caffe2官网教程学习（一）—— MNIST - 从头开始​​创建CNN

来源地址：https://caffe2.ai/docs/tutorial-MNIST.html

1.导入necessities

%matplotlib inline
from matplotlib import pyplot
import numpy as np
import os
import shutil
import caffe2.python.predictor.predictor_exporter as pe


from caffe2.python import core, model_helper, net_drawer, workspace, visualize, brew

# If you would like to see some really detailed initializations,
# you can change --caffe2_log_level=0 to --caffe2_log_level=-1
core.GlobalInit(['caffe2', '--caffe2_log_level=0'])
print("Necessities imported!")

2.设置训练集、测试集

# This section preps your image and test set in a lmdb database
def DownloadResource(url, path):
    '''Downloads resources from s3 by url and unzips them to the provided path'''
    import requests, zipfile, StringIO
    print("Downloading... {} to {}".format(url, path))
    r = requests.get(url, stream=True)
    z = zipfile.ZipFile(StringIO.StringIO(r.content))
    z.extractall(path)
    print("Completed download and extraction.")


current_folder = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), 'caffe2_notebooks')
data_folder = os.path.join(current_folder, 'tutorial_data', 'mnist')
root_folder = os.path.join(current_folder, 'tutorial_files', 'tutorial_mnist')
db_missing = False

if not os.path.exists(data_folder):
    os.makedirs(data_folder)   
    print("Your data folder was not found!! This was generated: {}".format(data_folder))

# Look for existing database: lmdb
if os.path.exists(os.path.join(data_folder,"mnist-train-nchw-lmdb")):
    print("lmdb train db found!")
else:
    db_missing = True

if os.path.exists(os.path.join(data_folder,"mnist-test-nchw-lmdb")):
    print("lmdb test db found!")
else:
    db_missing = True

# attempt the download of the db if either was missing
if db_missing:
    print("one or both of the MNIST lmbd dbs not found!!")
    db_url = "http://download.caffe2.ai/databases/mnist-lmdb.zip"
    try:
        DownloadResource(db_url, data_folder)
    except Exception as ex:
        print("Failed to download dataset. Please download it manually from {}".format(db_url))
        print("Unzip it and place the two database folders here: {}".format(data_folder))
        raise ex

if os.path.exists(root_folder):
    print("Looks like you ran this before, so we need to cleanup those old files...")
    shutil.rmtree(root_folder)

os.makedirs(root_folder)
workspace.ResetWorkspace(root_folder)

print("training data folder:" + data_folder)
print("workspace root folder:" + root_folder)

四个模块

(1) The data input part (AddInput function)
(2) The main computation part (AddLeNetModel function)
(3) The training part - adding gradient operators, update, etc. (AddTrainingOperators function)
(4) The bookkeeping part, where we just print out statistics for inspection. (AddBookkeepingOperators function)

3.从数据库加载数据

[batch_size, 1, 28, 28]数据类型为uint8，标签为int,将数据从[0,255]转为[0,1]

def AddInput(model, batch_size, db, db_type):
    # load the data
    data_uint8, label = model.TensorProtosDBInput(
        [], ["data_uint8", "label"], batch_size=batch_size,
        db=db, db_type=db_type)
    # cast the data to float
    data = model.Cast(data_uint8, "data", to=core.DataType.FLOAT)
    # scale data from [0,255] down to [0,1]
    data = model.Scale(data, data, scale=float(1./256))
    # don't need the gradient for the backward pass
    data = model.StopGradient(data, data)
    return data, label

4.添加LeNet模型

dim_in是输入通道数，dim_out是输出通道数

def AddLeNetModel(model, data):
    '''
    This part is the standard LeNet model: from data to the softmax prediction.

    For each convolutional layer we specify dim_in - number of input channels
    and dim_out - number or output channels. Also each Conv and MaxPool layer changes the
    image size. For example, kernel of size 5 reduces each side of an image by 4.

    While when we have kernel and stride sizes equal 2 in a MaxPool layer, it divides
    each side in half.
    '''
    # Image size: 28 x 28 -> 24 x 24
    conv1 = brew.conv(model, data, 'conv1', dim_in=1, dim_out=20, kernel=5)
    # Image size: 24 x 24 -> 12 x 12
    pool1 = brew.max_pool(model, conv1, 'pool1', kernel=2, stride=2)
    # Image size: 12 x 12 -> 8 x 8
    conv2 = brew.conv(model, pool1, 'conv2', dim_in=20, dim_out=100, kernel=5)
    # Image size: 8 x 8 -> 4 x 4
    pool2 = brew.max_pool(model, conv2, 'pool2', kernel=2, stride=2)
    # 50 * 4 * 4 stands for dim_out from previous layer multiplied by the image size
    fc3 = brew.fc(model, pool2, 'fc3', dim_in=100 * 4 * 4, dim_out=500)

