前言
今天我们来谈下学习率衰减，利用学习率衰减来的到我更好的预测效果。简单实现了几个。
github地址
https://github.com/yanjingke/learn_rate
什么是学习率衰减
在训练神经网络时，使用学习率控制参数的更新速度．学习率较小时，会大大降低参数的更新速度；学习率较大时，会使搜索过程中发生震荡，导致参数在极优值附近徘徊．
为此，在训练过程中引入学习率衰减，使学习率随着训练的进行逐渐衰减．
在模型优化中，常用到的几种学习率衰减方法有：分段常数衰减、指数衰减、多项式衰减、自然指数衰减、余弦衰减、余弦退火衰减、余弦退火衰减更新版
分段常数衰减
分段常数衰减需要事先定义好的训练次数区间，在对应区间置不同的学习率的常数值，一般情况刚开始的学习率要大一些，之后要越来越小，要根据样本量的大小设置区间的间隔大小，样本量越大，区间间隔要小一点。下图即为分段常数衰减的学习率变化图，横坐标代表训练次数，纵坐标代表学习率。
在keras中的实现为ReduceLROnPlateau:
ReduceLROnPlateau的主要参数有：
1、factor：在某一项指标不继续下降后学习率下降的比率。
2、patience：在某一项指标不继续下降几个时代后，学习率开始下降。
代码：
# 导入ReduceLROnPlateau
from keras.callbacks import ReduceLROnPlateau
# 定义ReduceLROnPlateau
reduce_lr = ReduceLROnPlateau(monitor='val_loss', factor=0.5, patience=2, verbose=1)
# 使用ReduceLROnPlateau
model.fit(X_train, Y_train, callbacks=[reduce_lr])
指数衰减
以指数衰减方式进行学习率的更新，学习率的大小和训练次数指数相关，其更新规则为：
1、learning_rate指的是当前的学习率。
2、learning_rate_base指的是基础学习率。
3、decay_rate指的是衰减系数。
代码：
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import keras
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Flatten, Conv2D, Dropout, Input, Dense, MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
def exponent(global_epoch,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
min_learn_rate=0,
):
learning_rate = learning_rate_base * pow(decay_rate, global_epoch)
# print("learning_rate_base:" + str(learning_rate_base))
# print("learning_rate:" + str(learning_rate))
# print("e:" + str(np.e ** ((-decay_rate) / (global_epoch))))
learning_rate = max(learning_rate, min_learn_rate)
return learning_rate
class ExponentDecayScheduler(keras.callbacks.Callback):
"""
继承Callback，实现对学习率的调度
"""
def __init__(self,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
global_epoch_init=0,
min_learn_rate=0,
verbose=0):
super(ExponentDecayScheduler, self).__init__()
# 基础的学习率
self.learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base
# 全局初始化epoch
self.global_epoch = global_epoch_init
self.decay_rate = decay_rate
# 是否打印显示
self.verbose = verbose
# learning_rates用于记录每次更新后的学习率，方便图形化观察
self.min_learn_rate = min_learn_rate
self.learning_rates = []
# 加入进去方便画图，并且设置学习率
def on_epoch_end(self, epochs, logs=None):
self.global_epoch = self.global_epoch + 1
lr = K.get_value(self.model.optimizer.lr)
self.learning_rates.append(lr)
# 更新学习率
def on_epoch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
lr = exponent(global_epoch=self.global_epoch,
learning_rate_base=self.learning_rate_base,
decay_rate=self.decay_rate,
min_learn_rate=self.min_learn_rate)
self.learning_rate_base=lr
K.set_value(self.model.optimizer.lr, lr)
if self.verbose > 0:
print('\nBatch %05d: setting learning '
'rate to %s.' % (self.global_epoch + 1, lr))
# 载入Mnist手写数据集
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = np.expand_dims(x_train, -1)
x_test = np.expand_dims(x_test, -1)
# -----------------------------#
# 创建模型
# -----------------------------#
inputs = Input([28, 28, 1])
x = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(inputs)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Conv2D(64, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(1024)(x)
x = Dense(256)(x)
out = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)
model = Model(inputs, out)
# 设定优化器，loss，计算准确率
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 设置训练参数
epochs = 10
init_epoch = 0
# 每一次训练使用多少个Batch
batch_size = 31
# 最大学习率
learning_rate_base = 1e-3
sample_count = len(x_train)
# 学习率
exponent_lr = ExponentDecayScheduler(learning_rate_base=learning_rate_base,
global_epoch_init=init_epoch,
decay_rate=0.9,
min_learn_rate=1e-6,verbose=1
)
# 利用fit进行训练
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size,
verbose=1, callbacks=[exponent_lr])
plt.plot(exponent_lr.learning_rates)
plt.xlabel('Step', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('lr', fontsize=20)
plt.axis([0, epochs, 0, learning_rate_base * 1.1])
