算傅里叶级数的时候,我们经常遇到形如
∫
−
π
π
cos
n
x
d
x
\int_{-\pi }^{\pi } \cos nx \mathrm{d}x
∫−ππcosnxdx
∫
−
π
π
sin
n
x
d
x
\int_{-\pi }^{\pi } \sin nx \mathrm{d}x
∫−ππsinnxdx
的积分。
不难发现,由于 sin n x \sin nx sinnx是奇函数,所以 ∫ − π π sin n x d x = 0 \color{blue}\int_{-\pi }^{\pi } \sin nx \mathrm{d}x=0 ∫−ππsinnxdx=0
而 ∫ − π π cos n x d x = 2 ∫ 0 π cos n x d x \int_{-\pi }^{\pi } \cos nx \mathrm{d}x=2\int_{0 }^{\pi } \cos nx \mathrm{d}x ∫−ππcosnxdx=2∫0πcosnxdx
因此,我们下面研究 ∫ 0 π cos n x d x \int_{0 }^{\pi } \cos nx \mathrm{d}x ∫0πcosnxdx 和 ∫ 0 π sin n x d x \int_{0 }^{\pi } \sin nx \mathrm{d}x ∫0πsinnxdx的值.
1. ∫ 0 π cos n x d x \int_{0 }^{\pi } \cos nx \mathrm{d}x ∫0πcosnxdx的值
使用分部积分法:
∫
0
π
cos
n
x
d
x
=
1
n
∫
0
π
cos
n
x
d
(
n
x
)
=
1
n
∫
0
n
π
cos
t
d
t
\int_{0}^\pi {\cos nxdx} = \frac{1}{n}\int_0^\pi {\cos nxd\left( {nx} \right)} = \frac{1}{n}\int_0^{n\pi } {\cos tdt}
∫0πcosnxdx=n1∫0πcosnxd(nx)=n1∫0nπcostdt
观察
y
=
c
o
s
x
y=cosx
y=cosx 图象,一个
π
\pi
π 区间内面积为0.
所以,
∫
0
π
cos
n
x
d
x
=
0
\color{red}\int_{0 }^{\pi } \cos nx \mathrm{d}x=0
∫0πcosnxdx=0
2. ∫ 0 π sin n x d x \int_{0 }^{\pi } \sin nx \mathrm{d}x ∫0πsinnxdx的值
同上,也有
∫
0
π
sin
n
x
d
x
=
1
n
∫
0
n
π
sin
t
d
t
\int_0^\pi {\sin nxdx} = \frac{1}{n}\int_0^{n\pi } {\sin tdt}
∫0πsinnxdx=n1∫0nπsintdt
观察图象可知
n
n
n为奇数,
S
=
2
⋅
S
π
2
=
2
⋅
∫
0
π
2
sin
x
d
x
=
2
⋅
1
=
2
S = 2 \cdot {S_{\frac{\pi }{2}}} = 2 \cdot \int_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}} {\sin xdx} = 2 \cdot 1 = 2
S=2⋅S2π=2⋅∫02πsinxdx=2⋅1=2
n
n
n为偶数,与奇数相抵消,
S
=
0
S=0
S=0
我们可以总结成:
∫
0
π
sin
n
x
d
x
=
1
−
(
−
1
)
n
n
\color{red}{\int_0^\pi {\sin nxdx} = \frac{{1 - {{\left( { - 1} \right)}^n}}}{n}}
∫0πsinnxdx=n1−(−1)n
含有一次项的积分
考察
∫
0
π
x
cos
n
x
d
x
\int_0^\pi {x\cos nxdx}
∫0πxcosnxdx
用分部积分法:
∫
0
π
x
cos
n
x
d
x
=
1
n
∫
0
π
x
d
(
sin
n
x
)
=
x
sin
n
x
∣
0
π
−
∫
0
π
sin
n
x
d
x
n
=
=
0
−
[
1
−
(
−
1
)
n
]
n
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
\int_0^\pi {x\cos nxdx}= \frac{1}{n}\int_0^\pi {xd\left( {\sin nx} \right)} = \frac{{x\sin nx|_0^\pi - \int_0^\pi {\sin nxdx} }}{n}= = \frac{{0 - \left[ {1 - {{\left( { - 1} \right)}^n}} \right]}}{n} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^n} - 1}}{n}
∫0πxcosnxdx=n1∫0πxd(sinnx)=nxsinnx∣0π−∫0πsinnxdx==n0−[1−(−1)n]=n(−1)n−1
所以, ∫ 0 π x cos n x d x = ( − 1 ) n − 1 n \color{red}\int_0^\pi {x\cos nxdx}= \frac{{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^n} - 1}}{n} ∫0πxcosnxdx=n(−1)n−1
考察 ∫ 0 π x sin n x d x \int_0^\pi {x\sin nxdx} ∫0πxsinnxdx
与上面类似,可以得到:
∫
0
π
x
sin
n
x
d
x
=
−
(
−
1
)
n
π
n
\color{red}\int_0^\pi {x\sin nxdx}=-\frac{(-1)^n \pi}{n}
∫0πxsinnxdx=−n(−1)nπ