    #fc3 = brew.relu(model, fc3, fc3)
    relu = brew.relu(model, fc3, fc3)
    pred = brew.fc(model, relu, 'pred', 500, 10)
    softmax = brew.softmax(model, pred, 'softmax')
    return softmax

添加精度计算

def AddAccuracy(model, softmax, label):
    """Adds an accuracy op to the model"""
    accuracy = brew.accuracy(model, [softmax, label], "accuracy")
    return accuracy

5.添加训练操作

def AddTrainingOperators(model, softmax, label):
    """Adds training operators to the model."""
    xent = model.LabelCrossEntropy([softmax, label], 'xent')
    # compute the expected loss
    loss = model.AveragedLoss(xent, "loss")
    # track the accuracy of the model
    AddAccuracy(model, softmax, label)
    # use the average loss we just computed to add gradient operators to the model
    model.AddGradientOperators([loss])
    # do a simple stochastic gradient descent
    ITER = brew.iter(model, "iter")
    # set the learning rate schedule
    LR = model.LearningRate(
        ITER, "LR", base_lr=-0.1, policy="step", stepsize=1, gamma=0.999 )
    # ONE is a constant value that is used in the gradient update. We only need
    # to create it once, so it is explicitly placed in param_init_net.
    ONE = model.param_init_net.ConstantFill([], "ONE", shape=[1], value=1.0)
    # Now, for each parameter, we do the gradient updates.
    for param in model.params:
        # Note how we get the gradient of each parameter - ModelHelper keeps
        # track of that.
        param_grad = model.param_to_grad[param]
        # The update is a simple weighted sum: param = param + param_grad * LR
        model.WeightedSum([param, ONE, param_grad, LR], param)

6.分类登记（不影响训练过程）

def AddBookkeepingOperators(model):
    """This adds a few bookkeeping operators that we can inspect later.

    These operators do not affect the training procedure: they only collect
    statistics and prints them to file or to logs.
    """    
    # Print basically prints out the content of the blob. to_file=1 routes the
    # printed output to a file. The file is going to be stored under
    #     root_folder/[blob name]
    model.Print('accuracy', [], to_file=1)
    model.Print('loss', [], to_file=1)
    # Summarizes the parameters. Different from Print, Summarize gives some
    # statistics of the parameter, such as mean, std, min and max.
    for param in model.params:
        model.Summarize(param, [], to_file=1)
        model.Summarize(model.param_to_grad[param], [], to_file=1)
    # Now, if we really want to be verbose, we can summarize EVERY blob
    # that the model produces; it is probably not a good idea, because that
    # is going to take time - summarization do not come for free. For this
    # demo, we will only show how to summarize the parameters and their
    # gradients.

7.NCHW存储顺序

arg_scope = {"order": "NCHW"}
train_model = model_helper.ModelHelper(name="mnist_train", arg_scope=arg_scope)
data, label = AddInput(
    train_model, batch_size=64,
    db=os.path.join(data_folder, 'mnist-train-nchw-lmdb'),
    db_type='lmdb')
softmax = AddLeNetModel(train_model, data)
AddTrainingOperators(train_model, softmax, label)
AddBookkeepingOperators(train_model)

# Testing model. We will set the batch size to 100, so that the testing
# pass is 100 iterations (10,000 images in total).
# For the testing model, we need the data input part, the main LeNetModel
# part, and an accuracy part. Note that init_params is set False because
# we will be using the parameters obtained from the train model.
test_model = model_helper.ModelHelper(
    name="mnist_test", arg_scope=arg_scope, init_params=False)
data, label = AddInput(
    test_model, batch_size=100,
    db=os.path.join(data_folder, 'mnist-test-nchw-lmdb'),
    db_type='lmdb')
softmax = AddLeNetModel(test_model, data)
AddAccuracy(test_model, softmax, label)

# Deployment model. We simply need the main LeNetModel part.
deploy_model = model_helper.ModelHelper(
    name="mnist_deploy", arg_scope=arg_scope, init_params=False)
AddLeNetModel(deploy_model, "data")
# You may wonder what happens with the param_init_net part of the deploy_model.
# No, we will not use them, since during deployment time we will not randomly
# initialize the parameters, but load the parameters from the db.

8.观看训练与部署模型的外观（需要conda install graphviz）

from IPython import display
graph = net_drawer.GetPydotGraph(train_model.net.Proto().op, "mnist", rankdir="LR")
display.Image(graph.create_png(), width=800)

graph = net_drawer.GetPydotGraphMinimal(
    train_model.net.Proto().op, "mnist", rankdir="LR", minimal_dependency=True)
display.Image(graph.create_png(), width=800)

print(str(train_model.param_init_net.Proto())[:400] + '\n...')