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, epochs, 1))
plt.grid()
plt.title('lr decay with exponent', fontsize=20)
plt.show()
自然指数衰减
它与指数衰减方式相似，不同的在于它的衰减底数是ee，故而其收敛的速度更快，一般用于相对比较
容易训练的网络，便于较快的收敛，其更新规则如下：
1、learning_rate指的是当前的学习率。
2、learning_rate_base指的是基础学习率。
3、decay_rate指的是衰减系数
代码：
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import keras
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Flatten, Conv2D, Dropout, Input, Dense, MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
import numpy as np
def exponent(global_epoch,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
min_learn_rate=0,
):
if global_epoch!=0:
learning_rate = learning_rate_base * np.e ** ((-decay_rate) / (global_epoch))
print("learning_rate_base:"+str(learning_rate_base))
print("learning_rate:" + str(learning_rate))
print("e:"+str(np.e ** ((-decay_rate) / (global_epoch))))
else:
learning_rate = learning_rate_base
learning_rate = max(learning_rate, min_learn_rate)
return learning_rate
class ExponentDecayScheduler(keras.callbacks.Callback):
"""
继承Callback，实现对学习率的调度
"""
def __init__(self,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
global_epoch_init=0,
min_learn_rate=0,
verbose=0):
super(ExponentDecayScheduler, self).__init__()
# 基础的学习率
self.learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base
# 全局初始化epoch
self.global_epoch = global_epoch_init
self.decay_rate = decay_rate
# 是否打印显示
self.verbose = verbose
# learning_rates用于记录每次更新后的学习率，方便图形化观察
self.min_learn_rate = min_learn_rate
self.learning_rates = []
# 加入进去方便画图，并且设置学习率
def on_epoch_end(self, epochs, logs=None):
self.global_epoch = self.global_epoch + 1
lr = K.get_value(self.model.optimizer.lr)
self.learning_rates.append(lr)
# 更新学习率
def on_epoch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
lr = exponent(global_epoch=self.global_epoch,
learning_rate_base=self.learning_rate_base,
decay_rate=self.decay_rate,
min_learn_rate=self.min_learn_rate)
self.learning_rate_base = lr
K.set_value(self.model.optimizer.lr, lr)
if self.verbose > 0:
print('\nBatch %05d: setting learning '
'rate to %s.' % (self.global_epoch + 1, lr))
# 载入Mnist手写数据集
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = np.expand_dims(x_train, -1)
x_test = np.expand_dims(x_test, -1)
# -----------------------------#
# 创建模型
# -----------------------------#
inputs = Input([28, 28, 1])
x = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(inputs)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Conv2D(64, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(1024)(x)
x = Dense(256)(x)
out = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)
model = Model(inputs, out)
# 设定优化器，loss，计算准确率
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 设置训练参数
epochs = 10
init_epoch = 0
# 每一次训练使用多少个Batch
batch_size = 31
# 最大学习率
learning_rate_base = 1e-3
sample_count = len(x_train)
# 学习率
exponent_lr = ExponentDecayScheduler(learning_rate_base=learning_rate_base,
global_epoch_init=init_epoch,
decay_rate=0.9,
min_learn_rate=1e-6,verbose=1
)
# 利用fit进行训练
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size,
verbose=1, callbacks=[exponent_lr])
plt.plot(exponent_lr.learning_rates)
plt.xlabel('Step', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('lr', fontsize=20)
plt.axis([0, epochs, 0, learning_rate_base * 1.1])
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, epochs, 1))
plt.grid()
plt.title('lr decay with natureal_exponent', fontsize=20)
plt.show()
多项式衰减
应用多项式衰减的方式进行更新学习率，这里会给定初始学习率和最低学习率取值，然后将会按照给定的衰减方式将学习率从初始值衰减到最低值。
1、decayg_learning_rate指的是当前的学习率。
2、learning_rate_base指的是基础学习率。
3、end_lerarning_rate指最小学习率。
4、global_step指用于衰减计算的全局步数，非负，用于逐步计算衰减指数
5、decay_steps指衰减步数，必须是正值，决定衰减周期
参数cycle决定学习率是否在下降后重新上升，若cycle为Flase，不在上升。其更新规则如下式所示：
若cycle为True，则学习率下降后重新上升；使用decay_steps的倍数，取第一个大于global_steps的结果．
circle为Flase:
circle为Ture
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import keras
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Flatten, Conv2D, Dropout, Input, Dense, MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
def exponent(global_epoch,
decay_steps,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
min_learn_rate=0,
power=1,
cycle=False
):
# learning_rate = (learning_rate_base - min_learn_rate) * pow((1 - global_step / decay_steps) ,power) + min_learn_rate
if cycle==True:
global_step = global_epoch
if global_step > 0:
decay_steps = decay_steps * np.ceil(global_step / decay_steps)
learning_rate = (learning_rate_base - min_learn_rate) * pow((1 - global_step / decay_steps),
power) + min_learn_rate
else:
learning_rate = learning_rate_base
else:
if global_epoch> 0:
global_step = min(global_epoch, decay_steps)
learning_rate = (learning_rate_base - min_learn_rate) * pow((1 - global_step / decay_steps),
power) + min_learn_rate
else:
learning_rate = learning_rate_base
learning_rate = max(learning_rate, min_learn_rate)
return learning_rate
class PolynomiaDecayScheduler(keras.callbacks.Callback):
"""
继承Callback，实现对学习率的调度
"""
def __init__(self,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
decay_steps,
global_epoch_init=0,
min_learn_rate=0.001,
power=1,
verbose=0,
cycle=False):
super(PolynomiaDecayScheduler, self).__init__()
# 基础的学习率
self.learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base
# 全局初始化epoch
self.global_epoch = global_epoch_init
self.power=power
self.decay_rate = decay_rate
# 是否打印显示
self.verbose = verbose
self.decay_steps = decay_steps
# learning_rates用于记录每次更新后的学习率，方便图形化观察
self.min_learn_rate = min_learn_rate
self.learning_rates = []
self.cycle=cycle
# 加入进去方便画图，并且设置学习率
def on_epoch_end(self, epochs, logs=None):
self.global_epoch = self.global_epoch + 1
lr = K.get_value(self.model.optimizer.lr)
self.learning_rates.append(lr)
# 更新学习率
def on_epoch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
lr = exponent(global_epoch=self.global_epoch,
decay_steps=self.decay_steps,
learning_rate_base=self.learning_rate_base,
decay_rate=self.decay_rate,
min_learn_rate=self.min_learn_rate,
power=self.power,
cycle=self.cycle
)
# self.learning_rate_base = lr
K.set_value(self.model.optimizer.lr, lr)
if self.verbose > 0:
print('\nBatch %05d: setting learning '
'rate to %s.' % (self.global_epoch + 1, lr))
# 载入Mnist手写数据集
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = np.expand_dims(x_train, -1)
x_test = np.expand_dims(x_test, -1)
# -----------------------------#
# 创建模型
# -----------------------------#
inputs = Input([28, 28, 1])
x = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(inputs)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Conv2D(64, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(1024)(x)
x = Dense(256)(x)
out = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)
model = Model(inputs, out)
# 设定优化器，loss，计算准确率
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 设置训练参数
epochs = 10
init_epoch = 0
# 每一次训练使用多少个Batch
batch_size = 31
# 最大学习率
learning_rate_base = 0.001
sample_count = len(x_train)
# 学习率
exponent_lr = PolynomiaDecayScheduler(learning_rate_base=learning_rate_base,
global_epoch_init=init_epoch,
decay_rate=0.9,
min_learn_rate=1e-6, verbose=1,
decay_steps=2,
power=1,
cycle=True
)
# 利用fit进行训练
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size,
verbose=1, callbacks=[exponent_lr])
plt.plot(exponent_lr.learning_rates)
plt.xlabel('Step', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('lr', fontsize=20)
plt.axis([0, epochs, 0, learning_rate_base * 1.1])
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, epochs, 1))
plt.grid()
plt.title('lr decay with Polynomial_decay_Circle', fontsize=20)
plt.show()
余弦衰减
余弦衰减就是采用余弦的相关方式进行学习率的衰减，衰减图和余弦函数相似。其更新机制如下式所示：
1、learning_rate：标初始学习率．
2、global_step：用于衰减计算的全局步数.
