梯度下降法的基本思想可以类比为一个下山的过程。假设这样一个场景:一个人被困在山上,需要从山上下来(i.e. 找到山的最低点,也就是山谷)。但此时山上的浓雾很大,导致可视度很低。因此,下山的路径就无法确定,他必须利用自己周围的信息去找到下山的路径。这个时候,他就可以利用梯度下降算法来帮助自己下山。具体来说就是,以他当前的所处的位置为基准,寻找这个位置最陡峭的地方,然后朝着山的高度下降的地方走,同理,如果我们的目标是上山,也就是爬到山顶,那么此时应该是朝着最陡峭的方向往上走。然后每走一段距离,都反复采用同一个方法,最后就能成功的抵达山谷
作者:六尺帐篷
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/c7e642877b0e
來源:简书
简书著作权归作者所有,任何形式的转载都请联系作者获得授权并注明出处。
五、梯度下降法中的向量化和数据标准化
六、随机梯度下降法
七、scikit-learn中的随机梯度下降法
LinearRegression.py
import numpy as np
from .metrics import r2_score
class LinearRegression:
def __init__(self):
"""初始化Linear Regression模型"""
self.coef_ = None
self.intercept_ = None
self._theta = None
def fit_normal(self, X_train, y_train):
"""根据训练数据集X_train, y_train训练Linear Regression模型"""
assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \
"the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train"
X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(X_train), 1)), X_train])
self._theta = np.linalg.inv(X_b.T.dot(X_b)).dot(X_b.T).dot(y_train)
self.intercept_ = self._theta[0]
self.coef_ = self._theta[1:]
return self
def fit_bgd(self, X_train, y_train, eta=0.01, n_iters=1e4):
"""根据训练数据集X_train, y_train, 使用梯度下降法训练Linear Regression模型"""
assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \
"the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train"
def J(theta, X_b, y):
try:
return np.sum((y - X_b.dot(theta)) ** 2) / len(y)
except:
return float('inf')
def dJ(theta, X_b, y):
return X_b.T.dot(X_b.dot(theta) - y) * 2. / len(y)
def gradient_descent(X_b, y, initial_theta, eta, n_iters=1e4, epsilon=1e-8):
theta = initial_theta
cur_iter = 0
while cur_iter < n_iters:
gradient = dJ(theta, X_b, y)
last_theta = theta
theta = theta - eta * gradient
if (abs(J(theta, X_b, y) - J(last_theta, X_b, y)) < epsilon):
break
cur_iter += 1
return theta
X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(X_train), 1)), X_train])
initial_theta = np.zeros(X_b.shape[1])
self._theta = gradient_descent(X_b, y_train, initial_theta, eta, n_iters)
self.intercept_ = self._theta[0]
self.coef_ = self._theta[1:]
return self
def fit_sgd(self, X_train, y_train, n_iters=50, t0=5, t1=50):
"""根据训练数据集X_train, y_train, 使用梯度下降法训练Linear Regression模型"""
assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \
"the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train"
assert n_iters >= 1
def dJ_sgd(theta, X_b_i, y_i):
return X_b_i * (X_b_i.dot(theta) - y_i) * 2.
def sgd(X_b, y, initial_theta, n_iters=5, t0=5, t1=50):
def learning_rate(t):
return t0 / (t + t1)
theta = initial_theta
m = len(X_b)
for i_iter in range(n_iters):
indexes = np.random.permutation(m)
X_b_new = X_b[indexes,:]
y_new = y[indexes]
for i in range(m):
gradient = dJ_sgd(theta, X_b_new[i], y_new[i])
theta = theta - learning_rate(i_iter * m + i) * gradient
return theta
X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(X_train), 1)), X_train])
initial_theta = np.random.randn(X_b.shape[1])
self._theta = sgd(X_b, y_train, initial_theta, n_iters, t0, t1)
self.intercept_ = self._theta[0]
self.coef_ = self._theta[1:]
return self
def predict(self, X_predict):
"""给定待预测数据集X_predict,返回表示X_predict的结果向量"""
assert self.intercept_ is not None and self.coef_ is not None, \
"must fit before predict!"
assert X_predict.shape[1] == len(self.coef_), \
"the feature number of X_predict must be equal to X_train"
X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(X_predict), 1)), X_predict])
return X_b.dot(self._theta)
def score(self, X_test, y_test):
"""根据测试数据集 X_test 和 y_test 确定当前模型的准确度"""
y_predict = self.predict(X_test)
return r2_score(y_test, y_predict)
def __repr__(self):
return "LinearRegression()"
八、如何确定梯度计算的准确性?调试梯度下降法
九、有关梯度下降法的更多深入讨论
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