*在此都以三维空间中的向量为例
目录
1. 坐标
(1) 直角坐标(x, y, z)
d l = e x d x + e y d y + e z d z dl= e_xdx + e_ydy+e_zdz dl=exdx+eydy+ezdz
d S = e x d y d z + e y d z d x + e x d x d y dS = e_xdydz+ e_ydzdx + e_xdxdy dS=exdydz+eydzdx+exdxdy
d V = d x d y d z dV = dxdydz dV=dxdydz
(2) 圆柱坐标(ρ, φ, z)
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d l = e ρ d ρ + e φ d φ + e z d z dl = e_ρdρ+ e_φdφ + e_zdz dl=eρdρ+eφdφ+ezdz
d S = e ρ d φ d z + e φ d ρ d z + e z ρ d ρ d φ dS = e_ρdφdz + e_{φ}dρdz + e_zρdρdφ dS=eρdφdz+eφdρdz+ezρdρdφ
d V = ρ d ρ d φ d z dV = ρdρdφdz dV=ρdρdφdz
(3) 球坐标(r, φ, θ)
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dl = e_rdr + e_\theta r d \theta + e_φrsin\theta dφ
dl=erdr+eθrdθ+eφrsinθdφ
d S = e r r 2 s i n θ d φ d θ + e θ r s i n θ d r d φ + e φ r d r d θ dS = e_r r^2 sin\theta dφd\theta + e_\theta r sin\theta dr dφ + e_φrdrd\theta dS=err2sinθdφdθ+eθrsinθdrdφ+eφrdrdθ
d V = r 2 s i n θ d θ d φ d r dV = r^2sin \theta d\theta dφdr dV=r2sinθdθdφdr
2. 通量和散度
* 设 A ⃗ = A x ( x , y , z ) x ⃗ + A y ( x , y , z ) y ⃗ + A z ( x , y , z ) z ⃗ 设\vec A = A_x(x, y, z) \vec x + A_y(x, y, z) \vec y+ A_z(x, y, z) \vec z 设A=Ax(x,y,z)x+Ay(x,y,z)y+Az(x,y,z)z
(1) 通量
∮ S A ⋅ d S \oint_{S} A·dS ∮SA⋅dS
(2) 散度
d i v A ⃗ = ∇ ⋅ A div \vec A = \nabla · A divA=∇⋅A
= ∂ A x ∂ x + ∂ A y ∂ y + ∂ A z ∂ z = \frac{\partial A_x}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z} =∂x∂Ax+∂y∂Ay+∂z∂Az
结果是一个数
(3) 关系
∮ S A ⋅ d S = ∫ V ∇ ⋅ A d V \oint_{S} A·dS = \int_{ V} \nabla · AdV ∮SA⋅dS=∫V∇⋅AdV
3. 环量和旋度
(1) 环量
∮ l A ⃗ ⋅ d l ⃗ \oint_{l} \vec A·d \vec l ∮lA⋅dl
(2) 旋度
r o t A ⃗ = ∇ × A ⃗ rot \vec A = \nabla \times \vec{A} rotA=∇×A
= e x ⃗ ( ∂ A z ∂ y − ∂ A y ∂ z ) + e y ⃗ ( ∂ A x ∂ z − ∂ A z ∂ x ) + e z ⃗ ( ∂ A y ∂ x − ∂ A x ∂ y ) = \vec{e_x}( \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z} )+ \vec{e_y}(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x} ) + \vec{e_z}(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}) =ex(∂y∂Az−∂z∂Ay)+ey(∂z∂Ax−∂x∂Az)+ez(∂x∂Ay−∂y∂Ax)
结果是一个向量
(3) 关系
∮ l A ⃗ ⋅ d l = ∫ S ∇ × A ⃗ d S ⃗ \oint_{l} \vec A·dl = \int_{S} \nabla \times \vec A d \vec S ∮lA⋅dl=∫S∇×AdS
4. 梯度
g r a d φ = ∇ φ = e x ∂ φ ∂ x + e y ∂ φ ∂ y + e z ∂ φ ∂ x grad~φ = \nablaφ = e_x\frac{\partial φ}{\partial x} + e_y\frac{\partial φ}{\partial y}+ e_z\frac{\partial φ}{\partial x} grad φ=∇φ=ex∂x∂φ+ey∂y∂φ+ez∂x∂φ
5. 矢量运算
确定一个矢量函数,必须同时知道它的散度和旋度。
泊松方程
∇ 2 φ = 数 \nabla^2φ = 数 ∇2φ=数
通解待补充
拉普拉斯方程
∇ 2 φ = 0 \nabla^2φ = 0 ∇2φ=0
二维的,极坐标下的通解
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φ(ρ,\phi ) = (A_0 + B_0lnρ)(C_0 + D_0\phi)
φ(ρ,ϕ)=(A0+B0lnρ)(C0+D0ϕ)
+ ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( A n ρ n + B n ρ − n ) ( C n c o s n ϕ + D n s i n n ϕ ) + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (A_nρ^n + B_nρ^{-n})(C_ncos ~n\phi + D_nsin~ n\phi ) +n=1∑∞(Anρn+Bnρ−n)(Cncos nϕ+Dnsin nϕ)