FlyControls 是 THREE.js 中用于实现飞行控制的类，它用于控制摄像机在三维空间中的飞行。
入参：
object：摄像机对象，即要控制的摄像机。domElement：用于接收用户输入事件的 HTML 元素，通常是渲染器的 DOM 元素。
出参：
FlyControls 类本身没有直接返回出参，但通过修改传入的摄像机对象的位置和方向，从而影响场景中的摄像机视角。
使用示例：
// 初始化摄像机、控制器、场景和渲染器
function init() {
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 1000);
controls = new FlyControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
scene = new THREE.Scene();
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer();
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);
// 设置摄像机初始位置
camera.position.set(0, 0, 5);
// 添加一个立方体到场景中
const geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry();
const material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0x00ff00 });
const cube = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
scene.add(cube);
// 渲染场景
animate();
}
// 动画循环
function animate() {
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
// 更新飞行控制器
controls.update();
// 渲染场景
renderer.render(scene, camera);
}
在这个示例中，我们创建了一个 FlyControls 实例，并将摄像机和渲染器的 DOM 元素传递给它。然后在动画循环中，我们调用 controls.update() 来更新控制器状态，以响应用户的输入事件，并通过 renderer.render() 渲染场景。
import * as THREE from 'three'; // 导入主 THREE.js 库
import Stats from 'three/addons/libs/stats.module.js'; // 导入性能监控模块 Stats
import { FlyControls } from 'three/addons/controls/FlyControls.js'; // 导入飞行控制器 FlyControls
import { EffectComposer } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/EffectComposer.js'; // 导入后期处理特效组件 EffectComposer
import { RenderPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/RenderPass.js'; // 导入渲染通道 RenderPass
import { FilmPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/FilmPass.js'; // 导入胶片特效 FilmPass
import { OutputPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/OutputPass.js'; // 导入输出通道 OutputPass
// 行星及其环境属性的常量定义
const radius = 6371; // 地球半径
const tilt = 0.41; // 行星倾斜角度
const rotationSpeed = 0.02; // 行星旋转速度
const cloudsScale = 1.005; // 云层纹理比例
const moonScale = 0.23; // 月球比例
const MARGIN = 0; // 场景边距
let SCREEN_HEIGHT = window.innerHeight - MARGIN * 2; // 计算屏幕高度
let SCREEN_WIDTH = window.innerWidth; // 计算屏幕宽度
let camera, controls, scene, renderer, stats; // 摄像机、控制器、场景、渲染器和性能监控模块的全局变量声明
let geometry, meshPlanet, meshClouds, meshMoon; // 几何体和代表行星、云层和月球的网格变量声明
let dirLight; // 光源的声明
let composer; // 后期处理特效的 Composer 声明
const textureLoader = new THREE.TextureLoader(); // 创建纹理加载器实例
let d, dPlanet, dMoon; // 距离计算的变量声明
const dMoonVec = new THREE.Vector3(); // 月球距离计算的向量
const clock = new THREE.Clock(); // 创建时钟用于计时
创建透视摄像机,初始化场景
function init() {
// 创建透视摄像机
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(25, SCREEN_WIDTH / SCREEN_HEIGHT, 50, 1e7);
camera.position.z = radius * 5; // 设置摄像机位置
scene = new THREE.Scene(); // 创建场景
scene.fog = new THREE.FogExp2(0x000000, 0.00000025); // 添加雾效
dirLight = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffffff, 3); // 创建定向光源
dirLight.position.set(-1, 0, 1).normalize(); // 设置光源位置
scene.add(dirLight); // 将光源添加到场景中
// 创建具有法线贴图的材质
const materialNormalMap = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({
specular: 0x7c7c7c, // 设置镜面高光颜色
shininess: 15, // 设置光泽度
map: textureLoader.load('textures/planets/earth_atmos_2048.jpg'), // 设置漫反射贴图
specularMap: textureLoader.load('textures/planets/earth_specular_2048.jpg'), // 设置镜面高光贴图
normalMap: textureLoader.load('textures/planets/earth_normal_2048.jpg'), // 设置法线贴图
normalScale: new THREE.Vector2(0.85, -0.85) // 设置法线贴图缩放
});
materialNormalMap.map.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace; // 设置贴图颜色空间
// 创建行星
geometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(radius, 100, 50);
meshPlanet = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, materialNormalMap);
meshPlanet.rotation.y = 0;
meshPlanet.rotation.z = tilt;
scene.add(meshPlanet);
