arctan \frac{6.46}{7.20} \\ =9.67\angle 41.90 \end{gathered}$$
由相量的极坐标表示容易得出时域表示:

$$u(t)=9.67\sqrt{2}\cos (\omega t+41.9)=9.67\sqrt{2}\cos (100\pi t+41.9)$$

正弦量的微积分运算:

假设$i(t)=\sqrt{2}I\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i)$

则电流的相量表示为:$\dot{I}=I\angle {\varphi }_i$

微分运算:
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{di}{dt}=\frac{d(\sqrt{2}I\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i))}{dt} \\ =-\sqrt{2}\omega I\sin (\omega t+{\varphi }_i) \\ =\sqrt{2}\omega I\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i+\frac{\pi }{2}) \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{di}{dt}& =\omega I\angle ({\varphi }_i+\frac{\pi }{2})\\ & =\omega I{e}^{{\varphi }_{i}j}{e}^{\frac{\pi }{2}j}\\ & =\omega I{e}^{{\varphi }_{i}j}(\cos \frac{\pi }{2}+\sin \frac{\pi }{2}j)\\ & =\omega Ij{e}^{{\varphi }_{i}j}\\ & =j\omega \dot{I}\end{array}$$

积分运算:
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int idt& =\sqrt{2}I\int \cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i)dt\\ & =\sqrt{2}\frac{I}{\omega }\int \cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i)d(\omega t+{\varphi }_i)\\ & =\sqrt{2}\frac{I}{\omega }\sin (\omega t+{\varphi }_i)\\ & =\sqrt{2}\frac{I}{\omega }\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_i-\frac{\pi }{2})\\ & =\sqrt{2}\frac{I}{\omega }{e}^{{\varphi }_{i}j}{e}^{-j\frac{\pi }{2}}\\ & =\sqrt{2}\frac{I}{\omega }\frac{e^{{\varphi }_{i}j}}{e^{\frac{\pi }{2}j}}\\ & =\sqrt{2}\frac{I}{\omega j}{e}^{{\varphi }_{1}j}\\ & =\frac{\dot{I}}{j\omega }\\ & =\frac{\dot{I}j}{j^2\omega }\\ & =-\frac{j\dot{I}}{\omega }\end{array}$$

由KVL定律:
$$iR+L\frac{di}{dt}=u$$
故相量形式为:
$$\begin{gathered} \dot{I}R+j\omega L\dot{I}=\dot{U} \\ \dot{I}=\frac{\dot{U}}{R+j\omega L} \\ =\frac{U\angle \varphi }{\sqrt{R^2+(\omega L{)}^2}\angle \arctan \frac{\omega L}{R}} \\ =\frac{\dot{U}}{\sqrt{R^2+(\omega L{)}^2}}\angle (\varphi -\arctan \frac{\omega L}{R}) \end{gathered}$$
故时域形式为:
$$i(t)=\frac{\sqrt{2}U}{\sqrt{R^2+(\omega L{)}^2}}\cos (\omega t+\varphi -\arctan \frac{\omega L}{R})$$

4.3电路定律的相量形式:

基尔霍夫定律的相量形式:

基本元件VAR的相量形式:

电阻$\dot{U}=R\dot{I}$

电阻的电压与电流时刻同相位

电感

VAR微分形式的相量形式$\dot{U}=j\omega L\dot{I}$

由时域形式的VAR微分方程$u(t)=L\frac{di(t)}{dt}$推导可得
$$\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{U}=j\omega L\dot{I}\\ {\varphi }_u={\varphi }_i+\frac{\pi }{2}电压相位超前电流\frac{\pi }{2}\end{array}$$

VAR积分形式的相量形式$\dot{I}=-j\frac{1}{\omega L}\dot{U}$

感抗和感纳

$X_L=\omega L$记为感抗,单位Ω

$U=X_{L}L$

$B_L=\frac{1}{X_L}$记为感纳,单位S

功率

$i(t)=\sqrt{2}I\cos (\omega t+\varphi )$

$u(t)=\sqrt{2}U\cos (\omega t+\varphi +\frac{\pi }{2})$
$$p=ui=-UI\sin 2(\omega t+\varphi )$$

电容$\dot{I}=\omega CU\angle ({\varphi }_u+\frac{\pi }{2})=j\omega C\dot{U}$

电流相位超前电压$\frac{\pi }{2}$

容抗与容纳:

$$\{\begin{array}{l}容抗:X_C=\frac{1}{\omega C},单位\Omega \\ 容纳:B_C=\omega C,单位S\end{array}$$

已知:$i=2\sqrt{2}\cos 5t$A，求电压u = ?

