Direct9之一：初始化创建

以创建一个Cube为列子，进行创建。用的是Direct 2010的SDK，以龙书作为模板来讲解。

首先导入include 和lib并手动添加lib,这三个步骤一般教程都有，但是实际上还遇到了一些容易被遗忘的问题，比如说添加库文件的链接选项，如：

#pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"d3dx9.lib)
#pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")

还有在进行Direct9的开发的时候，会发现d3dx9.h不见了，你可以选择在VS2012中编译。不过我认为Direct9最终还是会被淘汰的，只不过9他市面上参考的书比较多，入门比较简单，到时候有机会再看11吧。如果用的是龙书的窗口初始化模块的话，还得在项目属性中的常规把字符集改为多字节。下面是龙书的例子，通过注释配合龙书肯定很容易能理解：

d3dUtility.h

//
// 
// File: d3dUtility.h
// 
// Author: miaobeihai
//
// Desc: Provides utility functions for simplifying common tasks.
//          
//

#ifndef __d3dUtilityH__
#define __d3dUtilityH__

#include <d3dx9.h>
#include <string>

#pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")



namespace d3d
{
	bool InitD3D(
		HINSTANCE hInstance,       // [in] Application instance.
		int width, int height,     // [in] Backbuffer dimensions.
		bool windowed,             // [in] Windowed (true)or full screen (false).
		D3DDEVTYPE deviceType,     // [in] HAL or REF
		IDirect3DDevice9** device);// [out]The created device.

	int EnterMsgLoop( 
		bool (*ptr_display)(float timeDelta));

	LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(
		HWND hwnd,
		UINT msg, 
		WPARAM wParam,
		LPARAM lParam);

	template<class T> void Release(T t)
	{
		if( t )
		{
			t->Release();
			t = 0;
		}
	}
		
	template<class T> void Delete(T t)
	{
		if( t )
		{
			delete t;
			t = 0;
		}
	}
}

#endif // __d3dUtilityH__

d3dUtility.cpp

//
// 
// File: d3dUtility.cpp
// 

#include "d3dUtility.h"

bool d3d::InitD3D(
	HINSTANCE hInstance,
	int width, int height,
	bool windowed,
	D3DDEVTYPE deviceType,
	IDirect3DDevice9** device)
{
	//
	// Create the main application window.
	//

	WNDCLASS wc; //窗口创建四部曲之一之初始化设计窗口类

	wc.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wc.lpfnWndProc   = (WNDPROC)d3d::WndProc; 
	wc.cbClsExtra    = 0;
	wc.cbWndExtra    = 0;
	wc.hInstance     = hInstance;
	wc.hIcon         = LoadIcon(0, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);
	wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wc.lpszMenuName  = 0;
	wc.lpszClassName = "Direct3D9App";

	if( !RegisterClass(&wc) )  //创建窗口四部曲之二之注册窗口类
	{
		::MessageBox(0, "RegisterClass() - FAILED", 0, 0);
		return false;
	}
		
	HWND hwnd = 0;
	//创建窗口四部曲之三之正式创建窗口
	hwnd = ::CreateWindow("Direct3D9App", "Direct3D9App", 
		WS_EX_TOPMOST,
		0, 0, width, height,
		0 /*parent hwnd*/, 0 /* menu */, hInstance, 0 /*extra*/); 

	if( !hwnd )
	{
		::MessageBox(0, "CreateWindow() - FAILED", 0, 0);
		return false;
	}
	//创建窗口四部曲之四之显示和更新窗口
	::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW);
	::UpdateWindow(hwnd);

	//
	// Init D3D: 
	//

	HRESULT hr = 0;

	// Step 1: Create the IDirect3D9 object.
	//D3D初始化四部曲之一，创接口
	IDirect3D9* d3d9 = 0;
    d3d9 = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);

    if( !d3d9 )
	{
		::MessageBox(0, "Direct3DCreate9() - FAILED", 0, 0);
		return false;
	}

	// Step 2: Check for hardware vp.
	//D3D初始化四部曲之二，获取硬件信息
	D3DCAPS9 caps;
	d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, deviceType, &caps);

	int vp = 0;
	if( caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT )
		vp = D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
	else
		vp = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;