// 创建云层
const materialClouds = new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial({
map: textureLoader.load('textures/planets/earth_clouds_1024.png'), // 设置云层贴图
transparent: true // 开启透明
});
materialClouds.map.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace; // 设置贴图颜色空间
meshClouds = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, materialClouds);
meshClouds.scale.set(cloudsScale, cloudsScale, cloudsScale);
meshClouds.rotation.z = tilt;
scene.add(meshClouds);
// 创建月球
const materialMoon = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({
map: textureLoader.load('textures/planets/moon_1024.jpg') // 设置月球贴图
});
materialMoon.map.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace; // 设置贴图颜色空间
meshMoon = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, materialMoon);
meshMoon.position.set(radius * 5, 0, 0);
meshMoon.scale.set(moonScale, moonScale, moonScale);
scene.add(meshMoon);
// 创建星星
const r = radius,
starsGeometry = [new THREE.BufferGeometry(), new THREE.BufferGeometry()];
const vertices1 = [];
const vertices2 = [];
const vertex = new THREE.Vector3();
for (let i = 0; i < 250; i++) {
vertex.x = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.y = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.z = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.multiplyScalar(r);
vertices1.push(vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.z);
}
for (let i = 0; i < 1500; i++) {
vertex.x = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.y = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.z = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.multiplyScalar(r);
vertices2.push(vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.z);
}
starsGeometry[0].setAttribute('position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(vertices1, 3));
starsGeometry[1].setAttribute('position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(vertices2, 3));
const starsMaterials = [
new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0x9c9c9c, size: 2, sizeAttenuation: false }),
new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0x9c9c9c, size: 1, sizeAttenuation: false }),
new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0x7c7c7c, size: 2, sizeAttenuation: false }),
new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0x838383, size: 1, sizeAttenuation: false }),
new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0x5a5a5a, size: 2, sizeAttenuation: false }),
new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0x5a5a5a, size: 1, sizeAttenuation: false })
];
for (let i = 10; i < 30; i++) {
const stars = new THREE.Points(starsGeometry[i % 2], starsMaterials[i % 6]);
stars.rotation.x = Math.random() * 6;
stars.rotation.y = Math.random() * 6;
stars.rotation.z = Math.random() * 6;
stars.scale.setScalar(i * 10);
stars.matrixAutoUpdate = false;
stars.updateMatrix();
scene.add(stars);
}
// 创建 WebGL 渲染器
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true });
renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);
renderer.setSize(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT);
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);
// 创建飞行控制器
controls = new FlyControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
controls.movementSpeed = 1000;
controls.domElement = renderer.domElement;
controls.rollSpeed = Math.PI / 24;
controls.autoForward = false;
controls.dragToLook = false;
// 创建性能监控模块
stats = new Stats();
document.body.appendChild(stats.dom);
window.addEventListener('resize', onWindowResize); // 添加窗口调整事件监听器
// 添加后期处理特效
const renderModel = new RenderPass(scene, camera);
const effectFilm = new FilmPass(0.35);
const outputPass = new OutputPass();
composer = new EffectComposer(renderer);