$$\dot{I}=2\angle 0=2为实数$$

由KVL定律相量形式:
$$\begin{gathered} \dot{U}={\dot{U}}_R+{\dot{U}}_L+{\dot{U}}_C \\ \{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{U}}_R=\dot{I}R=8\\ {\dot{U}}_L=j\omega L\dot{I}=24j\\ {\dot{U}}_C=-j\frac{1}{\omega C}\dot{I}=-16j\end{array} \\ \dot{U}=\dot{I}R+j\omega L\dot{I}-j\frac{1}{\omega C}\dot{I}=8+8j=8\sqrt{2}\angle \frac{\pi }{4} \end{gathered}$$

$$u(t)=16\cos (5t+\angle \frac{\pi }{4})$$

4.4阻抗与导纳

对于正弦激励下的稳态电路:

阻抗:$Z=\frac{\dot{U}}{\dot{I}}=R+jX$

阻抗:将所有元件都看作电阻(相量模型下的电阻,电压和电流的相位不一定相同)统一处理

电阻定律的相量表示形式:
$$Z=\frac{\dot{U}}{\dot{I}}=\frac{U\angle {\varphi }_u}{I\angle {\varphi }_i}=|Z|\angle {\theta }_Z=R+jX$$
其中:
$$\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{U}{I}=|Z|=\sqrt{R^2+X^2}\\ {\varphi }_u-{\varphi }_i={\theta }_Z=\arctan \frac{X}{R}\end{array}$$

导纳:$Y=\frac{\dot{I}}{\dot{U}}=G+jB=|Y|\angle {\theta }_Y$

元件	$\dot{U}-\dot{I}$关系	阻抗(应用于网孔电流法)	导纳(应用于结点电压法)
R	$\dot{U}=R\dot{I}$	$Z_R=R$	$Y_R=\frac{1}{R}$
L	$\dot{U}=j\omega L\dot{I}$	$Z_L=j\omega L$	$Y_L=\frac{1}{j\omega L}=-\frac{j}{\omega L}$
C	$\dot{U}=-j\frac{1}{\omega C}\dot{I}$	$Z_C=-\frac{j}{\omega C}$	$Y_C=j\omega C$

RLC串联电路的阻抗:$Z=\frac{\dot{U}}{\dot{I}}=R+(\omega L-\frac{1}{\omega C})j=R+Xj$

相量模型下的VAR方程:
$$\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{U}}_R=\dot{I}{Z}_R\\ {\dot{U}}_L=\dot{I}{Z}_L\\ {\dot{U}}_C=\dot{I}{Z}_C\end{array}$$
带入各元件的阻抗公式:
$$\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{U}}_R=\dot{I}R\\ {\dot{U}}_L=j\omega L\dot{I}\\ {\dot{U}}_C=-j\frac{1}{\omega C}\dot{I}\end{array}$$
由KVL定律:
$$\dot{U}={\dot{U}}_R+{\dot{U}}_L+{\dot{U}}_C=[R+(\omega L-\frac{1}{\omega C})j]\dot{I}$$
将整个串联电路视为相量模型下的一个大电阻,则其阻抗为:
$$Z=\frac{\dot{U}}{\dot{I}}=R+(\omega L-\frac{1}{\omega C})j=R+Xj$$

$$\{\begin{array}{l}|Z|=\sqrt{R^2+(\omega L-\frac{1}{\omega C}{)}^2}\\ \theta =\arctan \frac{\omega L-\frac{1}{\omega C}}{R}\end{array}$$

其中$\theta$为电压与电流的相位角差

如果$\theta >0$即$\omega L>\frac{1}{\omega C}$则电压超前电流,电路呈现感性

如果$\theta <0$即$\omega L<\frac{1}{\omega C}$则电流超前电压,电路呈现容性

如果$\theta =0$即$\omega L=\frac{1}{\omega C}$则电压与电流同相位,电路呈现电阻性

RLC并联电路的导纳:

$$\begin{gathered} \dot{I}={\dot{I}}_R+{\dot{I}}_L+{\dot{I}}_C \\ =\frac{\dot{U}}{R}-\frac{j}{\omega L}\dot{U}+j\omega C\dot{U}=(\frac{1}{R}+(\omega C-\frac{1}{\omega L})j)\dot{U} \end{gathered}$$

$$Y=\frac{\dot{I}}{\dot{U}}=\frac{1}{R}+(\omega C-\frac{1}{\omega L})j=G+jB$$

其中$B=\omega C-\frac{1}{\omega L}$

当B>0说明C的影响力更大,电路为容性

阻抗和导纳的关系$YZ=1$

将一个串联的正弦稳态响应电路等效为一个并联电路:

$$\begin{gathered} Z=R+jX \\ Y=G+jB \\ Y=\frac{1}{Z} \end{gathered}$$

$$\frac{1}{Z}=\frac{1}{R+jX}=\frac{R-jX}{(R+jX)(R-jX)}=\frac{R-jX}{R^2-X^2}=\frac{R}{R^2-X^2}-j\frac{X}{R^2-X^2}=Y=G+jB$$