	// Step 3: Fill out the D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS structure.
    //D3D初始化四部曲之三，填内容
	D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
	d3dpp.BackBufferWidth            = width;
	d3dpp.BackBufferHeight           = height;
	d3dpp.BackBufferFormat           = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8;
	d3dpp.BackBufferCount            = 1;
	d3dpp.MultiSampleType            = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;
	d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality         = 0;
	d3dpp.SwapEffect                 = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD; 
	d3dpp.hDeviceWindow              = hwnd;
	d3dpp.Windowed                   = windowed;
	d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil     = true; 
	d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat     = D3DFMT_D24S8;
	d3dpp.Flags                      = 0;
	d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;
	d3dpp.PresentationInterval       = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;

	// Step 4: Create the device.
	//D3D初始化之四部曲之四，创设备
	hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
		D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, // primary adapter
		deviceType,         // device type
		hwnd,               // window associated with device
		vp,                 // vertex processing
	    &d3dpp,             // present parameters
	    device);            // return created device

	if( FAILED(hr) )
	{
		// try again using a 16-bit depth buffer
		d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
		
		hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
			D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
			deviceType,
			hwnd,
			vp,
			&d3dpp,
			device);

		if( FAILED(hr) )
		{
			d3d9->Release(); // done with d3d9 object
			::MessageBox(0, "CreateDevice() - FAILED", 0, 0);
			return false;
		}
	}

	d3d9->Release(); // done with d3d9 object
	
	return true;
}
//消息循环。实现绘制功能
int d3d::EnterMsgLoop( bool (*ptr_display)(float timeDelta) ) 
{
	MSG msg;
	::ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));

	static float lastTime = (float)timeGetTime(); 

	while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
	{
		if(::PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
		{
			::TranslateMessage(&msg);
			::DispatchMessage(&msg);
		}
		else
        {	
			float currTime  = (float)timeGetTime();
			float timeDelta = (currTime - lastTime)*0.001f;

			ptr_display(timeDelta);

			lastTime = currTime;
        }
    }
    return msg.wParam;
}

Cube.cpp

//
// 
// File: cube.cpp
// 

#include "d3dUtility.h"

//
// Globals
//

IDirect3DDevice9* Device = 0; 

const int Width  = 640;
const int Height = 480;

IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* VB = 0;
IDirect3DIndexBuffer9*  IB = 0;

//
// Classes and Structures
//

struct Vertex
{
	Vertex(){}
	Vertex(float x, float y, float z)
	{
		_x = x;  _y = y;  _z = z;
	}
	float _x, _y, _z;
	static const DWORD FVF;
};
const DWORD Vertex::FVF = D3DFVF_XYZ; //灵活顶点绘制方式，向Direct表示Vertex是顶点结构

//
// Framework Functions
//
bool Setup() //绘制物体资源的初始化
{
	//
	// Create vertex and index buffers.
	//

	Device->CreateVertexBuffer(
		8 * sizeof(Vertex), 
		D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY,
		Vertex::FVF,
		D3DPOOL_MANAGED,
		&VB,
		0);

	Device->CreateIndexBuffer(
		36 * sizeof(WORD),
		D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY,
		D3DFMT_INDEX16,
		D3DPOOL_MANAGED,
		&IB,
		0);

	//
	// Fill the buffers with the cube data.
	//

	// define unique vertices:
	Vertex* vertices;
	VB->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&vertices, 0);

	// vertices of a unit cube
	vertices[0] = Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
	vertices[1] = Vertex(-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f);
	vertices[2] = Vertex( 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f);
	vertices[3] = Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
	vertices[4] = Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f);
	vertices[5] = Vertex(-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f);
	vertices[6] = Vertex( 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f);
	vertices[7] = Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f);

	VB->Unlock();

	// define the triangles of the cube:
	WORD* indices = 0;
	IB->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&indices, 0);

	// front side
	indices[0]  = 0; indices[1]  = 1; indices[2]  = 2;
	indices[3]  = 0; indices[4]  = 2; indices[5]  = 3;

	// back side
	indices[6]  = 4; indices[7]  = 6; indices[8]  = 5;
	indices[9]  = 4; indices[10] = 7; indices[11] = 6;

	// left side
	indices[12] = 4; indices[13] = 5; indices[14] = 1;
	indices[15] = 4; indices[16] = 1; indices[17] = 0;

	// right side
	indices[18] = 3; indices[19] = 2; indices[20] = 6;
	indices[21] = 3; indices[22] = 6; indices[23] = 7;

