自用的中学数学常用公式

三角函数

$$\begin{array}{rl}& \sin x+\sin y=2\sin \frac{x+y}{2}\cos \frac{x-y}{2}\\ & \sin x-\sin y=2\cos \frac{x+y}{2}\sin \frac{x-y}{2}\\ & \cos x+\cos y=2\cos \frac{x+y}{2}\cos \frac{x-y}{2}\\ & \cos x-\cos y=-2\sin \frac{x+y}{2}\sin \frac{x-y}{2}\\ & \sin x\sin y=-\frac{1}{2}[\cos (x+y)-\cos (x-y)]\\ & \cos x\cos y=\frac{1}{2}[\cos (x+y)+\cos (x-y)]\\ & \sin x\cos y=\frac{1}{2}[\sin (x+y)+\sin (x-y)]\\ & \sin a=\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}\\ & \cos \alpha =\frac{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}\\ & \tan \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}\end{array}$$

多项式

$$\begin{array}{rl}& (a+b{)}^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2)\\ & (a+b{)}^n=\sum _{k=0}^n{C}_n^k{a}^k{b}^{n-k}\\ & a^n-b^n=(a-b)\sum _{k=1}^n{a}^{n-k}{b}^{k-1}\end{array}$$
韦达定理：设复系数一元n次方程$a_n{x}^n+a_{n-1}{x}^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_0=0$的根为$x_1,x_2,\cdots ,x_n$，则成立
$$\begin{gathered} x_1+x_2+\cdots +x_n=\sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i=-\frac{a_{n-1}}{a_n} \\ {x}_1{x}_2\cdots x_n=\prod _{i=1}^n{x}_i=(-1{)}^n\frac{a_0}{a_n} \end{gathered}$$

排列组合

$$\begin{array}{rl}& C_m^n=\frac{m!}{n!(m-n)!}\end{array}$$

数列

求数列通项公式的十一种方法

不等式

$$\begin{gathered} |x|-|y|⩽|x\pm y|⩽|x|+|y| \\ \frac{2}{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}}\le \sqrt{ab}\le \frac{a+b}{2}\le \sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2}{2}} \end{gathered}$$
调和均值≤几何均值≤算术均值≤平方均值
柯西不等式，琴生Jensen不等式

极坐标

$$\begin{array}{rl}& r=2\cos \theta \end{array}$$

三余弦定理

  直角三角形 $ABC$ 中，角 $B$ 是直角，$AB=1$，$BD$ 垂直于三角形 $ABC$，$\angle CAB=\alpha ,\angle DAB=\beta ,\angle DAC=\gamma$，那么
$$\cos \gamma =\cos \alpha \cos \beta$$
  证明：$BC=\tan \alpha ,BD=\tan \beta ,C{D}^2=B{C}^2+B{D}^2={\tan }^2\alpha +{\tan }^2\beta ,AC=1/\cos \alpha ,AD=1/\cos \beta$，
$$\begin{array}{rl}\cos \gamma =& \frac{A{D}^2+A{C}^2-C{D}^2}{2AD\cdot AC}\\ =& \frac{\frac{1}{{\cos }^2\alpha }+\frac{1}{{\cos }^2\beta }-({\tan }^2\alpha +{\tan }^2\beta )}{2\cdot \frac{1}{\cos \alpha }\cdot \frac{1}{\cos \beta }}\\ =& \frac{{\cos }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\beta -({\sin }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta +{\sin }^2\beta {\cos }^2\alpha )}{2\cos \alpha \cos \beta }\\ =& \frac{{\cos }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\beta -((1-{\cos }^2\alpha ){\cos }^2\beta +(1-{\cos }^2\beta ){\cos }^2\alpha )}{2\cos \alpha \cos \beta }\\ =& \frac{{\cos }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta +{\cos }^2\beta {\cos }^2\alpha }{2\cos \alpha \cos \beta }\\ =& \cos \alpha \cos \beta \end{array}$$

其他

三角形外切圆半径
$$R=\frac{abc}{4S}$$