【微积分】2.3多元函数微分

1.偏导数

1.定义

函数$z=f\left(x,y\right)$在点$\left(x_0,y_0\right)$关于自变量$x$和$y$的偏增量为
$$\begin{gathered} \Delta z_x=f\left(x_0+\Delta x,y_0\right)-f\left(x_0,y_0\right), \\ \Delta z_y=f\left(x_0,y_0+\Delta y\right)-f\left(x_0,y_0\right). \end{gathered}$$
函数$z=f\left(x,y\right)$在点$\left(x_0,y_0\right)$关于自变量$x$和$y$的偏导数定义为
$$\begin{gathered} f_x\left(x_0,y_0\right)=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}{\mid }_{\begin{array}{c}x=x_0\\ y=y_0\end{array}}^{}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\Delta z_x}{\Delta x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x_0+\Delta x,y_0\right)-f\left(x_0,y_0\right)}{\Delta x} \\ {f}_y\left(x_0,y_0\right)=\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}{\mid }_{\begin{array}{c}x=x_0\\ y=y_0\end{array}}^{}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\Delta z_y}{\Delta y}=\underset{\Delta y\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x_0,y_0+\Delta y\right)-f\left(x_0,y_0\right)}{\Delta y} \end{gathered}$$偏导数的记号为：
$$\begin{gathered} f_x\left(x_0,y_0\right),\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}{\mid }_{\begin{array}{c}x=x_0\\ y=y_0\end{array}}^{},\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}{\mid }_{\begin{array}{c}x=x_0\\ y=y_0\end{array}}^{},f_x,\frac{\partial f}{\partial x},\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}; \\ {f}_y\left(x_0,y_0\right),\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}{\mid }_{\begin{array}{c}x=x_0\\ y=y_0\end{array}}^{},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}{\mid }_{\begin{array}{c}x=x_0\\ y=y_0\end{array}}^{},f_y,\frac{\partial f}{\partial y},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}; \end{gathered}$$同理，偏导数的概念还可以推广到二元函数以上的函数.例如三元函数$u=f(x,y,z)$在点$(x,y,z)$处对$x$的偏导数定义为
$$f_x\left(x,y,z\right)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x+\Delta x,y,z\right)-f\left(x,y,z\right)}{\Delta x}$$

2.二阶偏导数

∂ ∂ x ( ∂ f ∂ x ) = ∂ 2 f ∂ x 2 = f x x ( x , y )      ∂ ∂ y ( ∂ f ∂ x ) = ∂ 2 f ∂ x ∂ y = f x y ( x , y ) \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \right) =\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial x^2}=f_{xx}\left( x,y \right) \ \ \ \ \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \right) =\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial x\partial y}=f_{xy}\left( x,y \right) ∂x∂​(∂x∂f​)=∂x2∂2f​=fxx​(x,y)    ∂y∂​(