	// top
	indices[24] = 1; indices[25] = 5; indices[26] = 6;
	indices[27] = 1; indices[28] = 6; indices[29] = 2;

	// bottom
	indices[30] = 4; indices[31] = 0; indices[32] = 3;
	indices[33] = 4; indices[34] = 3; indices[35] = 7;

	IB->Unlock();

	//
	// Position and aim the camera.
	//

	D3DXVECTOR3 position(0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f);
	D3DXVECTOR3 target(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
	D3DXVECTOR3 up(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    D3DXMATRIX V;
	D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&V, &position, &target, &up);

    Device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &V);

	//
	// Set the projection matrix.
	//

	D3DXMATRIX proj;
	D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(
			&proj,
			D3DX_PI * 0.5f, // 90 - degree
			(float)Width / (float)Height,
			1.0f,
			1000.0f);
	Device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &proj);

	//
	// Switch to wireframe mode.
	//

	Device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_FILLMODE, D3DFILL_WIREFRAME);

	return true;
}

void Cleanup()//清理COM资源或者其他资源
{
	d3d::Release<IDirect3DVertexBuffer9*>(VB);
	d3d::Release<IDirect3DIndexBuffer9*>(IB);
}

bool Display(float timeDelta) //渲染代码的书写
{
	if( Device )
	{
	//	int charCount =swprintf_s(g_strFPS,20,_T("FPS:%0.3f"),Get_FPS());
		//
		// spin the cube:
		//
		D3DXMATRIX Rx, Ry;

		// rotate 45 degrees on x-axis
		D3DXMatrixRotationX(&Rx, 3.14f / 4.0f);

		// incremement y-rotation angle each frame
		static float y = 0.0f;
		D3DXMatrixRotationY(&Ry, y);
		y += timeDelta;

		// reset angle to zero when angle reaches 2*PI
		if( y >= 6.28f )
			y = 0.0f;

		// combine x- and y-axis rotation transformations.
		D3DXMATRIX p = Rx * Ry;

		Device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &p);

		//
		// draw the scene:
		//
		Device->Clear(0, 0, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0xffffffff, 1.0f, 0); //渲染五部曲1：清屏操作
		Device->BeginScene(); //渲染五部曲2：开始绘制
		//渲染五部曲3：正式绘制，一般没有固定模式
		Device->SetStreamSource(0, VB, 0, sizeof(Vertex));  //如果要采取顶点缓存的格式，则需要3个步骤，1.SetStreamSource,把数据关联
		Device->SetIndices(IB);                             //2指定顶点的宏名称
		Device->SetFVF(Vertex::FVF);

		// Draw cube.
		Device->DrawIndexedPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 0, 8, 0, 12);  //3完成最终的绘制操作，根据顶点缓存来绘制

		Device->EndScene();//渲染五部曲4：结束绘制
		Device->Present(0, 0, 0, 0);//渲染五部曲5：翻转显示
	}
	return true;
}


//
// WndProc
//
LRESULT CALLBACK d3d::WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)//窗口过程函数
{
	switch( msg )
	{
	case WM_DESTROY:
		::PostQuitMessage(0);
		break;
		
	case WM_KEYDOWN:
		if( wParam == VK_ESCAPE )
			::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
		break;
	}
	return ::DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

//
// WinMain
//
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hinstance,
				   HINSTANCE prevInstance, 
				   PSTR cmdLine,
				   int showCmd)
{
	if(!d3d::InitD3D(hinstance,
		Width, Height, true, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, &Device))
	{
		::MessageBox(0, "InitD3D() - FAILED", 0, 0);
		return 0;
	}
		
	if(!Setup())
	{
		::MessageBox(0, "Setup() - FAILED", 0, 0);
		return 0;
	}

	d3d::EnterMsgLoop( Display );

	Cleanup();

	Device->Release();

	return 0;
}

float Get_FPS()
{
	static float fps =0;
	static int framCount =0;
	static float currentTime =0.0f;
	static float lastTime =0.0f;
	framCount++;
	currentTime =timeGetTime() *0.001f;

	if(currentTime -lastTime>1.0f)
	{
		fps =(float) framCount/(currentTime-lastTime);
		lastTime =currentTime;
		framCount =0;
	}
	return fps;
}