3、decay_steps：衰减步数．
3、alpha（min_learn_rate）：最小学习率（learning_rate的部分）。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import keras
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Flatten, Conv2D, Dropout, Input, Dense, MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
def exponent(global_epoch,
decay_steps,
learning_rate_base,
min_learn_rate=0,
):
if global_epoch> 0:
global_step = min(global_epoch, decay_steps)
# linear_decay =(decay_steps-global_step)/decay_steps
cosine_decay = 0.5 * (1 +np.cos(np.pi * global_step / decay_steps))
decayed = (1 - min_learn_rate) * cosine_decay + min_learn_rate
learning_rate = learning_rate_base* decayed
else:
learning_rate = learning_rate_base
learning_rate = max(learning_rate, min_learn_rate)
return learning_rate
class COSScheduler(keras.callbacks.Callback):
"""
继承Callback，实现对学习率的调度
"""
def __init__(self,
learning_rate_base,
decay_rate,
decay_steps,
global_epoch_init=0,
min_learn_rate=0.001,
verbose=0,
):
super(COSScheduler, self).__init__()
# 基础的学习率
self.learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base
# 全局初始化epoch
self.global_epoch = global_epoch_init
self.decay_rate = decay_rate
# 是否打印显示
self.verbose = verbose
self.decay_steps = decay_steps
# learning_rates用于记录每次更新后的学习率，方便图形化观察
self.min_learn_rate = min_learn_rate
self.learning_rates = []
# 加入进去方便画图，并且设置学习率
def on_epoch_end(self, epochs, logs=None):
self.global_epoch = self.global_epoch + 1
lr = K.get_value(self.model.optimizer.lr)
self.learning_rates.append(lr)
# 更新学习率
def on_epoch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
lr = exponent(global_epoch=self.global_epoch,
decay_steps=self.decay_steps,
learning_rate_base=self.learning_rate_base,
min_learn_rate=self.min_learn_rate,
)
# self.learning_rate_base = lr
K.set_value(self.model.optimizer.lr, lr)
if self.verbose > 0:
print('\nBatch %05d: setting learning '
'rate to %s.' % (self.global_epoch + 1, lr))
# 载入Mnist手写数据集
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = np.expand_dims(x_train, -1)
x_test = np.expand_dims(x_test, -1)
# -----------------------------#
# 创建模型
# -----------------------------#
inputs = Input([28, 28, 1])
x = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(inputs)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Conv2D(64, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(1024)(x)
x = Dense(256)(x)
out = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)
model = Model(inputs, out)
# 设定优化器，loss，计算准确率
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 设置训练参数
epochs = 10
init_epoch = 0
# 每一次训练使用多少个Batch
batch_size = 31
# 最大学习率
learning_rate_base =1e-3
sample_count = len(x_train)
# 学习率
exponent_lr =COSScheduler(learning_rate_base=learning_rate_base,
global_epoch_init=init_epoch,
decay_rate=0.9,
min_learn_rate=1e-8, verbose=1,
decay_steps=2,
)
# 利用fit进行训练
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size,
verbose=1, callbacks=[exponent_lr])
plt.plot(exponent_lr.learning_rates)
plt.xlabel('Step', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('lr', fontsize=20)
plt.axis([0, epochs, 0, learning_rate_base * 1.1])
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, epochs, 1))
plt.grid()
plt.title('lr decay with COS_decay_Circle', fontsize=20)
plt.show()
上面那个因为epoch太小，所以不平滑。如下图是我找到图片，感觉平混点。红色即为标准的余弦衰减曲线。
余弦退火衰减
余弦退火衰减法，学习率会先上升再下降。上升的时候使用线性上升，下降的时候模拟cos函数下降。附上退火算法详解。
余弦退火衰减有几个比较必要的参数：