composer.addPass(renderModel);
composer.addPass(effectFilm);
composer.addPass(outputPass);
}
更新屏幕高度和宽度
function onWindowResize() {
// 更新屏幕高度和宽度
SCREEN_HEIGHT = window.innerHeight;
SCREEN_WIDTH = window.innerWidth;
// 更新摄像机的纵横比并更新投影矩阵
camera.aspect = SCREEN_WIDTH / SCREEN_HEIGHT;
camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
// 更新渲染器和后期处理特效组件的尺寸
renderer.setSize(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT);
composer.setSize(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT);
}
function animate() {
// 请求下一帧动画
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
// 渲染场景并更新性能监控模块
render();
stats.update();
}
旋转行星和云层
function render() {
// 旋转行星和云层
const delta = clock.getDelta(); // 获取时间间隔
meshPlanet.rotation.y += rotationSpeed * delta; // 根据时间间隔旋转行星
meshClouds.rotation.y += 1.25 * rotationSpeed * delta; // 根据时间间隔旋转云层
// 当接近表面时减慢速度
dPlanet = camera.position.length(); // 计算摄像机到行星的距离
dMoonVec.subVectors(camera.position, meshMoon.position); // 计算摄像机到月球的向量距离
dMoon = dMoonVec.length(); // 计算摄像机到月球的距离
if (dMoon < dPlanet) {
d = (dMoon - radius * moonScale * 1.01); // 如果接近月球，则减速
} else {
d = (dPlanet - radius * 1.01); // 如果接近行星，则减速
}
controls.movementSpeed = 0.33 * d; // 根据距离更新控制器的移动速度
controls.update(delta); // 更新控制器的状态
composer.render(delta); // 渲染场景并应用后期处理效果
}
完整源码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>three.js webgl - fly controls - earth</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="main.css">
<style>
body {
background:#000;
color: #eee;
}
a {
color: #0080ff;
}
b {
color: orange
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="info"><a href="https://threejs.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">three.js</a> - earth [fly controls]<br/>
<b>WASD</b> move, <b>R|F</b> up | down, <b>Q|E</b> roll, <b>up|down</b> pitch, <b>left|right</b> yaw
</div>
<script type="importmap">
{
"imports": {
"three": "../build/three.module.js",
"three/addons/": "./jsm/"
}
}
</script>
<script type="module">
import * as THREE from 'three';
import Stats from 'three/addons/libs/stats.module.js';
import { FlyControls } from 'three/addons/controls/FlyControls.js';
import { EffectComposer } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/EffectComposer.js';
import { RenderPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/RenderPass.js';
import { FilmPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/FilmPass.js';
import { OutputPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/OutputPass.js';
const radius = 6371;
const tilt = 0.41;
const rotationSpeed = 0.02;
const cloudsScale = 1.005;
const moonScale = 0.23;
const MARGIN = 0;
let SCREEN_HEIGHT = window.innerHeight - MARGIN * 2;
let SCREEN_WIDTH = window.innerWidth;
let camera, controls, scene, renderer, stats;
let geometry, meshPlanet, meshClouds, meshMoon;
let dirLight;
let composer;
const textureLoader = new THREE.TextureLoader();
let d, dPlanet, dMoon;
const dMoonVec = new THREE.Vector3();
const clock = new THREE.Clock();
init();
animate();
function init() {
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera( 25, SCREEN_WIDTH / SCREEN_HEIGHT, 50, 1e7 );
camera.position.z = radius * 5;
scene = new THREE.Scene();
scene.fog = new THREE.FogExp2( 0x000000, 0.00000025 );
dirLight = new THREE.DirectionalLight( 0xffffff, 3 );
dirLight.position.set( - 1, 0, 1 ).normalize();
scene.add( dirLight );
const materialNormalMap = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial( {
specular: 0x7c7c7c,
shininess: 15,
map: textureLoader.load( 'textures/planets/earth_atmos_2048.jpg' ),
specularMap: textureLoader.load( 'textures/planets/earth_specular_2048.jpg' ),
normalMap: textureLoader.load( 'textures/planets/earth_normal_2048.jpg' ),
// y scale is negated to compensate for normal map handedness.