9.将协议缓冲区转储到磁盘

with open(os.path.join(root_folder, "train_net.pbtxt"), 'w') as fid:
    fid.write(str(train_model.net.Proto()))
with open(os.path.join(root_folder, "train_init_net.pbtxt"), 'w') as fid:
    fid.write(str(train_model.param_init_net.Proto()))
with open(os.path.join(root_folder, "test_net.pbtxt"), 'w') as fid:
    fid.write(str(test_model.net.Proto()))
with open(os.path.join(root_folder, "test_init_net.pbtxt"), 'w') as fid:
    fid.write(str(test_model.param_init_net.Proto()))
with open(os.path.join(root_folder, "deploy_net.pbtxt"), 'w') as fid:
    fid.write(str(deploy_model.net.Proto()))
print("Protocol buffers files have been created in your root folder: " + root_folder)

10.运行训练程序

# The parameter initialization network only needs to be run once.
workspace.RunNetOnce(train_model.param_init_net)
# creating the network
workspace.CreateNet(train_model.net, overwrite=True)
# set the number of iterations and track the accuracy & loss
total_iters = 200
accuracy = np.zeros(total_iters)
loss = np.zeros(total_iters)
# Now, we will manually run the network for 200 iterations.
for i in range(total_iters):
    workspace.RunNet(train_model.net)
    accuracy[i] = workspace.FetchBlob('accuracy')
    loss[i] = workspace.FetchBlob('loss')
# After the execution is done, let's plot the values.
pyplot.plot(loss, 'b')
pyplot.plot(accuracy, 'r')
pyplot.legend(('Loss', 'Accuracy'), loc='upper right'

11.对数据和预测进行抽样

# Let's look at some of the data.
pyplot.figure()
data = workspace.FetchBlob('data')
_ = visualize.NCHW.ShowMultiple(data)
pyplot.figure()
softmax = workspace.FetchBlob('softmax')
_ = pyplot.plot(softmax[0], 'ro')
pyplot.title('Prediction for the first image')

# Convolutions for this mini-batch
pyplot.figure()
conv = workspace.FetchBlob('conv1')
shape = list(conv.shape)
shape[1] = 1
# We can look into any channel. This of it as a feature model learned
conv = conv[:,15,:,:].reshape(shape)

_ = visualize.NCHW.ShowMultiple(conv)

12.运行测试报告测试精度

# run a test pass on the test net
workspace.RunNetOnce(test_model.param_init_net)
workspace.CreateNet(test_model.net, overwrite=True)
test_accuracy = np.zeros(100)
for i in range(100):
    workspace.RunNet(test_model.net.Proto().name)
    test_accuracy[i] = workspace.FetchBlob('accuracy')
# After the execution is done, let's plot the values.
pyplot.plot(test_accuracy, 'r')
pyplot.title('Acuracy over test batches.')
print('test_accuracy: %f' % test_accuracy.mean())

13.保存模型（包括训练权重和偏差）

# construct the model to be exported
# the inputs/outputs of the model are manually specified.
pe_meta = pe.PredictorExportMeta(
    predict_net=deploy_model.net.Proto(),
    parameters=[str(b) for b in deploy_model.params],
    inputs=["data"],
    outputs=["softmax"],
)

# save the model to a file. Use minidb as the file format
pe.save_to_db("minidb", os.path.join(root_folder, "mnist_model.minidb"), pe_meta)
print("The deploy model is saved to: " + root_folder + "/mnist_model.minidb")

14.加载模型与验证

# we retrieve the last input data out and use it in our prediction test before we scratch the workspace
blob = workspace.FetchBlob("data")
pyplot.figure()
_ = visualize.NCHW.ShowMultiple(blob)

# reset the workspace, to make sure the model is actually loaded
workspace.ResetWorkspace(root_folder)

# verify that all blobs are destroyed.
print("The blobs in the workspace after reset: {}".format(workspace.Blobs()))

# load the predict net
predict_net = pe.prepare_prediction_net(os.path.join(root_folder, "mnist_model.minidb"), "minidb")

# verify that blobs are loaded back
print("The blobs in the workspace after loading the model: {}".format(workspace.Blobs()))

# feed the previously saved data to the loaded model
workspace.FeedBlob("data", blob)

# predict
workspace.RunNetOnce(predict_net)
softmax = workspace.FetchBlob("softmax")

# the first letter should be predicted correctly
pyplot.figure()
_ = pyplot.plot(softmax[0], 'ro')
pyplot.title('Prediction for the first image')