1、learning_rate_base：学习率最高值。
2、warmup_learning_rate：最开始的学习率。
3、warmup_steps：多少步长后到达顶峰值。
4、learning_rate_base：预先设置的学习率，当warm_up阶段学习率增加到learning_rate_base，就开始学习率下降。
5、total_steps: 是总的训练的步数，等于epoch*sample_count/batch_size,(sample_count是样本总数，epoch是总的循环次数)
6、 hold_base_rate_steps: 这是可选的参数，即当warm up阶段结束后保持学习率不变，知道hold_base_rate_steps结束后才开始学习率下降
代码：
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import keras
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Flatten, Conv2D, Dropout, Input, Dense, MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
def cosine_decay_with_warmup(global_step,
learning_rate_base,
total_steps,
warmup_learning_rate=0.0,
warmup_steps=0,
hold_base_rate_steps=0,
min_learn_rate=0,
):
"""
参数：
global_step: 上面定义的Tcur，记录当前执行的步数。
learning_rate_base：预先设置的学习率，当warm_up阶段学习率增加到learning_rate_base，就开始学习率下降。
total_steps: 是总的训练的步数，等于epoch*sample_count/batch_size,(sample_count是样本总数，epoch是总的循环次数)
warmup_learning_rate: 这是warm up阶段线性增长的初始值
warmup_steps: warm_up总的需要持续的步数
hold_base_rate_steps: 这是可选的参数，即当warm up阶段结束后保持学习率不变，知道hold_base_rate_steps结束后才开始学习率下降
"""
if total_steps < warmup_steps:
raise ValueError('total_steps must be larger or equal to '
'warmup_steps.')
# 这里实现了余弦退火的原理，设置学习率的最小值为0，所以简化了表达式
learning_rate = 0.5 * learning_rate_base * (1 + np.cos(np.pi *
(global_step - warmup_steps - hold_base_rate_steps) / float(
total_steps - warmup_steps - hold_base_rate_steps)))
# 如果hold_base_rate_steps大于0，表明在warm up结束后学习率在一定步数内保持不变
if hold_base_rate_steps > 0:
learning_rate = np.where(global_step > warmup_steps + hold_base_rate_steps,
learning_rate, learning_rate_base)
if warmup_steps > 0:
if learning_rate_base < warmup_learning_rate:
raise ValueError('learning_rate_base must be larger or equal to '
'warmup_learning_rate.')
# 线性增长的实现
slope = (learning_rate_base - warmup_learning_rate) / warmup_steps
warmup_rate = slope * global_step + warmup_learning_rate
# 只有当global_step 仍然处于warm up阶段才会使用线性增长的学习率warmup_rate，否则使用余弦退火的学习率learning_rate
learning_rate = np.where(global_step < warmup_steps, warmup_rate,
learning_rate)
learning_rate = max(learning_rate, min_learn_rate)
return learning_rate
class WarmUpCosineDecayScheduler(keras.callbacks.Callback):
"""
继承Callback，实现对学习率的调度
"""
def __init__(self,
learning_rate_base,
total_steps,
global_step_init=0,
warmup_learning_rate=0.0,
warmup_steps=0,
hold_base_rate_steps=0,
min_learn_rate=0,
verbose=0):
super(WarmUpCosineDecayScheduler, self).__init__()
# 基础的学习率
self.learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base
# 总共的步数，训练完所有世代的步数epochs * sample_count / batch_size
self.total_steps = total_steps
# 全局初始化step
self.global_step = global_step_init
# 热调整参数
self.warmup_learning_rate = warmup_learning_rate
# 热调整步长，warmup_epoch * sample_count / batch_size
self.warmup_steps = warmup_steps
self.hold_base_rate_steps = hold_base_rate_steps
# 参数显示
self.verbose = verbose
# learning_rates用于记录每次更新后的学习率，方便图形化观察
self.min_learn_rate = min_learn_rate
self.learning_rates = []
# 更新global_step，并记录当前学习率
def on_batch_end(self, batch, logs=None):
self.global_step = self.global_step + 1
lr = K.get_value(self.model.optimizer.lr)
self.learning_rates.append(lr)
# 更新学习率
def on_batch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
lr = cosine_decay_with_warmup(global_step=self.global_step,
learning_rate_base=self.learning_rate_base,
total_steps=self.total_steps,