故
$$\{\begin{array}{l}G=\frac{R}{R^2-X^2}\\ B=-\frac{X}{R^2-X^2}\end{array}$$

直流电路分析方法迁移到相量模型中的形式:

方法	直流电路中	相量模型中
网孔电流法	$$\begin{gathered} 本网孔电流\times 本网孔自电阻和-\sum 相邻网孔电流\times 与本网孔的互电阻 \\ =\sum 本网孔电压降 \end{gathered}$$	$$\begin{gathered} 本网孔电流相量\times 本网孔自阻抗和-\sum 相邻网孔电流\times 与本网孔的互阻抗 \\ =\sum 本网孔电压降相量 \end{gathered}$$
结点电压法	$$\begin{gathered} 本结点电压\times 本结点电导和-\sum 邻接结点电压\times 与本结点的互电导= \\ \sum 流入本结点的电流 \end{gathered}$$	$$\begin{gathered} 本结点电压相量\times 本网孔自导纳和-\sum 邻接结点电压相量\times 与本结点的互导纳= \\ \sum 流入本结点的电流相量 \end{gathered}$$
等效原理	并联电阻总阻值为$\frac{1}{R}={\sum }_{i=1}^n\frac{1}{R_i}$	并联阻抗总阻值为$\frac{1}{Z}={\sum }_{i=1}^n\frac{1}{Z_i}$
…

4.5正弦稳态电路的功率

瞬时功率、平均功率、无功功率、视在功率

瞬时功率$P(t)=UI[\cos (2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)-\theta )+\cos \theta ]$

• 积化和差公式

  • 

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$$\begin{gathered} P(t)=u(t)i(t) \\ =2UI\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\cos (\omega t+{\varphi }_u-\theta ) \\ =UI[\cos (2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)-\theta )+\cos \theta ] \\ =UI[\cos 2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\cos \theta +\sin 2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\sin \theta +\cos \theta ] \\ =UI[\cos 2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\cos \theta +\cos \theta ]+UI[\sin 2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\sin \theta ] \end{gathered}$$

其中$UI[\sin 2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\sin \theta ]$为消耗功率

$UI[\cos 2(\omega t+{\varphi }_u)\cos \theta +\cos \theta ]$为交换功率

平均功率$P=UI\cos \theta$

一个周期内的功率平均值
$$\begin{gathered} P=\frac{1}{T}\int P(t)dt \\ =\frac{1}{T}UI{\int }_0^T(\cos (2\omega t+2{\varphi }_u-\theta )+\cos \theta )dt \end{gathered}$$
由于
$$\begin{array}{rl}& {\int }_0^T\cos (2\omega t+2{\varphi }_u-\theta )dt\\ & =\frac{1}{2\omega }{\int }_0^T\cos (2\omega t+2{\varphi }_u-\theta )d(2\omega t+2{\varphi }_u-\theta )\\ & =\frac{1}{2\omega }\sin (2\omega t+2{\varphi }_u-\theta ){|}_0^{\frac{2\pi }{\omega }}\\ & =\frac{1}{2\omega }[\sin (4\pi +2{\varphi }_u-\theta )-\sin (2{\varphi }_u-\theta )]\\ & =0\end{array}$$
故
$$P=UI\cos \theta$$
其中$\theta$为电压与电流的相位差

功率因数$\cos \theta =\frac{P}{UI}$

功率因数的求法:

1.从$\theta$入手,分别求得电压,电流的相位做差得到$\theta$然后求余弦值

2.从定义式入手,直接相量计算$\cos \theta =\frac{P}{UI}$

$\omega =2\pi f=100\pi$

为方便乘法运算,设$\dot{U}=220\angle 0°$为没有虚部的复数即一实数,只需求出$\dot{I}$电动机

对电容:${\dot{I}}_C=j\omega C\dot{U}=3\times 10^{-3}\pi j\dot{U}==3\times 10^{-3}\times \pi \times 220j=2.07j$

对电动机:

$P_D=U{I}_D\cos \theta$

则$I_D=\frac{P_D}{U\cos \theta }=\frac{1000}{220\times 0.8}=5.68$

因为电动机的功率因数为感性那么电压超前电流,${\theta }_D>0$

${\theta }_D=\arccos 0.8=36.87°={\varphi }_U-{\varphi }_{I_D}$

又${\varphi }_U=0$故${\varphi }_{I_D}=-36.87°$

故${\dot{I}}_D=5.68\angle -36.87°=4.54-3.41j$

由$KCL$定律

$\dot{I}={\dot{I}}_D+{\dot{I}}_C==4.54-1.34j=\sqrt{4.54^2+1.34^2}\angle \arctan \frac{-1.34}{4.54}=4.73\angle -16.44°$

又$\dot{U}=220\angle 0°$

故$\theta ={\varphi }_U-{\varphi }_I=16.44°$

$\cos \theta =\cos 16.44°=0.96$

无功功率$Q=UI\sin \theta$

无功功率就是在没有消耗功率,只有交换功率的时候,交换功率的最大值

视在功率$S=UI$

实际上电压表和电流表示数的乘积,单位$VA$,伏安,注意不是瓦特

RLC元件的功率计算

元件	$\theta ={\varphi }_u-{\varphi }_i$	平均功率$P$	无功功率$Q$	是否消耗功率	是否存储功率
R	0	$UI\cos 0=UI$	$UI\sin 0=0$	是	否
L	$\frac{\pi }{2}$	$UI\cos \frac{\pi }{2}=0$	$UI\sin \frac{\pi }{2}=UI$	否	是
C	$-\frac{\pi }{2}$	$UI\cos -\frac{\pi }{2}=0$	$UI\sin -\frac{\pi }{2}=-UI$	否	是

复功率$\tilde{S}=P+jQ=S{e}^{j\theta }$

其中P为平均功率$P=UI\cos \theta$

Q为无功功率$Q=UI\sin \theta$
$$\begin{array}{rl}\tilde{S}& =P+jQ\\ & =UI\cos \theta +jUI\sin \theta \\ & =UI{e}^{j\theta }\\ & =UI{e}^{j({\varphi }_U-{\varphi }_I)}\\ & =U{e}^{j{\varphi }_U}I{e}^{-j{\varphi }_I}\\ & =\dot{U}{\dot{I}}^{\ast }\end{array}$$

${\dot{I}}^{\ast }$为电流相量的共轭相量

$\dot{I}=I{e}^{j{\varphi }_I}=I\cos {\varphi }_I+jI\sin {\varphi }_I$

${\dot{I}}^{\ast }=I{e}^{-j{\varphi }_I}=I\cos -{\varphi }_I+jI\sin -{\varphi }_I=I\cos {\varphi }_I-jI\sin {\varphi }_I$

两者实部相同,虚部相反

复功率与阻抗关系$\tilde{S}=\dot{U}{\dot{I}}^{\ast }=Z\dot{I}{\dot{I}}^{\ast }=Z{I}^2=|Z|I^2\angle {\theta }_Z=I^2(R+jX)$

其中R为电路中纯电阻,X为电抗,容抗和感抗的叠加

$P=I^{2}R$为有功功率(纯电阻消耗功率)

$Q=I^{2}X$为无功功率(电感和电容的功率交换作用)

$S=I^2|Z|$为视在功率

复功率与导纳的关系$\tilde{S}=\dot{U}{\dot{I}}^{\ast }=\dot{U}(\dot{U}Y{)}^{\ast }=\dot{U}{\dot{U}}^{\ast }{Y}^{\ast }=U^2{Y}^{\ast }=U^2|Y|\angle -{\theta }_Y$

又$Y=\frac{\dot{I}}{\dot{U}}=G+jB=|Y|\angle {\theta }_Y$

故
$$\tilde{S}=U^2|Y|\angle -{\theta }_Y=U^2(G-jB)$$

其中G为纯电阻电导,B为电纳,是容纳和感纳的叠加

$P=\frac{U^2}{R}=U^{2}G$为有功功率

$Q=-U^{2}B$为无功功率

$S=U^2|Y|$为视在功率

复功率的计算

首先求$\dot{U}$,可以将右侧所有RLC等效成一个阻抗

$Z_1=10+25j$

$Z_2=5-15j$

$Z=\frac{Z_1{Z}_2}{Z_1+Z_2}=18.84+14.23j=23.61\angle 37.07°$

$\dot{U}=Z\dot{I}=236.1\angle 37.07°$

$\tilde{S}=\dot{U}{\dot{I}}^{\ast }=236.1\angle 37.07°\times 10\angle -0°=2361\angle 37.07°$