normalScale: new THREE.Vector2( 0.85, - 0.85 )
} );
materialNormalMap.map.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace;
// planet
geometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry( radius, 100, 50 );
meshPlanet = new THREE.Mesh( geometry, materialNormalMap );
meshPlanet.rotation.y = 0;
meshPlanet.rotation.z = tilt;
scene.add( meshPlanet );
// clouds
const materialClouds = new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial( {
map: textureLoader.load( 'textures/planets/earth_clouds_1024.png' ),
transparent: true
} );
materialClouds.map.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace;
meshClouds = new THREE.Mesh( geometry, materialClouds );
meshClouds.scale.set( cloudsScale, cloudsScale, cloudsScale );
meshClouds.rotation.z = tilt;
scene.add( meshClouds );
// moon
const materialMoon = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial( {
map: textureLoader.load( 'textures/planets/moon_1024.jpg' )
} );
materialMoon.map.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace;
meshMoon = new THREE.Mesh( geometry, materialMoon );
meshMoon.position.set( radius * 5, 0, 0 );
meshMoon.scale.set( moonScale, moonScale, moonScale );
scene.add( meshMoon );
// stars
const r = radius, starsGeometry = [ new THREE.BufferGeometry(), new THREE.BufferGeometry() ];
const vertices1 = [];
const vertices2 = [];
const vertex = new THREE.Vector3();
for ( let i = 0; i < 250; i ++ ) {
vertex.x = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.y = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.z = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.multiplyScalar( r );
vertices1.push( vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.z );
}
for ( let i = 0; i < 1500; i ++ ) {
vertex.x = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.y = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.z = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
vertex.multiplyScalar( r );
vertices2.push( vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.z );
}
starsGeometry[ 0 ].setAttribute( 'position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute( vertices1, 3 ) );
starsGeometry[ 1 ].setAttribute( 'position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute( vertices2, 3 ) );
const starsMaterials = [
new THREE.PointsMaterial( { color: 0x9c9c9c, size: 2, sizeAttenuation: false } ),
new THREE.PointsMaterial( { color: 0x9c9c9c, size: 1, sizeAttenuation: false } ),
new THREE.PointsMaterial( { color: 0x7c7c7c, size: 2, sizeAttenuation: false } ),
new THREE.PointsMaterial( { color: 0x838383, size: 1, sizeAttenuation: false } ),
new THREE.PointsMaterial( { color: 0x5a5a5a, size: 2, sizeAttenuation: false } ),
new THREE.PointsMaterial( { color: 0x5a5a5a, size: 1, sizeAttenuation: false } )
];
for ( let i = 10; i < 30; i ++ ) {
const stars = new THREE.Points( starsGeometry[ i % 2 ], starsMaterials[ i % 6 ] );
stars.rotation.x = Math.random() * 6;
stars.rotation.y = Math.random() * 6;
stars.rotation.z = Math.random() * 6;
stars.scale.setScalar( i * 10 );
stars.matrixAutoUpdate = false;
stars.updateMatrix();
scene.add( stars );
}
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer( { antialias: true } );
renderer.setPixelRatio( window.devicePixelRatio );
renderer.setSize( SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT );
document.body.appendChild( renderer.domElement );
//
controls = new FlyControls( camera, renderer.domElement );
controls.movementSpeed = 1000;
controls.domElement = renderer.domElement;
controls.rollSpeed = Math.PI / 24;
controls.autoForward = false;
controls.dragToLook = false;
//
stats = new Stats();
document.body.appendChild( stats.dom );
window.addEventListener( 'resize', onWindowResize );
// postprocessing
const renderModel = new RenderPass( scene, camera );
const effectFilm = new FilmPass( 0.35 );
const outputPass = new OutputPass();
composer = new EffectComposer( renderer );
composer.addPass( renderModel );
composer.addPass( effectFilm );
composer.addPass( outputPass );
}
function onWindowResize() {
SCREEN_HEIGHT = window.innerHeight;
SCREEN_WIDTH = window.innerWidth;
camera.aspect = SCREEN_WIDTH / SCREEN_HEIGHT;
camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
renderer.setSize( SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT );
composer.setSize( SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT );
}
function animate() {
requestAnimationFrame( animate );
render();
stats.update();
}
function render() {
// rotate the planet and clouds
const delta = clock.getDelta();
meshPlanet.rotation.y += rotationSpeed * delta;
meshClouds.rotation.y += 1.25 * rotationSpeed * delta;
// slow down as we approach the surface
dPlanet = camera.position.length();
dMoonVec.subVectors( camera.position, meshMoon.position );
dMoon = dMoonVec.length();
if ( dMoon < dPlanet ) {
d = ( dMoon - radius * moonScale * 1.01 );
} else {
d = ( dPlanet - radius * 1.01 );
}
controls.movementSpeed = 0.33 * d;
controls.update( delta );
composer.render( delta );
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
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