warmup_learning_rate=self.warmup_learning_rate,
warmup_steps=self.warmup_steps,
hold_base_rate_steps=self.hold_base_rate_steps,
min_learn_rate=self.min_learn_rate)
K.set_value(self.model.optimizer.lr, lr)
if self.verbose > 0:
print('\nBatch %05d: setting learning '
'rate to %s.' % (self.global_step + 1, lr))
# 载入Mnist手写数据集
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = np.expand_dims(x_train, -1)
x_test = np.expand_dims(x_test, -1)
# -----------------------------#
# 创建模型
# -----------------------------#
inputs = Input([28, 28, 1])
x = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(inputs)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Conv2D(64, kernel_size=5, padding='same', activation="relu")(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='same', )(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(1024)(x)
x = Dense(256)(x)
out = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)
model = Model(inputs, out)
# 设定优化器，loss，计算准确率
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 设置训练参数
epochs = 10
# 预热期
warmup_epoch = 3
# 每一次训练使用多少个Batch
batch_size = 16
# 最大学习率
learning_rate_base = 1e-3
sample_count = len(x_train)
# 总共的步长
total_steps = int(epochs * sample_count / batch_size)
# 预热步长
warmup_steps = int(warmup_epoch * sample_count / batch_size)
# 学习率
warm_up_lr = WarmUpCosineDecayScheduler(learning_rate_base=learning_rate_base,
total_steps=total_steps,
warmup_learning_rate=1e-5,
warmup_steps=warmup_steps,
hold_base_rate_steps=5,
min_learn_rate=1e-6
)
# 利用fit进行训练
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size,
verbose=1, callbacks=[warm_up_lr])
plt.plot(warm_up_lr.learning_rates)
plt.xlabel('Step', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('lr', fontsize=20)
plt.axis([0, total_steps, 0, learning_rate_base * 1.1])
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, epochs, 1))
plt.grid()
plt.title('Cosine decay with warmup', fontsize=20)
plt.show()
余弦退火衰减更新版
yolov4中余弦退火衰减并非只上升下降一次。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import keras
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Flatten,Conv2D,Dropout,Input,Dense,MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
def cosine_decay_with_warmup(global_step,
learning_rate_base,
total_steps,
warmup_learning_rate=0.0,
warmup_steps=0,
hold_base_rate_steps=0,
min_learn_rate=0,
):
"""
参数：
global_step: 上面定义的Tcur，记录当前执行的步数。
learning_rate_base：预先设置的学习率，当warm_up阶段学习率增加到learning_rate_base，就开始学习率下降。
total_steps: 是总的训练的步数，等于epoch*sample_count/batch_size,(sample_count是样本总数，epoch是总的循环次数)
warmup_learning_rate: 这是warm up阶段线性增长的初始值
warmup_steps: warm_up总的需要持续的步数
hold_base_rate_steps: 这是可选的参数，即当warm up阶段结束后保持学习率不变，知道hold_base_rate_steps结束后才开始学习率下降
"""
if total_steps < warmup_steps:
raise ValueError('total_steps must be larger or equal to '
'warmup_steps.')
#这里实现了余弦退火的原理，设置学习率的最小值为0，所以简化了表达式
learning_rate = 0.5 * learning_rate_base * (1 + np.cos(np.pi *
(global_step - warmup_steps - hold_base_rate_steps) / float(total_steps - warmup_steps - hold_base_rate_steps)))
#如果hold_base_rate_steps大于0，表明在warm up结束后学习率在一定步数内保持不变
if hold_base_rate_steps > 0:
learning_rate = np.where(global_step > warmup_steps + hold_base_rate_steps,
learning_rate, learning_rate_base)
if warmup_steps > 0:
if learning_rate_base < warmup_learning_rate:
raise ValueError('learning_rate_base must be larger or equal to '
'warmup_learning_rate.')