法一

两个支路的电压都是$\dot{U}$故只需求出两之路的导纳

元件	$\dot{U}-\dot{I}$关系	阻抗(应用于网孔电流法)	导纳(应用于结点电压法)
R	$\dot{U}=R\dot{I}$	$Z_R=R$	$Y_R=\frac{1}{R}$
L	$\dot{U}=j\omega L\dot{I}$	$Z_L=j\omega L$	$Y_L=\frac{1}{j\omega L}=-\frac{j}{\omega L}$
C	$\dot{U}=-j\frac{1}{\omega C}\dot{I}$	$Z_C=-\frac{j}{\omega C}$	$Y_C=j\omega C$

$Y_1=\frac{1}{Z_1}=\frac{1}{10+25j}=0.0138-0.0345j=0.0372\angle -68°$

${\tilde{S}}_1=U^2{Y}_1^{\ast }=236.1^2\times 0.0372\angle 68°=2073.65\angle 68°=776.79+1922.65j$

$Y_2=\frac{1}{Z_2}=\frac{1}{5-15j}=0.02+0.06j=0.063\angle 71.57°$

${\tilde{S}}_2=U^2{Y}_2^{\ast }=236.1^2\times 0.063\angle -71.57°=3511.82\angle -71.57°=1109.74-3331.70j$

法二

分别求出${\dot{I}}_1,{\dot{I}}_2$

根据并联电路分流特点

${\dot{I}}_1=\dot{I}\times \frac{Z_2}{Z_1+Z_2}=\dot{I}\times \frac{5-15j}{15+10j}=8.77\angle -105.3°$

${\dot{I}}_2=\dot{I}-{\dot{I}}_1=14.94\angle 34.5°$

${\tilde{S}}_1=\dot{U}{\dot{I}}_1^{\ast }=236.1\angle 37.07°\times 8.77\angle 105.3°=2070.60\angle 142.37°$

${\tilde{S}}_2=\dot{U}{\dot{I}}_2^{\ast }=236.1\angle 37.07°\times 14.94\angle -34.5°=3527.334\angle 2.53°$

最大功率传输定理:阻同抗反

$Z_S=R_S+j{X}_S$均为定值

1.在对外电路没有限制的时候,$Z_L=R_L+j{X}_L$其中$R_L,X_L$为未知数
$$P=I^2{R}_L=R_L\frac{U_S^2}{Z^2}=R_L\frac{U_S^2}{(R_L+R_S{)}^2+(X_L+X_S{)}^2}$$

$$\begin{gathered} f(x,y)=\frac{x}{(x+a{)}^2+(y+b{)}^2} \\ 其中x代表R_L可以取任意非负数,y代表X_L可以取任意实数,a>=0 \\ 下求f(x,y)函数的最小值 \end{gathered}$$

显然分母越小越好,$y=-b$时分母相对于自变量y来说最小,即外电路电感应取$X_L=-X_S$

此时函数退化为
$$\begin{gathered} f(x)=\frac{x}{(x+a{)}^2} \\ {f}^{\prime }(x)=\frac{a-x}{(x+a{)}^3} \end{gathered}$$
因此$x=a$时$f(x)$有极大值

因此当外电路满足
$$\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_L=R_S\\ X_L=-X_S\end{array}$$
外电路功率取得最大值$P_{max}=\frac{U_S^2}{4R_S}$

2.如果限制外电路$Z=|Z|\angle \theta$,其中$|Z|$可变,$\theta $不变,求此时外电路最大功率
$$\begin{gathered} P=I^2{R}_L=R_L\frac{U_S^2}{Z^2}=R_L\frac{U_S^2}{(R_L+R_S{)}^2+(X_L+X_S{)}^2} \\ =\frac{U_S^2|Z|\cos \theta }{(|Z|\cos \theta +R_S{)}^2+(|Z|\sin \theta +X_S{)}^2} \end{gathered}$$

$$f(x)=\frac{x\cos \theta }{(x\cos \theta +a{)}^2+(x\sin \theta +b{)}^2}=\frac{\cos \theta }{x+\frac{a^2+b^2}{x}+2a\cos \theta +2b\sin \theta }\le \frac{\cos \theta }{2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}+2a\cos \theta +2b\sin \theta }$$

当且仅当$x=\frac{a^2+b^2}{x}$即$x=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$取等号

即$|Z_L|=\sqrt{R_S^2+X_S^2}=|Z_S|$外电路有最大功率$P_{max}=\frac{U_S^2\cos \theta }{2|Z_L|+2R_S\cos \theta +2X_S\sin \theta }$