#线性增长的实现
slope = (learning_rate_base - warmup_learning_rate) / warmup_steps
warmup_rate = slope * global_step + warmup_learning_rate
#只有当global_step 仍然处于warm up阶段才会使用线性增长的学习率warmup_rate，否则使用余弦退火的学习率learning_rate
learning_rate = np.where(global_step < warmup_steps, warmup_rate,
learning_rate)
learning_rate = max(learning_rate,min_learn_rate)
return learning_rate
class WarmUpCosineDecayScheduler(keras.callbacks.Callback):
"""
继承Callback，实现对学习率的调度
"""
def __init__(self,
learning_rate_base,
total_steps,
global_step_init=0,
warmup_learning_rate=0.0,
warmup_steps=0,
hold_base_rate_steps=0,
min_learn_rate=0,
# interval_epoch代表余弦退火之间的最低点
interval_epoch=[0.05, 0.15, 0.30, 0.50],
verbose=0):
super(WarmUpCosineDecayScheduler, self).__init__()
# 基础的学习率
self.learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base
# 热调整参数
self.warmup_learning_rate = warmup_learning_rate
# 参数显示
self.verbose = verbose
# learning_rates用于记录每次更新后的学习率，方便图形化观察
self.min_learn_rate = min_learn_rate
self.learning_rates = []
self.interval_epoch = interval_epoch
# 贯穿全局的步长
self.global_step_for_interval = global_step_init
# 用于上升的总步长
self.warmup_steps_for_interval = warmup_steps
# 保持最高峰的总步长
self.hold_steps_for_interval = hold_base_rate_steps
# 整个训练的总步长
self.total_steps_for_interval = total_steps
self.interval_index = 0
# 计算出来两个最低点的间隔
self.interval_reset = [self.interval_epoch[0]]
for i in range(len(self.interval_epoch)-1):
self.interval_reset.append(self.interval_epoch[i+1]-self.interval_epoch[i])
self.interval_reset.append(1-self.interval_epoch[-1])
#更新global_step，并记录当前学习率
def on_batch_end(self, batch, logs=None):
self.global_step = self.global_step + 1
self.global_step_for_interval = self.global_step_for_interval + 1
lr = K.get_value(self.model.optimizer.lr)
self.learning_rates.append(lr)
#更新学习率
def on_batch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
# 每到一次最低点就重新更新参数
if self.global_step_for_interval in [0]+[int(i*self.total_steps_for_interval) for i in self.interval_epoch]:
self.total_steps = self.total_steps_for_interval * self.interval_reset[self.interval_index]
self.warmup_steps = self.warmup_steps_for_interval * self.interval_reset[self.interval_index]
self.hold_base_rate_steps = self.hold_steps_for_interval * self.interval_reset[self.interval_index]
self.global_step = 0
self.interval_index += 1
lr = cosine_decay_with_warmup(global_step=self.global_step,
learning_rate_base=self.learning_rate_base,
total_steps=self.total_steps,
warmup_learning_rate=self.warmup_learning_rate,
warmup_steps=self.warmup_steps,
hold_base_rate_steps=self.hold_base_rate_steps,
min_learn_rate = self.min_learn_rate)
K.set_value(self.model.optimizer.lr, lr)
if self.verbose > 0:
print('\nBatch %05d: setting learning '
'rate to %s.' % (self.global_step + 1, lr))
# 载入Mnist手写数据集
mnist = keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = np.expand_dims(x_train,-1)
x_test = np.expand_dims(x_test,-1)
y_train = y_train
#-----------------------------#
# 创建模型
#-----------------------------#
inputs = Input([28,28,1])
x = Conv2D(32, kernel_size= 5,padding = 'same',activation="relu")(inputs)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size = 2, strides = 2, padding = 'same',)(x)
x = Conv2D(64, kernel_size= 5,padding = 'same',activation="relu")(x)
x = MaxPooling2D(pool_size = 2, strides = 2, padding = 'same',)(x)
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(1024)(x)
x = Dense(256)(x)
out = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)
model = Model(inputs,out)
# 设定优化器，loss，计算准确率
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 设置训练参数
epochs = 10
# 预热期
warmup_epoch = 2
# 每一次训练使用多少个Batch
batch_size = 256
# 最大学习率
learning_rate_base = 1e-3
sample_count = len(x_train)
# 总共的步长
total_steps = int(epochs * sample_count / batch_size)
# 预热步长
warmup_steps = int(warmup_epoch * sample_count / batch_size)
# 学习率
warm_up_lr = WarmUpCosineDecayScheduler(learning_rate_base=learning_rate_base,
total_steps=total_steps,
warmup_learning_rate=1e-5,
warmup_steps=warmup_steps,
hold_base_rate_steps=5,
min_learn_rate=1e-6
)
# 利用fit进行训练
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size,
verbose=1, callbacks=[warm_up_lr])
plt.plot(warm_up_lr.learning_rates)
plt.xlabel('Step', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('lr', fontsize=20)
plt.axis([0, total_steps, 0, learning_rate_base*1.1])
plt.grid()
plt.title('Cosine decay with warmup', fontsize=20)
plt.show()
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